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Anura: Centrolenidae) WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES &IRCF AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 189 26(2):106–107 • AUG 2019 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES Mouth-gaping. Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis cateniferBehavior sayi) in Wisconsin: in the Bell Glass Frog, On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 Cochranella. The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallusnola grenadensis ) (Anura:and Humans on Grenada: Centrolenidae) A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLESin Southeastern Peru . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida Cristina Arrivillaga .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 Crees Foundation. Fundo Mascoitania, Manu, Madre de Dios, Perú ([email protected]) CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 . More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 . The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225 he Bell Glass Frog (Cochranella nola), like other species in As described by Folly et al. (2019), each mouth-gaping Tthe family Centrolenidae,HUSBANDRY is arboreal and occurs almost event (duration 1–13 sec) consisted of three phases: mouth exclusively in riparian .vegetationCaptive Care of atthe highCentral elevationsNetted Dragon (Villacampa ....................................................................................................... closed, mouth completely Shannon open, Plummer and 226 mouth partially open et al. 2017). This speciesPROFILE was thought to be endemic to Bolivia (Fig. 1). The individual remained in place and in the same until 2013 when it was. Kraig found Adler: A inLifetime the Promoting Amazonian Herpetology foothills ................................................................................................ of position and engaged in Michael no L.additional Treglia 234 behaviors. Because the Puno Region inCOMMENTARY southeastern Peru (Lujan et al. 2014) and this behavior is known to be utilized as a defensive strategy later reported in the Manu. The Turtles Biosphere Have Been ReserveWatching Me by ........................................................................................................................ Villacampa et (Toledo et al. 2011), the display Eric Gangloff was 238 likely induced by my al. (2017). The Bell Glass Frog is classified as Near Threatened handling of the individual, causing it to behave as if it were BOOK REVIEW on the IUCN Red List. Threatened (Cortéz Amphibians et al. 2004) of the World due edited to itsby S.N.habitat Stuart, M. Hoffmann,being attacked. J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, seemingly declining in bothR. Berridge, quantity P. Ramani, and and qualityB.E. Young (Lujan .............................................................................................................. et al. Previously reported glass-frog Robert Powell defenses 243 include cloacal dis- 2014). Herein we report the first observation of Cochranella charge of odoriferous secretions, crouching down, and eleva- nola displaying mouth-gaping CONSERVATION behavior. RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Publishedtion Conservation of and Researchpuffing Reports up .................................the body (Escobar-Llasso 245 and Rojas- NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 At 2237 h on 11 NEWBRIEFSApril 2019, ............................................................................................................................... an adult was found on a leaf Morales 2012);....................................................... noxious secretions (Rueda-Almonacid 248 1994); 70 cm above the ground EDITORIAL in secondary INFORMATION forest ............................................................................................................................... (-12.802573°S, biting during parental care (Drake...................... and 251 Ranvestel 2005); and FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252 -71.403664°W; WGS 84; elev. 525 m asl) at the Manu death feigning (Toledo et al. 2010). Mouth-gaping in centrol- Learning Center Reserve (MLC) and taken to the MLC facili- enids has been reported only once by Barbosa (2015), yet it has ties. The MLC is a research station owned and operated by been widely documented in several species of anurans (Toledo the Crees Foundation and located withinFront Cover. 643 Shannon ha of Plummer. second- et al. Back2011). Cover. This Michael visual Kern display attracts a predator’s attention, ary lowland tropical forest in the culturalTotat et velleseque zone ofaudant the mo Manu intimidatesTotat et velleseque it, and audant hinders mo the sequence of attack, therefore aid- Biosphere Reserve in southeastern estibusPeru. inveliquo The nextvelique morningrerchil ingestibus the inveliquo frog to velique avoid rerchil subjugation (Toledo et al. 2011). erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus the frog was placed in a glass terrarium,aut dolor where apicto inverelater pe that dolum day, aut dolorAside apicto from invere pea dolumfew cases, Toledo et al. (2011) state that at approximately 1650 h, I confirmedfugiatis its identity.maionsequat Roughlyeumque 10 mouthfugiatis gaping maionsequat usually eumque is accompanied by defensive vocaliza- moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- min after the examination, at 1703 mah, derrovitaethe frog voluptam, began as exhibit quos - tions.tur ma However,derrovitae voluptam, the asindividual in this observation did not ing mouth-gaping behavior. The entireaccullabo. display lasted about 2 emit any sounds during the opening and closing of its mouth. min after it was first noticed. Toledo and Haddad (2009) provided a possible explanation Fig. 1. Stop-motion images taken from a 0.6-sec video showing an adult Bell Glass Frog (Cochranella nola) displaying mouth-gaping behavior: (A) Mouth closed, (B) mouth fully open, and (C) mouth partially open. Video by Cristina Arrivillaga. Copyright © 2019. Cristina Arrivillaga. All rights reserved. 106 IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 1098-6324 ARRIVILLAGA IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 26(2):106–107 • AUG 2019 when they found a positive relationship between the dura- Literature Cited tion of anuran distress calls and snout-to-vent length, indi- Barbosa, R. 2015. Ecology, Behavior and Taxonomy of Anurans from Brazil’s Atlantic cating that only larger frogs produce defensive vocalizations Forest. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University. Logan, Utah. Cortez, C., S. Reichle, I. de la Riva, and J. Köhler. 2004. Cochranella nola. IUCN that are long and loud enough to be successful against preda- Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T54973A11220213. tors. Consequently, C. nola might have to rely on defensive Drake, D.L. and A.W. Ranvestel. 2005. Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum (Glass strategies other than agonistic calls due to its small size (SVL Frog). Egg mass defense. Herpetological Review 36: 434. 22.1–30.1 mm; Villacampa et al. 2017) resulting in inef- Escobar-Llasso, S. and J.A. Rojas-Morales. 2012. Antipredatory behaviors of the Colombian endemic glassfrog Centrolene savagei (Anura: Centrolenidae). fectual calls insufficient for deterring a predator (Folly et al. Boletín Científico Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural 16: 226–232. 2019). Toledo et al. (2011) also suggested that this behavior Folly, H., G.A. Sestito, E. Almeida Pereira, J. Ferrari Morais, D.J. Santana, and R. originated in species that shrieked defensively, with smaller Neves Feio. 2019. Defensive behavior of Ololygon carnevallii Caramaschi & Kisteumacher, 1989 (Anura: Hylidae). Herpetozoa 31: 195–200. descendants losing that ability while retaining the mouth- Lujan, L., P.J. Venegas, and L.Y. Echeverría. 2014. Cochranella nola Harvey, opening behavior. 1996 (Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae): First country record from Peru. Because mouth-gaping has only been reported once Herpetology Notes 7: 607–608. previously in glass frogs (Barbosa 2015), I suggest that this Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1994. Estudio anatómico y relaciones sistemáticas de Centrolene geckoideum (Salentia: Anura: Centrolenidae). Trianea 5: 133–187. behavior is probably unusual and therefore rarely documented Toledo, L.F. and C.F.B. Haddad. 2009. Defensive vocalizations of Neotropical in centrolenids. anurans. South American Journal of Herpetology 4: 25–42. Toledo, L.F., I. Sazima, and C.F.B. Haddad. 2010. Is it all death feigning? Case in anurans. Journal of Natural
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