DOCSLIB.ORG

Swedish Churches in Russia and Their Historical Sources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Swedish Churches in Russia and Their Historical Sources SWEDISH CHURCHES IN RUSSIA AND THEIR HISTORICAL SOURCES E. Norberg For more than three hundred years a Swedish church stood at the place where the river Neva meets the Finnish Gulf. The rst church was founded in the early seventeenth century, when for a certain time the territory was in Swedish hands, the second one when the new city of St. Petersburg started to develop into a capital of European size and importance. For the numerous Swedes in St. Petersburg the Church of St. Catherine (S:ta Katarina) was the religious, cultural, and social centre of the town. The rst two paragraphs of the present article are devoted to these two churches: the Swedish church in the small town of Nyen and the church administration in this province, the province of Ingria, and next the Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg. The third paragraph deals with the religious life of the prisoners of war who lived in Russia during the Great Northern War and the church that was founded in Tobolsk in Siberia. Finally, the fourth paragraph is on the church founded by the Swedes who moved from Estonia to Ukraine under the reign of Catherine the Great. The Swedish church in Nyen and the church administration in the province of Ingria Aspirations to restore the old territory of the Teutonic Order, the important routes of trade along the rivers leading to the eastern shore of the Baltic, and unclear dynastic circumstances, naturally led to rivalry between Sweden, Poland, and Russia in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. At the Peace of Stolbova in 1617, Sweden acquired the territory along the Baltic between Finland and Estonia. This meant that the inner part of the Finnish Gulf mainly consisting of the province Ingria, was in Swedish hands. Ingria or Ingermanland was a rural province east of Estonia, with a large population of Ingrians, Russians, and Finns, to which from that time a growing number of Swedes and Germans were added. 42 e. norberg Fig. 4.1. Map of St. Petersburg in 1719. Nyen was the Swedish word for the river Neva. An important condition for the Swedish Government was to make use of the traf\ c and trade on this river, leading to and from the vast Lake Ladoga, and further on to the rich city of Novgorod by way of the river Volchov. Sweden controlled the inlet in Lake Ladoga through the fortress Nöteborg, later on Schlüsselburg, and the outlet in the Finnish Gulf. Already during the wars of the 1580s the Swedish King Johan III had talked of the need to fortify the outlet as well, and during the rst years of the seventeenth century work started on the fortress Nyenskans. The place chosen was a little upstream, at the con uence of the Neva and the small river Ochta, just opposite the Smolny in present-day St. Petersburg. In 1632 King Gustavus Adolphus presented the garrison with town privileges. The population grew steadily to about 2,000 inhabitants, which made Nyen a large city in this eastern part of the Swedish realm, probably second only to Turku in Finland. The Swedish-Finnish church in Nyen dates from the same year, 1632. In the city there were altogether three churches catering for .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Izhorians: a Disappearing Ethnic Group Indigenous to the Leningrad Region
    Acta Baltico-Slavica, 43 Warszawa 2019 DOI: 10.11649/abs.2019.010 Elena Fell Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7606-7696 Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings rela- ted to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (Кирьянен et al., 2017); A. I. Kir′ianen, (Кирьянен, 2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (Kuznetsova, Markus, & Muslimov, 2015); M. Muslimov (Муслимов, 2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (Чушъялова, 2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (Рожанский & Маркус, 2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (Миренков, 2000). The evolution of the term Izhorians The earliest confirmed record of Izhorians (also known as Ingrians), a Finno-Ugrian ethnic group native to the Leningrad region,1 appears in thirteenth-century Russian 1 Whilst the city of Leningrad became the city of Saint Petersburg in 1991, reverting to its pre-So- viet name, the Leningrad region (also known as the Leningrad oblast) retained its Soviet name after the collapse of the USSR. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/), which permits redistribution, commercial and non- -commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2019. Publisher: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences [Wydawca: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk] Elena Fell Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region chronicles, where, according to Chistiakov (Чистяков, 2006), “Izhora” people were mentioned as early as 1228.
