Notes

Introduction

1. E. M. Forster, '', Two Cheers for Democracy (Penguin, 1965) p. 250. 2. Phyllis Rose, Writing of Women: Essays in a Renaissance (Wesleyan University Press, 1985) p. 69, emphasis added. 3. Ibid., p. 71. See also Carolyn Heilbrun, Writing a Woman's Life (Norton, 1988). This model of identity is attributed to Erik Erikson. Both Rose and Heilbrun discuss its importance for the writing of biography. 4. MHPBll.

Chapter 1

1. , 'Notes on Virginia's Childhood', cited by Louise De• Salvo, Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on her Life and Work (Women's Press, 1989) p. 138. 2. Cited by Lyndall Gordon, Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life (Oxford Uni• versity Press, 1986) p. 15. 3. A Cockney's Farming Experience, ed. Suzanne Henig (San Diego State University Press, 1972). This juvenile work is quoted extensively by Louise DeSalvo, op. cit., but her analyses seem to me to be fanciful. 4. See Noel Annan, : The Godless Victorian (University of Chicago Press, 1984) p. 105f; also . 5. Annan, op. cit., p. 107. 6. Julia Margaret Cameron, Victorian Photographs of Famous Men and Fair Women, with Introductions by Roger Fry and Virginia Woolf (, 1926): see also ed. Graham Ovenden, A Victorian Album: Julia Margaret Cameron and Her Circle (Seeker and Warburg, 1975). 7. Noel Annan, op. cit., p. 119-20. 8. Monks House Papers MHIA.5c (University of Sussex Library), cited and discussed in Martine Stemerick, 'Virginia Woolf and : The Distaff Side of History' in eds Elaine K. Ginsberg and Laura Moss Gottlieb, Virginia Woolf: Centennial Essays (Troy, New York: Whitston, 1983). 9. On Dr Savage and his role in Woolf's life see Stephen Trombley, 'All that Summer She was Mad': Virginia Woolf and Her Doctors ijunction Books, 1981). 10. Annan, op. cit., p. 305. 11. Ibid., p. 113. 12. Add. MSS 61973 British Library. 13. Ibid. 14. Alice Fox, Proceedings of the Modern Languages Association of America, 208 Notes 209

1982, vol. 97, p. 103-4; this is in reply to Katherine Hill, 'Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen: History and Literary Revolution', PMLA, 1981, vol. 96, pp. 351-62. 15. Annan, op. cit., pp. 13~1. See also Louise DeSalvo, 'As "Miss Jan Says": Virginia Woolf's Early Journals', in ed. Jane Marcus, Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury (Macmillan, 1987), p. 96f. and Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on her Life and Work (Women's Press, 1989). DeSalvo quotes extensively from the early diaries. In my opinion her speculations about Woolf often go far beyond anything that could be supported by the known evidence. 16. See the works cited in note 6 above. Woolf's essay was the introduc• tion which is referred to there. See also : A Comedy (Hogarth Press, 1976).

Chapter 2 1. See Madeline Moore, The Short Season Between Two Silences: The Mystical and the Political in the Novels of Virginia Woolf (George Allen &t Unwin, 1984). 2. See Jane Marcus, 'The Niece of a Nun: Virginia Woolf, Caroline Stephen, and the Cloistered Imagination' in her Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy (Indiana University Press, 1988). In my view Marcus seriously exaggerates the influence of Caroline Stephen on Woolf by neglecting the fundamental differences between them on questions of religion. Nonetheless, this chapter contains much useful information. 3. 'A Dialogue upon Mount Pentelicus', Times Literary Supplement, 11-17 September, 1987, p. 979. 4. These details I owe to the generosity of Andrew McNeillie who has informed me of 44 recently discovered Woolf essays in the TLS ar• chives. They will be printed as an appendix to a future volume of The Essays of Virginia Woolf. 5. See Louise DeSalvo, 'Shakespeare's Other Sister' in ed. Jane Marcus, New Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf (Macmillan, 1981). 6. See note 3. 7. 'Friendship's Gallery', Twentieth Century Literature, vol. 25, nos 3-4, Fall/Winter 1979, with an introduction by Ellen Hawkes. See also Ellen Hawkes, 'Woolf's "Magical Garden of Women'" in ed. Jane Marcus, New Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf. 8. See, for example, S. P. Rosenbaum, Victorian Bloomsbury: The Early Literary History of the , volume 1, StMartin's Press, 1986, pp. 161, 224. 9. , Sowing, in ed. S. P. Rosenbaum, The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs, Commentary and Criticism (University of To• ronto Press, 1975) p. 104. 10. G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (Cambridge University Press, 1962) p. 15. 11. J. M. Keynes, 'My Early Beliefs', in Two Memoirs (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1949)p. 85, reprintedined. S. P. Rosenbaum The Bloomsbury Group, p. 54. 210 Notes

