DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular Mechanisms of Evolution Announcements

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular Mechanisms of Evolution Announcements PERSISTENCE: Molecular Mechanisms of Evolution Announcements: • Please fill out course questionnaire MMN - How do epigenetic modifications of genes change transcription? - What are the implications of the broad occurrence of transposable elements? DKN - Caltech connections: extra credit iClicker point opportunity - Do mutations arise spontaneously, or in response to their environment? - How do mutations form? - How can we apply the power of bacterial genetics to solve problems? Both iClicker Qs at the end GENE STRUCTURE AND TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION IN EUKARYA transcription factor (a must)/ polymerase binding Transcription stop transcription start DNA start codon (ATG) stop codon (TGA) Promoter 5’ UTR INTRON EXON INTRON EXON INTRON EXON 3’ UTR 5’ cap transcription polyA tail Pre- RNA 5’ UTR INTRON EXON INTRON EXON INTRON EXON 3’ UTR splicing (alternative) RNA 5’ UTR Open reading frame 3’ UTR translation protein Mendelian genetics PUNNETT Square How genes encode for traits. Is it really that simple? Just over 10 years ago, the full human genome sequence was determined. Why so few genes? ~20,000 – 30,000 [aren’t we more complex than worms, fish and plants?] Other mysteries: Identical twins IDENTICAL? Fertilized egg 8 cell EMBRYOGENESIS embryo --HOW???? differentiation blood cells nerve cells cardiac muscle Epigenetics Transposable elements (TEs) EPIGENETICS: ‘ABOVE THE GENOME’ STUDY OF THE INHERITANCE OF CHANGES IN GENE FUNCTION THAT OCCUR WITHOUT CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE M M Some major epigenetic mechanisms of control: M M M Methylation H3C DNA itself methyl Histones Acetylation of histones acetyl DNA HISTONE ACETYLATION histones (usually enhances transcription – opens up the chromatin) Histone tail DNA modifications Histone core EPIGENETICS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ? pancreatic cancer (and other cancers) PERSISTENCE: Molecular Mechanisms of Evolution Announcements: • Please fill out course questionnaire MMN - How do epigenetic modifications of genes change transcription? - What are the implications of the broad occurrence of transposable elements? DKN - Caltech connections: extra credit iClicker point opportunity - Do mutations arise spontaneously, or in response to their environment? - How do mutations form? - How can we apply the power of bacterial genetics to solve problems? Both iClicker Qs at the end DISCOVERIES Among others Transposition (this lecture) Crossing over during cell division (next lecture) Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine 1983 McClintock studied corn genetics – abundance of visible traits, due to (we now know) a diverse genome -why are these corn kernels spotted? Mendelian genetics could not explain the phenomenon. HAD NO MECHANISM 1940’s discovered transposition -such criticism that didn’t publish again on the subject after 1953 Transposable Elements (TEs): ‘Junk DNA’ DNA sequence that can change its relative position within the genome of a single cell. Likely originally viral, then passed in the genome. Promoter 5’ UTR INTRON EXON INTRON EXON INTRON EXON 3’ UTR GENE Transposable element (TE) inserts GENE CAN DROP IN ANYWHERE replicate TE excises GENE + NO PHYLOGENETIC PATTERN TO TE LOAD – significance – higher ‘evolvability’? corn mosquito (Aedes aegypti) silkmoth gorilla man rat mouse poplar rice chicken anemone mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) fruit fly slime mold another chicken yeast puffer fish fungus honey bee 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Proportion of transposable elements (% of genome) The human genome TE load Protein-coding sequence 2% Goodier and Kazazian, 2008 A REVOLUTION ONE EXAMPLE: LETTER doi:10.1038/nature10531 Somatic retrotransposition alters the genetic landscape of the human brain J. Kenneth Baillie1*, Mark W. Barnett1*, Kyle R. Upton1*, Daniel J. Gerhardt2, Todd A. Richmond2, Fioravante De Sapio1, Paul Brennan3, Patrizia Rizzu4, Sarah Smith1, Mark Fell1, Richard T. Talbot1, Stefano Gustincich5, Thomas C. Freeman1, John S. Mattick6, David A. Hume1, Peter Heutink4, Piero Carninci7, Jeffrey A. Jeddeloh2 & Geoffrey J. Faulkner1 Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that use a germline Mapping the individual retrotransposition events that collectively ‘copy-and-paste’ mechanism to spread throughout metazoan form a somatic mosaic is challenging owing to the rarity of each genomes1. At least 50 per cent of the human genome is derived mutant allele in a heterogeneous cell population. We therefore from retrotransposons, with three active families (L1, Alu and developed a high-throughput protocol that we call retrotransposon SVA) associated with insertional mutagenesis and disease2,3. capture sequencing (RC-seq). First, fragmented genomic DNA was Epigenetic and post-transcriptional suppression block retrotran- hybridized to custom sequence capture arrays targeting the 59 and 39 sposition in somatic cells4,5, excluding early embryo development termini of full-length L1, Alu and SVA retrotransposons (Fig. 1a and and some malignancies6,7. Recent reports of L1 expression8,9 and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). Immobile ERVK and ERV1 long copy number variation10,11 in the human brain suggest that L1 terminal repeat (LTR) elements were included as negative controls. mobilization may also occur during later development. However, Second, the captured DNA was deeply sequenced, yielding ,25 million the corresponding integration sites have not been mapped. Here paired-end 101-mer reads per sample (Fig. 1b). Last, read pairs were we apply a high-throughput method to identify numerous L1, Alu mapped using a conservative computational pipeline designed to and SVA germline mutations, as well as 7,743 putative somatic L1 identify known (Fig. 1c) and novel (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. insertions, in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus of three indi- 1a–d) retrotransposon insertions with uniquely mapped read pairs viduals. Surprisingly, we also found 13,692 somatic Alu insertions (‘diagnostic reads’) spanning their termini. and 1,350 SVA insertions. Our results demonstrate that retrotran- Previous works have equated L1 CNV with somatic mobilization in sposons mobilize to protein-coding genes differentially expressed vivo10,11. To test this assumption with RC-seq, we first screened five and active in the brain. Thus, somatic genome mosaicism driven by brain subregions taken from three individuals (donors A, B and C) for retrotransposition may reshape the genetic circuitry that under- L1 CNV. A significant (P , 0.001) increase was observed in the num- pins normal and abnormal neurobiological processes. ber of copies of L1 open reading frame 2 (ORF2) present in DNA Malignancy and ageing are commonly associated with the accu- extracted from the hippocampus of donor C, and a similar, though mulation of deleterious mutations that lead to loss of function, cell smaller, increase was observed for donor A (Fig. 2). We then applied death or uncontrolled growth. Retrotransposition is strongly muta- RC-seq to the brain regions that showed the highest (hippocampus) genic; an estimated 400 million retrotransposon-derived structural and lowest (caudate nucleus) L1 CNV using samples from all three variants are present in the global human population3 and more than donors, including a technical replicate of caudate nucleus from donor 70 diseases involve heritable and de novo retrotransposition events2. A. A total of 177.4 million RC-seq paired-end reads were generated Presumably for this reason, transposition-competent retrotranspo- from seven libraries (Supplementary Table 3). RC-seq achieved deep sons are heavily methylated and transcriptionally inactivated4,5. sequencing coverage of known active retrotransposons, high repro- Nevertheless, substantial somatic L1 retrotransposition has been ducibility and limited sequence capture bias (Supplementary Results). detected in neural cell lineages10–12. Given the complex structural Read pairs diagnostic for novel retrotransposon insertions were and functional organization of the mammalian brain, its adaptive clustered on the basis of their insertion site, relative orientation and and regenerative capabilities13 and the unresolved aetiology of many retrotransposon family. A total of 25,229 clusters were produced. neurobiological disorders, these somatic insertions could be of great Proximal clusters arranged on opposing strands indicated two termini importance14. of one insertion and were paired, resulting in a catalogue of 24,540 One explanation for the observed transpositional activity in the novel insertions (Supplementary Table 4). As expected, the great brain may be that the L1 promoter is transiently released from epi- majority of these were either L1 (32.2%) or