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Security and Defence Review 2013
    Baltic Security and Defence Review ________________________________________________________ Volume 15, Issue 2 2013 Baltic Security and Defence Review is the bi-annual publication of the Baltic Defence College © 2013, Baltic Defence College, All rights reserved ISSN 1736-3772 (print) 1736-3780 (online) Editorial Board Editor: Dr. James S. Corum, Dean, Baltic Defence College Deputy editor Mr. James Rogers, Baltic Defence College Harold E. Raugh, Jr., Ph.D. Command Historian, V Corps Lt. Col. John Andreas Olsen PhD, Norwegian Air Force, Dean, Norwegian Defence University College Dr. Augustine Meaher, Department of Political and Strategic Studies, Baltic Defence College Dr. Hannu Kari, Finnish National Defence University Dr. Maja Ericksson, Swedish National Defence Academy Erik Mannik, International Centre for Defence Studies Dr. Olaf Mertelsmann, Tartu University Dr. Margarita Seselgyte, Vilnius University Lithuania Dr. Zaneta Ozolina, University of Latvia Layout: Oliver Toots Cover and print: www.ecoprint.ee Electronic version of the Baltic Security and Defence Review can be accessed on the website of the Baltic Defence College at www.bdcol.ee All articles of the Baltic Security and Defence Review are also available through the International Relations and Security Network (ISN) at www.isn.ethz.ch All inquiries should be made to the Baltic Defence College, Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia, ph: +372 717 6000, fax: +372 717 6050, e-mail: [email protected] Disclaimer: The Baltic Defence College publishes the Baltic Security and Defence Review as
    [Show full text]
  • And Ethnicisation of Migration Discourse: the Ingrian Finnish Right To
    1 The ‘Secularisation’ and Ethnicisation of Migration Discourse: The Ingrian Finnish Right to Return in Finnish Politics Nicholas Prindiville and Titus Hjelm (Accepted for Publication in Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27/02/2017) ABSTRACT Finland’s Right to Return policy for Ingrian Finns presented Russian and Estonian citizens that the Finnish government deemed to have an ancestral connection to Finland the legal means to resettle in Finland. The policy existed from 1990 to 2010, and was initially driven by Finnish President Mauno Koivisto, who spoke publicly of his belief that the Ingrian Finnish minority in Russia was Finnish because it was Lutheran rather than Orthodox. However, as the political discussion on the Ingrian Finns’ identity and Right to Return continued into the 1990s and 2000s, Finnish politicians increasingly abandoned the view of a common Lutheran identity between Ingrian Finns and Finland, and shifted the discussion to language, ancestry and historical memory, which were used to both endorse and disendorse Ingrian Finns’ Finnishness. We argue that the disappearance of religion from the Right to Return discourse was a strategic—if not necessarily conscious—choice that emphasized the more primordial aspects of Finnish identity (and the Ingrian Finns’ lack of those), which in turn enable stricter restrictions and, ultimately, the discontinuation of the policy. In April 1990, Finland’s then-President Mauno Koivisto sat down to a televised interview, part of which focused on his decision to instruct the Finnish Immigration Service to grant residence permits to Ingrian Finns as ‘returnee’ migrants. The Immigration Service defined returnee migrants as those who can prove ‘Finnish ancestry or otherwise a close connection with Finland’.1 Koivisto argued that Ingrian Finns met this qualification as the descendants of Finnish migrants to the historical province of Ingria, nowadays part of north-western Russia and Estonia.
    [Show full text]
  • Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867 © Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell
    Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867 © Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell Before the Great Northern War (1700-1743), fought and their officers were Finns and Baltic Germans. Their between Tsar Peter of Russia ( 1672-1725) and King Charles contributions towards Siberia’s enlightenment are consid- XII of Sweden (1682-l718), the territories of Sweden ered to be immense. Throughout the area they formed covered most land surrounding the east Baltic Basin, i.e. the Evangelical Lutheran parishes and built their own churches. regions of Finland, the Karelian Isthmus, Ingria, Estonia The Barnaul, Tomsk and Irkutsk Evangelical Lutheran Livonia, part of Poland and Pomerania. In the final peace parishes date from this time.5 Later, Baltic criminals and treaty of 1743 Sweden lost to Russia the south eastern comer political dissidents banished to Siberia formed other of Finland including the Karelian Isthmus (called from that parishes. By the 1750s both Finns and Balts had found their date onwards “Old Finland” and Ingria, Estonia, Livonia, way to populate Siberia. In addition to the capitals of Irkutsk and its territories in Poland. By this time Russia had twice and Omsk, by the mid nineteenth century all major cities in overrun Finland.1 Siberia had large military garrisons housing officers, wives, Prior to 1700 portions of the regions’ populations had children, and servants. A substantial number of these been in great flux, as service men in the Swedish forces were families were Evangelical Lutherans from Finland and the moved within the empire. Pomeranian Germans, Swedes Baltic regions. and Baltic Noblemen served in garrison cities throughout A portion of Old Finland’s Finnish population seeking Finland, Sweden, and the Baltic regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 13 Poltava the Battle That Changed the World
