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DEVELOPMENT and SECURITY in AFGHANISTAN, 1946-2014 By “WE’RE NOT COUNTERINSURGENTS”: DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY IN AFGHANISTAN, 1946-2014 by WESLEY LLEWELLYN ATTEWELL B.A., The University of British Columbia, 2007 M.A., The University of British Columbia, 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Geography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) January 2017 © Wesley Llewellyn Attewell, 2017 Abstract It is not possible to understand international development in isolation from the geographies of military, political, and capitalist violence. In particular, it is necessary to analyze the interconnections between development and security: the development-security nexus. In order to illuminate the role that development plays in the West’s historical and ongoing efforts to pacify insurgent populations, it is important to interrogate the assemblages of actors, knowledge, and power that enliven diagnostic moments of counterinsurgency warfare. More specifically, the dissertation explores the ways in which the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has, from the Cold War onwards, practiced development as an ostensibly humanitarian form of counterinsurgency warfare in Afghanistan. It shows how USAID, for most of its institutional history, has been forced to grapple with Afghanistan as an ongoing – and seemingly insurmountable – problem of development-security. Three case studies – the Helmand Valley Project (1946-1978), the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (1980-1992), and the ongoing assault on the Afghan narco-economy (2001-present) – reveal the shifting contours of development- as-counterinsurgency praxis in relation to broader institutional, political-economic, and geo-strategic contexts. These allow three substantive claims to be advanced. First, USAID has historically championed increasingly “total” forms of rural development as the key to transforming populations of potential insurgents into “governable subjects”. Second, these “total” forms of development practice are fundamentally geographical in the sense that they strive to pacify insurgent populations through the production of spaces that are meant to “model” new forms of modern and liberal life. These new spaces served as laboratories in which development professionals forged new counterinsurgency techniques, put them to the test, and subsequently, evaluated their utility. Third, while these development practices are represented by USAID as productive, humanitarian, and therapeutic, they are nonetheless undergirded by – and provide a legitimating armature for – techniques of population management that are destructive of life, such as kill-capture operations and crop eradication schemes. ii Preface This dissertation is an original intellectual product of the author, Wesley Llewellyn Attewell. UBC Research Ethics Board certificate number H13-00884 covered the interviews reported in these pages. With the exception of Figures 13, 14, 15, and 16, all images and maps used in this dissertation were sourced from US government documents, and hence, are public domain. Figures 13, 14, 15, and 16 are reproductions of maps originally published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. They were reproduced by Eric Leinberger, a cartographer working for the UBC Department of Geography. The work presented in this dissertation led to the following publications: Attewell, Wesley. “‘The planet that rules our destiny’: Alternative development in occupied Afghanistan”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1177/0263775816664100. Attewell, Wesley. 2015. “Ghosts in the delta: USAID and the historical geographies of Vietnam’s ‘other’ war”. Environment and Planning A. 47.11: 2257-2275. Work appears in Chapter 1. Attewell, Wesley. 2012. “‘I hope he dies’: On WikiLeaks as a threat to human life’. In: Springer, Simon, et al. “Leaky Geopolitics: The Ruptures and Transgressions of WikiLeaks”. Geopolitics. 17.3: 681-711. Work appears in Chapters 1, 4 and 5. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... viii Dedication ............................................................................................................................................................ x 1 “Nothing will ever be the same again…” .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Slouching towards irrelevance ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Playing the “Great Game”.................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 USAID and the national security state ............................................................................................... 21 1.4 USAID as governmentality ................................................................................................................ 33 1.5 USAID and the geographies of uneven development ........................................................................ 41 1.6 The USAID complex ......................................................................................................................... 45 1.7 Outline................................................................................................................................................ 53 2 “Exploding out into the open…” ............................................................................................................... 56 2.1 The happiest of times ........................................................................................................................ 56 2.2 The HVP as machine ......................................................................................................................... 63 2.3 “Time and science are changing the world” ...................................................................................... 68 2.4 The geopolitical-economies of competitive coexistence ................................................................... 72 2.5 “We have American advisors running out of our ears” ..................................................................... 79 2.6 Total development ............................................................................................................................. 84 2.7 Bulldozers and rifles .......................................................................................................................... 90 2.8 The unfinished symphony .................................................................................................................. 98 2.9 Change comes to the Valley............................................................................................................. 103 3 “We cannot back off now” ....................................................................................................................... 105 3.1 Development as insurgency ............................................................................................................. 105 3.2 Ghosts in the borderlands ................................................................................................................. 108 3.3 Learning from Mao .......................................................................................................................... 114 3.4 “Katarah, katarah, dareah meshah” .................................................................................................. 122 3.5 Natural neoliberals? ......................................................................................................................... 130 3.6 Anger and mercy .............................................................................................................................. 141 3.7 Abandoning Afghanistan ................................................................................................................. 150 iv 4 “The star that took us from our homes” ................................................................................................... 154 4.1 “A dangerous weapon” .................................................................................................................... 154 4.2 “More dangerous than terrorism” .................................................................................................... 160 4.3 “The real deal” ................................................................................................................................
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