Chapter 3

1. For the history of and its various drafts see Virginia Woolf, Melymbrosia: An Early Version of The Voyage Out, ed. Louise DeSalvo (New York Public Library, 1982) and Louise DeSalvo, Virginia Woolf's First Voyage: A Novel in the Making (MacmiUan, 1980). 2. The concept of the 'moratorium' derives from the work of Erik Erikson and is discussed in relation to Virginia Woolf by Carolyn Heilbrun, Writing a Woman's Life (Norton, 1988). Alex Zwerdling, Virginia Woolf and the Real World (University of California Press, 1986) applies the concept to the case of Jacob Flanders in Jacob's Room. 3. Leonard Woolf, The Wise Virgins cited Roger Poole, The Unknown Virginia Woolf (Cambridge University Press, 1978) p. 95. 4. Frances Spalding, Vanessa Bell (Macmillan, 1984) p. 61. 5. Cited by S. P. Rosenbaum, Victorian Bloomsbury, p. 66. 6. For more details see George Spater and Ian Parsons, A Marriage of True Minds: An Intimate Portrait of Leonard and Virginia Woolf Oonathan Cape and the Hogarth Press, 1977) chapter 6. 7. J. M. Keynes, 'My Early Beliefs', op. cit., also in ed. S. P. Rosenbaum, The Bloomsbury Group, p. 64. 8. Gerald Drenan, Personal Record 1920-72 Oonathan Cape, 1974) p. 156. For another excellent account of Virginia Woolf and her Bloomsbury friends by Gerald Drenan see the extract from his South from Granada reprinted in ed. S. P. Rosenbaum, The Bloomsbury Group, p. 283f. 9. Roger Poole, The Unknown Virginia Woolf, p. 62. 10. S. P. Rosenbaum, The Bloomsbury Group, p. 77. 11. Ibid., p. 67. 12. From a draft of The Voyage Out cited by Louise DeSalvo, Virginia Woolf's First Voyage, p. 43. 13. For the best class analysis of the Bloomsbury Group see Raymond Williams, 'The Bloomsbury Fraction' in Problems in Materialism and Culture (Verso, 1980). 14. Roland Barthes, A Lover's Discourse: Fragments (Hill and Wang, 1978) p. 73. 15. Cited by Louise DeSalvo, Virginia Woolfs First Voyage, p. 47. Compare the 'censored' version, VO 139.

Chapter 4

1. Jane Marcus is right to emphasise the analogy with The Magic Flute in her 'Enchanted Organ, Magic Bells: Night and Day as a Comic Opera' in Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy (Indiana University Press, 1988) p. 18f. 2. Sally Dennison, Alternative Literary Publishing: Five Modern Histories (University of Iowa Press, 1984) p. 73. 3. Eileen Traub, 'The Early Years of the Hogarth Press', American Book Collector, vol. 7, October 1986, pp. 32-6. 4. Peter Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot (Cardinal, 1988) p. 127. Notes 211

5. See Phyllis Rose, Woman of Letters: A Life of Virginia Woolf (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978) p. 279, note 17. 6. Suzette Henke, 'Virginia Woolf Reads James Joyce: The Ulysses Note• book', in eds Morris Deja, Phillip Herring et al., James Joyce: The Centennial Symposium (University of Illinois Press, 1986) pp. 39-42. 7. Richard Ellmann, James Joyce (Oxford University Press, 1982) p. 403.