    Three hundrcd ycars ago, Russia emerged as a major pos,er alier a clash o[ armics in thc Ukraine. Pcter thc Grcat's victon, Derek Wilson argucs, had repercussions that last to this dari L€fr 'lhe Apoth€osis ofTs.r Peter I ol Ru$ia.the 6rert rh. Yi..or & Poluva. painted by an THE BATTLE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD his \c,n nitrl\ I re Jl)0rtr.nnri1cr I)rl;c. on r(.cn,g rhcnrrs tn Ingl,rn.t. u ,ci\ ilisc(l cJ!lerr hrtx,f o\d thc l)csr ..,n ,)ll l,,rrrl( l;ullhr,,, hilh rr. r,rs:co.nl l tk dr{,il)cJ rh(.rr.om. Iighring nr,,chinc in tur)p. \Jr bur,, ,iin nr"r lhc Lk,.iinirn ol' t(n\n J. in ,,r1n\ .l \urrrfr bc,,re. h\ ,, rnoL. l[sh in rh( p.rD Hor ruril r]rer refu l'olti\i. I. rht hrsro,\ (tors ol $,,d:Lrc ir .rr6\rl. i hc!. miliri.,.,,n J,fn ,ir ih,, lhe ll.LLrlc ol l,o[.,\.r \.,s ,,rc ,il rli. not r.ul, a' rne ol thc out'r.Ddurs cr.rm hr. t.r tell(n\s rn Lll tr,'ild. hdor l,\ hijo! ruurn! I)oinr. oi trrodcnr hisror\ plcs ol l,raror. grcar gcno,,l\Lip or Lrit \rou.dr.1\ \liIr\ ol h]i (onrcnrlnn.tics rrd rr.rrr srill lnins \irh irs (on!- lllln Lrclics lh. \,(nns o$rd their $rc.* \h.rr(l hi\ nlpri5. anrl dtsru .'nLl .tuen(es l'.rc, rhe C.c.n \ \icrorl o\cr .6 mu!ir ft,1lnru!( $ to h(roism.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Drums Beating Transnational Experiences in Early Modern Europe
    Foreign Drums Beating Transnational Experiences in Early Modern Europe Edited by Björn Forsén and Mika Hakkarainen Acta Byzantina Fennica 5 (N.s.) Acta Byzantina Fennica 5 (N.s) Foreign Drums Beating Transnational Experiences in Early Modern Europe Edited by Björn Forsén and Mika Hakkarainen Helsinki 2017 © Finnish Society for Byzantine Studies Helsinki 2017 ISSN 1458-7017 ISBN 978-952-93-9965-9 Printed in Finland by Grano OU, Vantaa Page Layout: The Federation of Finnish Learned Societies / Publishing Services. Cover: Johann Peter Krafft, Nikola Šubić Zrinski’s Charge from the Fortress of Szigetvár (1825). Wikimedia commons. Contents Preface 5 Björn Forsén and Conflicts, Coexistence and Cultural Contacts: 7 Mika Hakkarainen Some Contributions to Early Modern History Mika Hakkarainen Contro il nemico comune: Swedish Subjects in 19 Venetian Service during the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century Björn Forsén Glory and Fraud: The Venetian Adventure of 53 the Swedish Family Sparre Lars Ericson Wolke Swedish Officers in Foreign Service 1648- 105 1762: A Synthesis Kasper Kepsu Integrating Russian Bayors in the Swedish 129 Nobility Dariusz Permeable Frontiers: Contacts between Polish 153 Kołodziejczyk and Turkish-Tatar Elites in the Early Modern Era Gisela Procházka- Tracing Ottoman Cultural Influence beyond 169 Eisl the Border with Austria in the Seventeenth Century List of Contributors 187 Integrating Russian Bayors in the Swedish Nobility Kasper Kepsu In the early seventeenth century a group of Russian noble families entered Swedish service in connection with the power struggle between Sweden and Russia in northeastern Europe. Most of these families entered service during the Time of Troubles and were called Russian bayors (“ryssbajor- er”) by the Swedish authorities.1 They settled in the province of Ingria (sw.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 St. Petersburg Brings Back Its Past: an Exploration of Ingrian Musical Heritage Within an Urban Space the Historical Territory
    St. Petersburg Brings Back Its Past: An Exploration of Ingrian Musical Heritage within an Urban Space The historical territory of Ingria is home for three Finno-Ugric groups—Votes, Izhors, and later Ingrian Finns—who have been inhabiting the region of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast since long before the Slavic domination. A long period of repression against those Finnic groups during the twentieth century left almost no imprints of their presence in the cultural life of St. Petersburg, and led to many of their cultural practices’ discontinuation. Today, the Ingrian population has drastically decreased and their language and traditions are on the verge of extinction. In 2005, there were only about 20,000 people left who self-identify themselves as Ingrian Finns; the Izhors’ population dropped to 327 people in the territory of the entire Russian Federation in 2002; and approximately only twenty people self-identified themselves as Votians in 2004. The recent reawakening of the long-forgotten cultural heritage of the Ingrian population has led to the formation of several music groups that focus on local Finno-Ugric traditions. In this paper, I explore the manifestations of Ingrian musical culture in modern St. Petersburg to emphasize the cultural diversity of the city and draw attention to the importance of the revitalization of Ingrian musical heritage. For the sake of clarity, I want to point out to a lack of consensus among scholars regarding the usage of the word “Ingrian.” Some associate “Ingrians” only with the Ingrian Finns or the Izhors while other scholars identify all indigenous population of Ingria as “Ingrians.” In this paper, I use the word “Ingrians” as a common name for all three groups (the Votes, the Izhors, and the Ingrian Finns) associated with the historical territory of Ingria.
