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Deforestation and Rural Society in the Nepalese Terai

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Deforestation and Rural Society in the Nepalese Terai an ecological imbalance but also have given economic hardship to the peopleof Nepal in general. In 1964, forests covered 45% of the tot.alland area in Nepal, whereas in 1979 only 29% remained. It is estimated by now that forest resources DEFORESTATION AND RURAL SOCIETY by I990s had slowed down to 25 % despite the afforestation programmescarried IN THE NEPALESE TERAI out by the Government and various non-governmental agencies. A current rates and causes of declining forest reserves in Nepal differ according to ecological regions: the Hills and the Terai. In the hills, collection Rishikeshab Raj Regmi offuel woodand fodder, lopping and grazing, slash and bumcultivation for farm land and timber are generally considered to be the major traditional factors Nepal lies between India in the south and China in the north. It is a land­ responsible to damage the forest. Nepal's percapitaannual energy consumption locked country in the Himalayan region with a surface area of 147,181 square -- II kilograms ofcoal equivalent-- is among the world's 10wesL About 93% of kilometres and with a heterogeneous population of more than 18 millions. The all energy is consumed for cooking, heating and lighting, and ofthe total energy mountain region ranges from 5,000 to 8,000 metres in altitude, constitutes about consumed for domestic use, over 92% is fuel wood. In urban areas, people are one-third of the national territory: the hill region (1000 - to 5000 metres in switehing over to kerosine, electricity and LP gas but these options are possible altitude) containing mostofthe grazing land, the forest forabout45% and the rest for only a small fraction of the population. In rural areas, alternative sources of is the fertile tropical plain area. Aboullwo-thirds ofthe population live in the hill energy are searcely feasible. Fuelwood substitutes for rural villages, which and mountaineous areas which contain, only about 30% of the country's constitute mostofNepal's population, is becoming impossible. Cropproduction, available land resources. As a result, the population pressure on the available livestock raising and forest form the cornerstoneofnutrient inputs for crop land land resource of these areas is intense and the problems ofdeforestation and soil in NepaIesehiU farming systems, originate largely from animal manure and leaf erosion have a negative effect on development effons in these areas. materials. Demand for fodder is probably the greatest pressure on forests. Almost every household in rural areas keeps domestic animals. The supply of The principal natural resources are the land, forest and water. Some forest fodder and grass to feed the livestock over the years is declining, with the mineral resources (e.g. lead, zinc, phospates and limestones) are known to exist result that there has been severe pressure on the remaining forests and grazing but are not yet being exploited commercially. The water resource potential is areas, leading gradually to further degradation. The supply of timber from the very high both for irrigation and for power generation. Agriculture including governmental fuelwood corporation enterprise is erratic and unreliable, and this animal husbandary dominates the economic activities. Industry is still in an has encouraged the private sector and individuals to engage in illicit felling of infant stage. It is Government's policy to raise the quality of education. In the trees. The pace ofdeforestation has further been increased in recent years by the health and nutrition sector the conditions are not satisfactory. Infant mortality is developmentactivities oftheGovernmentrelated to road consruction, irrigation, very high. For centuries, Nepal was, until 1950, isolated from the rest of the dam building and proliferation of administration centres. In general, little world. Now we have a democratic government with a constitutional monarchy. amount of the timber obtained through forest clearance goes to actual It is hoped that the country will move ahead with new policies and programmes. developmental works, most goes for other commercial purposes. In addition to In the past the green forests wereconsidered tobethe wealthofNepal. Dwindling these pressures, the impact of tourism, establishment of national parks and the of such forest resources due to a number of interdependent factors like "nature nature ofgovernment policies are also resulting in the rapid commerciali7..ation and the people". Human intcrvention in the form of pressure on the forest oftimberand flfCWood. Deforestation in theTerai has been caused mainly by the resources has cleared away a massive area offorests in Nepal. This has also had c1e<lring of forest land for