Chapter 5

1. On the drafts of Jacob's Room see E. L. Bishop, 'The Shaping of Jacob's Room: Woolf's Manuscript revisions', Twentieth Century Literature, vol. 32, no. 1, Spring 1986, pp. 115-35. For useful contributions to other topics relevant to my discussion of Jacob's Room see Barry Morgenstern, 'The Self-Conscious Narrator in Jacob's Room' in Studies, vol. 18, no. 3, 1972, p. 351£., and Judy Little, 'Jacob's Room as Comedy: Woolfs Parodic Bildungsroman' in ed. Jane Marcus, New Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf (University of Nebraska Press, 1981). Alex Zwer• dling's discussion in his Virginia Woolf and the Real World (University of California Press, 1986) is particularly good and in tune with the basic strategy of the present book, as he discusses Woolf's innovations in form in relation to her purposes as a writer, as means to her broader ends. 2. Phyllis Rose, Writing of Women, op. cit., p. 69. 3. See above, note 1. 4. John Mepham, 'Mourning and Modernism', in eds Patricia Clements and lsobel Grundy, Virginia Woolf: New Critical Essays (Vision Press, 1983) pp. 137-56. 5. Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece (Oxford University Press, 1980) p. 338. 6. Peter Parker, The Old Lie: The Great War and the Public School Ethos (Constable, 1987) p. 218. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., p. 219. See also John Mepham, 'Mourning and Modernism', op. cit. (note 4) on the 'Greek' theme in Jacob's Room and the significance of Woolfs 1924 essay 'On Not Knowing Greek'. 9. On Rupert Brooke see Samuel Hynes, Edwardian Occasions: Essays on English Writing in the Early Twentieth Century (Oxford University Press, 1972) pp. 144-52. 10. E II, p. 203; see also p. xiii. 11. B. J. Kirkpatrick, A Bibliography of Virginia Woolf, 3rd edn (Clarendon Press, 1980) p. 16. 12. This and many other letters from Forster to Virginia Woolf are in Monks House Papers, Sussex University Library and in eds Mary Lago and P. N. Furbank, Selected Letters of E. M. Forster, vol. 2, 1921-70 (Collins, 1985). 13. The protracted battle between Woolf and Bennett is surveyed in Samuel Hynes, 'The Whole Contention Between Mr Bennett and Mrs Woolf in his Edwardian Occasions, pp. 24-37. See also Beth Rigel 212 Notes

Daugherty, 'The Whole Contention Between Mr Bennett and Mrs Woolf Revisited' in eds Elaine Ginsberg and Laura Moss Gottlieb, Virginia Woolf: Centennial Essays (Whitston, 1983).

Chapter 6

1. On the various drafts of and the notebook from which this quotation comes, see C. G. Hoffmann, 'From Short Story to Novel: the Manuscript Revisions of Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway', Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 14, Summer 1968, pp. 171-86 and Jacque• line Latham, 'The Manuscript Revisions of Virginia Woolfs Mrs Dallo• way: A Postscript', Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 18, Summer 1972, pp. 475--6. See also Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway's Party: A Short Story Sequence, with an Introduction by Stella McNichol (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973). 2. They are in Mrs Dalloway's Party (see note 1) and now also in CSF. 3. E. M. Forster, 'The Novels of Virginia Woolf, originally published in The New Criterion in 1926 is now, as 'The Early Novels of Virginia Woolf', in Abinger Harvest (Penguin, 1967): the quoted phrase is on p. 124. 4. See Maria DiBattista, 'Joyce, Woolf and the Modern Mind', in eds Patricia Clements and Isabel Grundy, Virginia Woolf: New Critical Essays (Vision Press, 1983) pp. 96-114. 5. Virginia Woolf originally wrote this is in 1931 in a series of articles on for Good Housekeeping magazine. They are now available as (Hogarth Press, 1982) p. 20. See also Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (Chatto &: Windus, 1973) p. 233-47. 6. The history of the conception and revisions of together with details of notebooks is given in Susan Dick's edition of the holograph drafts of the novel (Hogarth Press, 1983), referred to here as TIJMS. 7. J. A. Lavin, 'The First Editions of Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse', in ed. Joseph Katz, Proof: The Yearbook of American Bibliographical and Textual Studies, vol. 2 (University of South Carolina Press, 1972) pp. 185--211. Most significant, to my mind, is the difference in section 9 of Part III, which is enclosed in round brackets in the US edition but in square brackets in the UK edition. The former is surely a mistake which Woolf failed to spot. On the significance of square brackets in the novel see John Mepham, 'Figures of Desire: Narration and Fiction in To the Lighthouse' in ed. G. D. Josipovici, The Modern English Novel (Open Books, 1976). 8. The photograph is reproduced in Lyndall Gordon, Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life, and discussed by her on pp. 197-8. On Julia Margaret Cameron, see Amanda Hopkinson, Julia Margaret Cameron (Virago, 1986). 9. See eds Louise DeSalvo and Mitchell Leaska, The Letters of Vita Sackville• West to Virginia Woolf (Hutchinson, 1984); Leaska's 'Introduction' provides a useful short history of the relationship. Notes 213