Alu (60.9%) (Fig. 3a). To genetic suppression during neurogenesis11,12. Transposition-competent segregate germline mutations from other events, we combined the L1 retrotransposons can then repeatedly mobilize to different loci in three largest available catalogues of L1 and Alu polymorphisms6,16,17 individual cells and produce somatic mosaicism. Several lines of evid- as an annotation database and also performed RC-seq on pooled ence support this model, including L1 transcription8,9 and copy number genomic DNA extracted from blood, producing 6,150 clusters variation (CNV) in brain tissues from human donors of various (Supplementary Table 5) that were intersected with the existing brain ages10,11, as well as mobilization of engineered L1 retrotransposons in RC-seq clusters. Any brain clusters that contained RC-seq reads from vitro and in transgenic rodents10,12. Importantly, it is not known
Load more

Recommended publications
  • James D. Watson Molecular Biologist, Nobel Laureate ( 1928 – )
    James D. Watson Molecular biologist, Nobel Laureate ( 1928 – ) Watson is a molecular biologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the struc- ture of DNA. Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Watson was born in Chicago, and early on showed his brilliance, appearing on Quiz Kids, a popular radio show that challenged precocious youngsters to answer ques- tions. Thanks to the liberal policy of University of Chicago president ROBERT HUTCHINS, Watson was able to enroll there at the age of 15, earning a B.S. in Zoology in 1947. He was attracted to the work of Salvador Luria, who eventually shared a Nobel Prize with Max Delbrück for their work on the nature of genetic mutations. In 1948, Watson began research in Luria’s laboratory and he received his Ph.D. in Zoology at Indiana University in 1950 at age 22. In 1951, the chemist Linus Pauling published his model of the protein alpha helix, find- ings that grew out of Pauling’s relentless efforts in X-ray crystallography and molecu- lar model building. Watson now wanted to learn to perform X-ray diffraction experi- ments so that he could work to determine the structure of DNA. Watson and Francis Crick proceeded to deduce the double helix structure of DNA, which they submitted to the journal Nature and was subsequently published on April 25, 1953. Watson subsequently presented a paper on the double helical structure of DNA at the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Viruses in early June 1953.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewels in the Crown
    Jewels in the crown CSHL’s 8 Nobel laureates Eight scientists who have worked at Cold Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria Spring Harbor Laboratory over its first 125 years have earned the ultimate Beginning in 1941, two scientists, both refugees of European honor, the Nobel Prize for Physiology fascism, began spending their summers doing research at Cold or Medicine. Some have been full- Spring Harbor. In this idyllic setting, the pair—who had full-time time faculty members; others came appointments elsewhere—explored the deep mystery of genetics to the Lab to do summer research by exploiting the simplicity of tiny viruses called bacteriophages, or a postdoctoral fellowship. Two, or phages, which infect bacteria. Max Delbrück and Salvador who performed experiments at Luria, original protagonists in what came to be called the Phage the Lab as part of the historic Group, were at the center of a movement whose members made Phage Group, later served as seminal discoveries that launched the revolutionary field of mo- Directors. lecular genetics. Their distinctive math- and physics-oriented ap- Peter Tarr proach to biology, partly a reflection of Delbrück’s physics train- ing, was propagated far and wide via the famous Phage Course that Delbrück first taught in 1945. The famous Luria-Delbrück experiment of 1943 showed that genetic mutations occur ran- domly in bacteria, not necessarily in response to selection. The pair also showed that resistance was a heritable trait in the tiny organisms. Delbrück and Luria, along with Alfred Hershey, were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1969 “for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.” Barbara McClintock Alfred Hershey Today we know that “jumping genes”—transposable elements (TEs)—are littered everywhere, like so much Alfred Hershey first came to Cold Spring Harbor to participate in Phage Group wreckage, in the chromosomes of every organism.