agricultural purposes. Forest use in the Terai for a negative impacton the environmenL The mostobservablecurrentenvironmental agriculture was associated with the concentration oflargeagricultural land in the issues and problems are deforestation, soil erosion, landslides, uncenain rainfall hands of a few individuals under various systems of land tenure. The state also and the pressure of the growing population. These issues have not only created seeks revenues from such land. Birta (state landlordism) and raik£r (land granted 72 73 OccasiooaJ Papers in Sociology and Anthropology, Volume 4 (1994) 10 individuals as a favour for a specificjob) were two major land tenure systems degradation of forest 1lle nationalization of forests in 1957 has led not only to employed before 1957. Whatever the legal Slatus ofthe forest. the stateexercised further tree elearing but also 10 the rapid disintegration of forest and local little control over forest use during this period. 1lle Government encouraged resource management practices. Attempts pul forward since 1970 have also individuals (birla holders and zamindars) 10 convert forestland 10 agriculture failed 10 solicit the desired level ofco-operation. In thegovernment'seSlablished field as a means of extending Slate control over lelTitory and increasing net national wildlife parks and reserves, liuJe auention has been given 10 the forest revenue through land taxes. needs of local people. As a result, people living in areas around the reserves are often forced LO over-exploit a reduced area of forest This process of forest A IOtal of 103,968 hactres of forest was cleared under the resettlement degradation has contributed greatly LO total socio-economic costs for various programmefrom 195010 1986. During this same period migration from the hills ethnic groups. to the Terai was mainly for economic reasons. Together with the several resettlement policies of the government until early 1980, the pull faclOrs (such Deforeslation and its effectsonenvironmentand soci(}-economic processes as the eradication of malaria in the Tezai, easy access by road connections, and are the basic interacting elements causing harm to rural societies in Nepal. They possibilities of employmen~encouraged huge numbers of rural mounlain and have caused varying degrees oflossanda variety ofchanges which have resulted hill people 10 migrate into the Terai plain. 1lle innux inlO the Terai was a result in the present socio-economic and environmental situation. Their direct effects of both the government's resettlement's programmes and illegal encroachment. releventto socio-economic processes are on crop production/yield, fuclwood, The construction ofthe East-West highway and its corridors joining the north 10 fodder, timber and allied forest products and income and employment. Overall south belts has further given impetus to migrants LO enter the Terai plains. Due yields ofalmost all crops have declined in the hills for the last twenty five years LO migration,land fragmentation has resulted from migration leading LO shorlage caused mainly by declining soil fertility due 10 washing away of valuable plant of agricultural area, which in tum has created insufficient food production and nutrients and seouringof LOp soils. There has becn the shortage offuelwood both indebtedness, and has damaged environmental conditions and the economic in the hills and Terai. Poor families are badly affected due 10 shortage and high siluation of farm families. price for fuel wood. Landless women and children dependent direclty on income from the forests through the collection of fruits, roots and tubers, processing of In Nepal inheritance of land propeny passes through the male line. 1lle canein the hills and the selling ofwood in theTerai have vanished overthe'years. existing social system ofequal inherilance of land amongst all sons has created Furthermore, employment opponunities for landless women and children in fragmentation and increased sub-division of household plots 10 the extent that processing offorest products havebeen gradually diminishing. Environmentally, land sizes are progressively decreased and become insuffficient 10 provide the most serious impaclresulting from forest degradation is the loss ofcultivable subsistence. Because of their meagre amount of the land and small margin of soil- the most obvious cause being soil erosion. Much natural erosion occurs in economicsafcty, many households becomecxtrcmely vulnerable10 indebtedness. Nepal because of heavy monsoons and steep terrain. Top soils, heavy mud and In many cases even an illness of a family member may throw the whole slOnes are washed away every year. It is reponed that theannual top soil loss from household offbalance. Similarly, the increasing pressure on cultivated land due Nepal is about 200 million cubic metres which is at the rate
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