10. See Kate Flint, 'Virginia Woolf and the General Strike', Essays in Criticism, vol. 36, October 1986, pp. 319-34. 11. See James M. Haute, "'Le Temps passe" and the Original Typescript: An Early Version of the ''Time Passes" Section of To the L1ghthouse', Twentieth Century Literature, vol. 29, no. 3, 1983, pp. 267-311. 12. See Morris Deja, 'Virginia Woolf: Matches Struck in the Dark', in his Epiphany in the Modern Novel (University of Washington Press, 1971). 13. Ibid., p. 126. 14. Cited in Haule, see note 11 above, p. 268. 15. This photograph is reproduced, for example, in QB II, as 'Virginia, c.1925'. 16. John Lehmann, Virginia Woolf (Thames &: Hudson, 1975) p. 63. The three Man Ray photographs of Woolf are reproduced together in George Spater and Ian Parsons, A MarriRge of True Minds, p. 85f. 17. Man Ray, Self Portrait (Bloomsbury 1988). 18. Richard Kennedy, A Boy at the Hogarth Press (Penguin, 1978). 19. For further details of the Hogarth Press at this time see LW 303f.

Chapter 7

1. See E. M. Forster, 'The Early Novels of Virginia Woolf', Abinger Harvest (Penguin, 1967). 2. See eds Louise DeSalvo and Mitchell Leaska, The Letters of Vita Sackville• West to Virginia Woolf (Hutchinson, 1984) and Nigel Nicolson, Portrait of a Marriage (Weidenfeld &: Nicolson, 1973). 3. The figure of the angel in the house derives from a poem by Coventry Patmore. Woolf's speech is printed as 'Professions for Women' in WW. A much longer, typescript version of the same speech is printed in P. 4. The extant drafts of , together with Woolf's notes and an 'Introduction' which discusses the history of the writing of this novel in detail, are all in Virginia Woolf, The Waves: The Two Holograph Drafts, transcribed and edited by J. W. Graham (Hogarth Press, 1976). 5. Ibid., p. 36. 6. The importance of such moments in shaping a life and the implica• tions of this for biography are central to Lyndall Gordon's treatment of Woolf's life in her Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life. See also Gordon's 'Our Silent Life: Virginia Woolf and T. S. Eliot' in eds Patricia Cle• ments and Isobel Grundy Virginia Woolf: New Critical Essays (Vision Press, 1983).

Chapter 8

1. B. J. Kirkpatrick, A Bibliography of Virginia Woolf, 3rd edn (Oxford University Press, 1980). 2. The Hogarth Letters, with an Introduction by Hermione Lee (Chatto & Windus, 1985). 214 Notes