    [Show full text]
  • Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century
    DOI: 10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 Entangled Religions 11.1 (2020) License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 er.ceres.rub.de Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century Teuvo Laitila School of Theology, University of Eastern Finland abstract The article is about the Swedish religious policy towards the Orthodox (a majority at first, a minority after the mid-1650s) and Orthodox-Lutheran relations atthe grassroots level. It shows that in official Swedish policy, the highest authorities urged local functionaries to cautious and non-coercive treatment of the Orthodox, while the lat- ter at times proposed, and partly tried to implement, a forced conversion of the Karelians. Grassroots relations between Orthodox and Lutherans varied greatly, depending on which of them made up a majority in each place, who owned the land, and whether the Luther- ans were newcomers. When the Orthodox were a majority the Lutherans conformed with their faith, even converting to Orthodoxy, although this was officially forbidden. When the majority consisted of Lutherans, the Orthodox started to convert or to assimilate to the Lutheran way of life. At the county level, religion as such was not a major factor in transforming the region into a Lutheran one. More important was the way in which reli- gious issues were linked to local social encounters and practices and how the state overtly or covertly attempted to change Orthodoxy and encouraged Orthodox emigration from and Lutheran immigration to the county. kewords Kexholm County (Karelia), Swedish religious policy, Orthodox, seventeenth century, Orthodox-Lutheran relations, conversion Introduction The areas around the western and northern shores of Lake Ladoga, later part of Kexhom [1] län (i.e., county, in Finnish: Käkisalmen lääni, see figure 1),1 were for centuries a bone of contention between Novgorod and, later, Russia and Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity, Stability and Diffusion in the Hindu Kush Region of Inner Asia
    SLE 2019 Book of Abstracts Diversity, stability and diffusion in the Hindu Kush region of Inner Asia Henrik Liljegren (Stockholm University) The mountainous Hindu Kush, on the northwestern edge of the Indian subcontinent, offers a promising “test site” for questions relating to language contact, diffusion and stability, considering its high linguistic density and diversity, with languages from six genera: Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Tibetan, Turkic and Burushaski (Masica 2001: 225; Liljegren 2017: 107–108). While traces of several substrata suggest that the region in a distant past served as an important accretion zone (Tikkanen 1988: 304), akin to Caucasus (Nichols 2003: 306), the region as of today bears witness of several waves of small- or larger scale diffusion (Bashir 2003: 823; Liljegren 2014: 162–167), mainly related to Indo-Aryan northward expansion within the last few millennia (Morgenstierne 1932: 51; 1961: 138; Strand 2001: 200), and in more recent times by superstratal influences (Bashir 2007) from a few languages of wider scope (e.g. Pashto, Urdu and Dari). The main question asked in the present study is to what extent properties of some linguistic subsystems are more prone to diffuse than others, and whether they cluster similarly (geographically or genealogically) or significantly differently. We also ask to what extent individual properties show a higher or lower degree of intra-genealogical stability. A set of comparable first-hand data was collected from 59 varieties (representing all six genera) in a handful of collaborative workshops held in the region. The data was coded and analysed for approximately 50, mainly binary, linguistic features belonging to five different subsystems: phonology, word order syntax, grammatical categories, simple clause properties, and lexical structure, with an even distribution of features belonging to each of these five.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns
    ARTICLES IAN M. MATLEY The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns Before the 1917 Revolution, about one hundred and thirty thousand people of Finnish origin lived on Russian territory on the south shore of the Gulf of Finland—from the Narva River in the west to the Neva River in the east, and in the region north of St. Petersburg. Their numbers remained fairly constant during the 1920s and early 1930s, but, after the Second World War, a great decrease was evident in the total Finnish population of the region, with only about twenty- four thousand recorded in the 1970 Soviet census. This drop in population is attributable not only to the ravages of the war but also to movements of people, including deportations that took place during the 1930s and 1940s. The region inhabited by this Finnish population is known as "Ingermanland" to the Swedes and Germans, "Ingria" to the Russians, "Inkeri" or "Inkerinmaa" to the Finns, and "Ingerimaa" to the Estonians. The original Finnish name for the region was probably "Ingerinmaa."1 The Finns of the region are generally called "Ingermanland Finns" or "Ingrian Finns," although in the mid-1920s they received the official Soviet title of "Leningrad Finns" (Leningradskie jinny). The Finns use the names "inkerilaiset" or "Inkerin suomalaiset" (Ingrian Finns). The entire territory settled by the Ingrian Finns is now contained within the boundaries of Leningrad oblast.2 The lands of the Ingrian Finns consist of a swampy coastal plain along the Gulf of Finland, with generally poor conditions for agriculture. Soils and drain­ age are better, however, on the plateau of the Izhora Upland, which rises from the southern edge of the plain in a steep escarpment, and much of the area has been cleared for agriculture, although mixed forests are scattered throughout the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Stockholm University
    Stockholm University This is a submitted version of a paper published in Medien & Zeit. Citation for the published paper: Ellefson, M. (2011) "Remapping Journalism History:Development of the Press in the Swedish Empire and Its Former Colonies Finland, Estonia and Livonia until the Early 20th Century" Medien & Zeit, 26(4): 25-35 Access to the published version may require subscription. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-65969 http://su.diva-portal.org m&z 4/2011 Re-mapping Journalism History: Development of the Press in the Swedish Empire and Its Former Colonies Finland, Estonia, and Livonia until the Early 20th Century Merja Ellefson Stockholm University Abstract With history writing in general, press history is often linked to the framework of the nation state. Such nationalist approaches may, however, lead to a fragmented view of history. We should remember that many current European nation states have fairly short histories, and, even old kingdoms, such as Sweden, have changed shape several times. During the 17th and 18th century, the Swedish Empire included Finland, Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, Pomerania, Wismar and Bremen/Verden, and the previously Danish areas in the south and northwest. Later, Sweden even had small colonies in Africa and the Caribbean. The empire, however, began to disintegrate during the Great Nordic War. During the 18th century Finland, Estonia and Livonia belonged to the Russian Empire. My purpose is to provide an overview of the development of the press in the Swedish Empire and the 19th century Finland, Estonia and Livonia, and discuss limitations of national perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Name Systems in Finnic and Beyond
    PERSONAL NAME SYSTEMS IN FINNIC AND BEYOND UUHH 112.indd2.indd 1 114.11.20174.11.2017 115:25:135:25:13 UUHH 112.indd2.indd 2 114.11.20174.11.2017 115:25:135:25:13 Uralica Helsingiensia12 Personal name systems in Finnic and beyond EDITED BY TERHI AINIALA & JANNE SAARIKIVI HELSINKI 2017 UUHH 112.indd2.indd 3 114.11.20174.11.2017 115:25:135:25:13 Terhi Ainiala & Janne Saarikivi (eds): Personal name systems in Finnic and beyond. Orders • Tilaukset Uralica Helsingiensia 12. Tiedekirja Cover Rigina Ajanki Snellmaninkatu 13 Layout Mari Saraheimo FI-00170 Helsinki <www.tiedekirja.fi> ISBN 978-952-5667-90-5 (print) <[email protected]> ISBN 978-952-5667-91-2 (online) ISSN 1797-3945 Printon Tallinn 2017 Uralica Helsingiensia The series Uralica Helsingiensia is founded in 2008. It features thematic volumes and mono- graphs on the history, typology and sociology of Uralic languages. Studies focusing on Es- tonian language and culture, Hungarian language and culture, as well as Saamic studies are equally welcome in the series. The series also seeks to support university studies on its focus areas. Uralica Helsingiensia is rated at level 1 by the Publication Forum of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies. All submitted manuscripts are peer-reviewed. Uralica Helsingiensia on perustettu 2008. Sarjassa julkaistaan temaattisia artikkeli kokoelmia tai monografi oita erityisesti uralilaisten kielten historian, typologian ja kielisosiologian alalta. Aihepiiriin kuuluvat myös Unkarin kielen ja kulttuurin, Viron kielen ja kulttuurin ja saamentutkimuksen
    [Show full text]