    [Show full text]
  • Happy Birthday to Renato Dulbecco, Cancer Researcher Extraordinaire
    pbs.org http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/happy-birthday-renato-dulbecco-cancer-researcher-extraordinaire/ Happy birthday to Renato Dulbecco, cancer researcher extraordinaire Photo of Renato Dulbecco (public domain) Every elementary school student knows that Feb. 22 is George Washington’s birthday. Far fewer (if any) know that it is also the birthday of the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Renato Dulbecco. While not the father of his country — he was born in Italy and immigrated to the United States in 1947 — Renato Dulbecco is credited with playing a crucial role in our understanding of oncoviruses, a class of viruses that cause cancer when they infect animal cells. Dulbecco was born in Catanzaro, the capital of the Calabria region of Italy. Early in his childhood, after his father was drafted into the army during World War I, his family moved to northern Italy (first Cuneo, then Turin, and thence to Liguria). A bright boy, young Renato whizzed through high school and graduated in 1930 at the age of 16. From there, he attended the University of Turin, where he studied mathematics, physics, and ultimately medicine. Dulbecco found biology far more fascinating than the actual practice of medicine. As a result, he studied under the famed anatomist, Giuseppe Levi, and graduated at age 22 in 1936 at the top of his class with a degree in morbid anatomy and pathology (in essence, the study of disease). Soon after receiving his diploma, Dr. Dulbecco was inducted into the Italian army as a medical officer. Although he completed his military tour of duty by 1938, he was called back in 1940 when Italy entered World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Renato Dulbecco
    BIOLOGIE ET HISTOIRE Renato Dulbecco Renato Dulbecco : de la virologie à la cancérologie F.N.R. RENAUD 1 résumé Né en Italie, Renato Dulbecco fait de brillantes études médicales mais est plus intéressé par la recherche en biologie que par la pratique médicale. Accueilli par Giuseppe Levi, il apprend l’histologie et la culture cellulaire avant de rejoindre le laboratoire de S.E. Luria puis celui de M. Delbrück pour travailler sur les systèmes bactéries-bactériophages puis sur la relation cellules-virus. Il met au point la méthode des plages de lyse virales sur des cultures cellulaires. Il est aussi à l’origine de la virologie tumorale moléculaire. D. Baltimore, HM Temin et lui-même sont récompensés par le prix Nobel de médecine et physiologie en 1975 pour leurs travaux sur l'interaction entre les virus tumoraux et le matériel génétique du matériel cellulaire. Très tourné vers les aspects pratiques et expérimentaux de la recherche, il est resté le plus long - temps possible à la paillasse et a initié un très grand nombre de jeunes chercheurs. mots-clés : culture cellulaire, virologie tumorale, plages de lyse, bactériophages. I. - LA JEUNESSE DE RENATO DULBECCO C'est à Catanzaro, capitale régionale de la Calabre en Italie, que naît Renato Dulbecco le 22 février 1914. Sa mère est Calabraise et son père Ligurien. Il ne reste que très peu de temps dans le sud de l’Italie, car son père est mobilisé et sa famille doit déménager dans le nord à Cuneo, puis à Turin. À la fin de la guerre, la famille Dulbeco s'ins - talle à Imperia en Ligurie.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eighth Day of Creation”: Looking Back Across 40 Years to the Birth of Molecular Biology and the Roots of Modern Cell Biology
    “The Eighth Day of Creation”: looking back across 40 years to the birth of molecular biology and the roots of modern cell biology Mark Peifer1 1 Department of Biology and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Email: [email protected] Phone: (919) 962-2272 1 Forty years ago, Horace Judson’s “The Eight Day of Creation” was published, a book vividly recounting the foundations of modern biology, the molecular biology revolution. This book inspired many in my generation. The anniversary provides a chance for a new generation to take a look back, to see how science has changed and hasn’t changed. Many central players in the book, including Sydney Brenner, Seymour Benzer and Francois Jacob, would go on to be among the founders of modern cell, developmental, and neurobiology. These players come alive via their own words, as complex individuals, both heroes and anti-heroes. The technologies and experimental approaches they pioneered, ranging from cell fractionation to immunoprecipitation to structural biology, and the multidisciplinary approaches they took continue to power and inspire our work today. In the process, Judson brings out of the shadows the central roles played by women in many of the era’s discoveries. He provides us with a vision of how science and scientists have changed, of how many things about our endeavor never change, and how some new ideas are perhaps not as new as we’d like to think. 2 In 1979 Horace Judson completed a ten-year project about cell and molecular biology’s foundations, unveiling “The Eighth Day of Creation”, a book I view as one of the most masterful evocations of a scientific revolution (Judson, 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
    Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates
    Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates In December 1902, the first Nobel Prize was awarded in Stockholm to Wilhelm Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays. Alfred Nobel (1833-96), a Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite, had bequeathed a $9 million endowment to fund significant cash prizes ($40,000 in 1901, about $1 million today) to those individuals who had made the most important contributions in five domains (Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace); the sixth, in "Economic Sciences," was added in 1969. Nobel could hardly have imagined the almost mythic status that would accrue to the laureates. From the start "The Prize" became one of the most sought-after awards in the world, and eventually the yardstick against which other prizes and recognition were to be measured. Certainly the roster of Nobel laureates includes many of the most famous names of the 20th century: Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Mother Teresa, Winston Churchill, Albert Camus, Boris Pasternak, Albert Schweitzer, the Dalai Lama and many others. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to approximately 850 laureates of whom at least 177 of them are/were Jewish although Jews comprise less than 0.2% of the world's population. In the 20th century, Jews, more than any other minority, ethnic or cultural, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize. How to account for Jewish proficiency at winning Nobel’s? It's certainly not because Jews do the judging. All but one of the Nobel’s are awarded by Swedish institutions (the Peace Prize by Norway). The standard answer is that the premium placed on study and scholarship in Jewish culture inclines Jews toward more education, which in turn makes a higher proportion of them "Nobel-eligible" than in the larger population.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers Working Paper Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers (2002) : Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research, WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50229 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu P 02 – 003 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS AND MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY SCIENCE: A CASE STUDY OF EXCELLENCE IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH J.