3. See Carolyn Heilbrun, Writing a Woman's Life (Norton, 1988) chapter 7. 4. For some details of this history seeD IV, 20 January 1932, note 8. 5. They are described by Brenda Silver in RN p. 22f. 6. Grace Radin, Virginia Woolfs : The Evolution of a Novel (The University of Tennessee Press, 1981). For other discussion of this novel see the articles dedicated to it in the special issue of the Bulletin of the New York Public Library, vol. 80, winter 1977. 7. Grace Radin, op. cit., p. 122. 8. These two 'enormous chunks' are reprinted in an Appendix to Radin, op. cit. 9. See Kirkpatrick, op. cit. 10. For example, Jane Marcus, in the Bulletin of the New York Public Library (note 6 above) says that The Years is 'a great novel ... the pride of British literature of the 1930s' and that it is as radical in form as Ulysses or The Waste Land. 11. See Lynda Morris and Robert Radford, The Story of the Artists Inter• national Association 1933-53 (Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, 1983). 12. Frances Spalding, Vanessa Bell (Macmillan, 1984) p. 291. 13. Woolf's less attractive attitudes, her xenophobia and racism in par• ticular, are documented by Lorrie Goldensohn, 'Unburying the Statue: The Lives of Virginia Woolf', Salmagundi, nos. 74-5, Spring-Summer 1987, pp. 1-41. 14. Lynda Morris and Robert Radford, op. cit. (note 11), p. 41. 15. The Times (London), 28 April1937. 16. Spalding, op. cit., p. 294. 17. E. M. Forster, 'The Last Parade', Two Cheers for Democracy (Penguin, 1965) p. 17; for Vanessa Bell's reaction see Spalding, op. cit., p. 340. 18. A slightly shortened version of this memoir is printed as Appendix C to QB II. The original typescript is now in MHP, Sussex University. 19. Julian Bell, 'War and Peace: a Letter to E. M. Forster', in ed. Quentin Bell, Julian Bell: Essays, Poems and Letters (Hogarth Press, 1938). 20. Quentin Bell, 'Bloomsbury and "The Vulgar Passions"', Critical In• quiry, Winter 1979, pp. 239-56, and QB II 256. 21. The cartoon is reproduced in the Bulletin of the New York Public Library, vol. 80, 1977, p. 157.

Chapter 9

1. See Raymond Williams, 'The Bloomsbury Fraction', Problems in Materi• alism and Culture (Verso, 1980), p. 148f. 2. J. M. Keynes, 'My Early Beliefs', in ed. S. P. Rosenbaum, The Blooms• bury Group (University of Toronto Press, 1975) p. 64. 3. Forster's 'Credo' was republished as 'What I Believe', a Hogarth Press pamphlet, in May 1939, and was later included with that title in his Two Cheers for Democracy. 4. Two Cheers for Democracy (Penguin, 1965) p. 79. 5. See Catherine Belsey, Critical Practice (Methuen, 1980). Notes 215

6. See also John Mepham, 'Trained to Silence', London Review of Books, 20 November 1980, p. 21£. 7. Goldensohn, op. cit. (chapter 8, note 13) p. 32.

Chapter 10

1. Quentin Bell, 'Bloomsbury and "The Vulgar Passions'", Critical In- quiry, Winter 1979, p. 256. 2. Agnes Smith's letters to Woolf are in MHP, Sussex University Library. 3. Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public (Penguin, 1979) p. 179. 4. Sigmund Freud, Civilisation, War and Death, ed. John Rickman (Ho• garth Press, 1939) p. 93. 5. Ibid., p. 12. 6. The history of the revisions of is given in Virginia Woolf, Pointz Hall: The Earlier and Later Typescripts of Between the Acts, ed. Mitchell Leaska (New York University Press, 1983). 7. The texts of two essays left unfinished at her death, 'The Reader' and 'Anon', together with introductory notes by Brenda Silver, are in a special Woolf issue of Twentieth Century Literature, vol. 25, nos. 3/4, Fall/Winter 1979. The quotation is from 'Anon' p. 403. 8. Ibid., p. 396. 9. 'The Reader', ibid., p. 428. 10. F. R. Leavis, 'After "To the Lighthouse"', Scrutiny, vol. 10, no. 3, January 1942, p. 295. 11. E. M. Forster, 'Virginia Woolf', Two Cheers for Democracy (Penguin, 1965) p. 250.

Chapter 11

1. See especially Phyllis Rose, Woman of Letters and Alex Zwerdling, Virginia Woolf and the Real World. 2. Recollections of Virginia Woolf, ed. Joan Russell Noble (Penguin, 1975) p. 62. Index

