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Smucker Env Risks & Opp'ties 6-07 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS & OPPORTUNITIES IN HAITI: A BACKGROUND ANALYSIS June 2007 Prepared by: Glenn R. Smucker, Editor Marc-Antoine Noël Jean-André Victor PREFACE Three authors are responsible for different sections of this report. Marc-Antoine Noël is a widely experienced field agronomist with expertise in NRM governance including both grassroots organizations and central government policy. Jean-André Victor is a lawyer and agronomist, a leading specialist in environmental law, and a former Minister of Planning. Glenn R. Smucker is a cultural anthropologist and Haiti specialist who has undertaken numerous field studies of peasant society and culture as well as policy research in such sectors as governance, natural resource management, and food security. This publication was produced by the US Forest Service for review by the United States Agency for International Development. The authors are grateful to economists Diego Arias of the Inter-American Development Bank and Nadim Khouri of the World Bank for reading and commenting on sections of this report; however, the report’s authors assume sole responsibility for the views expressed in this report. Author views do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development or the US Government. i ACRONYMS ALERTE Association pour la Lutte contre l’Erosion et la Réhabilitation Totale de l’Environnement ANDAH Association Nationale des Agronomes Haïtiens ASEC Assemblée des Sections Communales ASSET Agriculture Sustainable Systems and Environmental Transformation ATPPF Projet d’Appui Technique pour la Protection des Parcs et Forêts BAPP Bureau d’Approvisonnement en Produits Pétroliers BID Banque Interaméricaine de Développement BME Bureau des Mines et de l’Energie CAMEP Centrale Autonome Métropolitaine d’Eau Potable CASEC Conseil d’Administration des Sections Communales CCI Cadre de Coopération Intérimaire CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CNIGS Centre National de l’Information Géo Spatiale CNRA Commission Nationale de Réforme Administrative CONATE Conseil National de l'Aménagement du Territoire et l'Environnement CSC Cour Supérieure des Comptes DPC Direction de la Protection Civile ECVH Enquête sur les Conditions de Vie en Haïti EDH Electricité d’Haiti EQPPH Enquête sur les Perceptions de la Pauvreté en Haïti ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program FAES Fonds d’Assistance Économique et Sociale FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEM Fonds de l’Environnement Mondial GOH Government of Haiti GRAP Groupe de Recherche en Administration Publique et Management International IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICF Interim Cooperation Framework IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IHSI Institut Haitien de Statistique et d’Informatique IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture MARNDR Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles, et du Développement Rural MDE Ministère de l’Environnement MEF Ministère de l’Economie et du Finance MICT Ministère de l’Intérieur et des Collectivités Territoriales MPCE Ministère de la Planification et de la Coopération Externe MPECE Ministère de la Planification, de l’Environnement et de la Coopération Externe MSPP Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population MTPTC Ministère des Travaux Publics, Transports et Communications NEAP National Environmental Action Plan ODVA Organisme de Développement de la Vallée de l’Artibonite ii OMS Organisation Mondiale de la Santé ONEV Observatoire National de l’Environnement et de la Vulnérabilité ONG Organisation non gouvernementale OPC Office du Protecteur du Citoyen OPS Organisation Panaméricaine de la Santé OSAMH Organisme de Surveillance et d’Aménagement de Morne l’Hôpital PAGE Projet d’Appui à la Gestion de l’Environnement PADF Pan-American Development Foundation PAE Plan d’Action pour l’Environnement PAHO Pan American Health Organization PAM Programme Alimentaire Mondial PNUD Programme des Nations Unies Pour le Développement PNUE Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement PRIGE Renforcement Institutionnel de la Gestion de l’Environnement PRODETER Programme de Développement du Territoire SEDREN Société d’Exploitation et Développement Économique et Naturel SHADA Société Haïtiano-Américaine de Développement Agricole SMCRS Service Métropolitain de Collecte des Résidus Solides SNEP Service National d’Eau Potable SRF Service des Ressources Forestières TNC The Nature Conservancy TPTC Ministère des Travaux Publiques, Transport, et Communications UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development UTSIG Unité de Télédétection et de Systèmes d’Information Géographique WFP World Food Program iii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 II. OVERVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................... 3 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN HAITI ............................................................................................. 3 SECTOR TRENDS IN NATURAL RESOURCE DEGRADATION ....................................................................... 4 Wood Resources ............................................................................................................................... 4 Mining Resources ............................................................................................................................. 5 Water Resources............................................................................................................................... 6 CRITICAL FACTORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ......................................................................... 6 Poverty ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Agricultural Systems and Practices ................................................................................................... 7 Energy ............................................................................................................................................. 8 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 9 III. POLITICAL & POLICY CONTEXT ............................................................................................ 10 A WEAK STATE................................................................................................................................... 10 Root Causes ................................................................................................................................... 11 State Reform ................................................................................................................................... 12 GOVERNMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ................................................................................. 13 Institutional Resources ................................................................................................................... 13 An Emergent National System of Environmental Management ....................................................................13 The National Budget ..................................................................................................................................16 Institutional Strengthening ..........................................................................................................................18 Guiding Elements of Environmental Policy ..................................................................................... 19 National Environmental Action Plan ...........................................................................................................19 Watershed Management Policy ...................................................................................................................20 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY ........................................................................................ 22 FOUNDATIONS OF THE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................ 22 The Constitutional Framework ....................................................................................................... 22 The National Planning System ........................................................................................................ 23 National Environmental Institutions................................................................................................ 24 National Environmental Law .......................................................................................................... 26 LEGISLATION AND SECTOR POLICIES.................................................................................................... 27 Natural Resource Management ....................................................................................................... 27 Agroforestry ................................................................................................................................... 28 The Energy Challenge ...................................................................................................................
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