    [Show full text]
  • Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück on Random Mutation and Fluctuation Tests
    | CLASSIC Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück on Random Mutation and Fluctuation Tests Andrew Murray1 Molecular and Cellular Biology and Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ORIGINAL CITATION Mutations of Bacteria from Virus Sensitivity to Virus Resistance Salvador Edward Luria and Max Delbrück GENETICS November 20, 1943 28: 491–511 o mutations arise randomly over time? Or are they induced The Luria–Delbrück article had three important impacts Dby unfavorable environments? By addressing these crucial beyond its direct conclusion: it showed that elegant statistical evolutionary questions, Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück won a analysis could illuminate biological processes that could not NobelPrizeandhelpedtostartthefield of bacterial genetics. be directly observed, it contributed to Luria and Delbrück In 1943, it had long been known that bacterial cultures winning the 1969 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology rapidly develop resistance to viral infection. Some biologists (shared with Alfred Hershey), and it led, indirectly, to a con- argued that viruses directly induced resistance mutations, tinuing debate about whether organisms exert physiological while others believed the mutations arose spontaneously control over their mutation rates. before exposure to the virus. But when Luria and Delbrück Communicating editor: C. Gelling first attempted to distinguish between these two hypotheses, they were frustrated by what appeared to be irritatingly in- consistent mutation rates. Then, after watching a colleague Further Reading in GENETICS win a jackpot ($3 in dimes!) at a slot machine, Luria realized Bertani, G., 1992 Salvador Edward Luria (1912–1991). Genetics this inconsistency was telling him something: the number of 131: 1–4.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
    All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • James-D-Watson-Award-Announced
    News Release: James D. Watson Award Announced Page 1 of 3 Press Release Hope Funds for Cancer Research For Immediate Release Media Contact: Kelly Powers [email protected] 401-847-3286 Hope Funds for Cancer Research Announces the Creation of the James D. Watson Award NEWPORT, RI -- January 21, 2014 -- The Hope Funds for Cancer Research, dedicated to advancing innovative research for the most difficult-to-treat cancers, today announced the creation of the James D. Watson Award, with the Nobel laureate Dr. James Watson being the first recipient. This award is being created by the Hope Funds for Cancer Research to honor James Watson for his unprecedented contributions to field of biology and cancer research and will only be awarded to scientists who make comparable seminal discoveries. The award will be presented at the organization's annual awards dinner on April 24, 2014, being held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The James D. Watson Award is being established to recognize discoveries that fundamentally change science and our understanding of life; the types of discoveries made by Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, and James Watson. "While we are hopeful that the James D. Watson Award will be given out again in the foreseeable future, we are realistic that the types of discoveries made by Jim Watson are once-in-a-100-years events." stated Dr. Malcolm A.S. Moore, Chairman of the Board of the Hope Funds for Cancer Research. About James Dewey Watson, Ph.D. James Dewey Watson is best known as a co-discoverer of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research Hollingsworth, J
    www.ssoar.info Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: a case study of excellence in biomedical research Hollingsworth, J. Rogers Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: SSG Sozialwissenschaften, USB Köln Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, J. R. (2002). Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: a case study of excellence in biomedical research. (Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 02-003). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-112976 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed
    [Show full text]