Academy and Literature (magazine), Bloomsbury Group, The, xiii, xvii, 19 16, 25-9, 30, 37-40, 42, 58, 81, Ackroyd, Peter, 210 85, 111, 147, 160, 161, 163, androgyny, 4, 179--80, 182, 194-5 164, 167, 168, 169, 17~80, Annan, Noel, 208, 209 196, 204 Aristotle, 159 Blunt, Anthony, 163 Arnold, Matthew, 194 Bowen, Elizabeth, 207 Artists' International Association Drenan, Gerald, 37, 38 (AlA), 161, 165 British Psycho-Analytic Society, Asheham House, Sussex, 36, 65 195 Athenaeum (magazine), 51, 57, 66 Brittain, Vera, 150 Atlantic Monthly, 121, 174 Brockway, Fenner, 168 Auden, W.H., 161, 166 Bronte, Emily, 127 Austen, Jane, 42, 51, 187 Brooke, Rupert, 82-3 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 146-7 Barthes, Roland, 43 Buchan, John, 194 Beck, Maurice, 116 Beja, Morris, 211, 213 Cameron, Julia Margaret, 11, 101, Bell, Angelica, 127, 132 208 Bell, Clive, 17, 24-8, 30, 33, 36, Victorian Photographs of Famous 38, 42, 54, 57, 59, 152 Men and Fair Women, 101 Art, 111 Cape, Jonathan, 126 Bell, Julian, 24, 161, 164-5, 16~9 Carlyle, Jane, 135 'War and Peace: A Letter to Carrington, Dora, 52, 147 E.M. Forster', 168 Case, Janet, 10 Bell, Quentin, 88, 161-2, 165, 171, Cecil, David, 204 172, 206 Cezanne, Paul, 40 Bell, Vanessa, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 23, Chagall, Marc, 140 24-7, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, Charleston (Vanessa Bell's house), 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 53, 36, 112 54, 84, 88, 112-13, 132, 144, Chekhov, Anton, 74, 76, 77, 89, 146, 147, 161, 165-6, 174, 175, 96 188 Clements, Patricia, 211, 212, 213 Belsey, Catherine, 214 Connolly, Cyril Bennett, Arnold, 60, 67, 69, 80, Enemies of Promise, 193 84-90, 109, 115, 158 Conrad, Joseph, 73, 76, 192 'Is the Novel Decaying?', 85 Cornhill Magazine, 8, 19, 20, 22 The Old Wive's Tale, 158 Cox, Ka, 82 Our Women, 60, 69, 85 Criterion, 57, 58, 88 Beresford, G.C., 116, 206 Bergson, H., 26 Daily Telegraph, 164 Bevin, Ernest, 162 Daily Worker, 160 Bishop, E.L., 211 Dante, Alighieri, 157-8 Blake, William, 199 Daugherty, Beth Rigel, 211-12 216 Index 217

Davies, Hugh Sykes, 168 see also British Psycho-Analytic Day Lewis, C., 161, 164 Society; Institute of Defoe, Daniel, 127 Psychoanalysis; Delattre, Floris, 116 psychoanalysis Dennison, Sally, 210 Civilisation and its Discontents, 197 De Quincey, Thomas, 108, 120--1 Civilisation, War and Death, 197, DeSalvo, Louise, 208, 209, 210, 199 212, 213 Collected Papers, 56, 195 Dial (periodical), 55, 57-8, 64, 93 Group Psychology and the Analysis DiBattista, Maria, 212 of the Ego, 196 Dick, Susan, 212 'Thoughts for the Times on War Dickens, Charles, 42, 50, 51, 187 and Death', 197 Dickinson, Violet, 13-14, 17, 19, 'Why War?', 197 23,42 Fry, Roger, 38, 40, 53, 55, 101, Dictionary of National Biography, 7, 109, 111-12, 115, 142, 147, 8, 22 152, 153, 173-8, 193, 199, 208 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 75, 76, 77, Twelve Original Woodcuts, 55 80, 86-7, 89-90, 93, 96 Fry, Margery, 161, 175 Crime and Punishment, 87 Furbank, P.N., 211 The Idiot, 87 Stavrogin's Confession, 75 Galsworthy, John, 108 Duckworth, George, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10 Garnett, Edward, 62 Duckworth, Gerald, 3, 42, 53, 62 General Strike, 108-10 Duckworth, Stella, 3-4, 6, 23, 50 Ginsberg, Elaine, 208, 212 Goldensohn, Lorrie, 189 Egoist (magazine), 57, 61, 62 Good Housekeeping magazine, 146 Einstein, Albert, 197 Gordon, Lyndall, 208, 212, 213 Eliot, T.S., 47, 55, 56, 57-61, 65, Gorky, M. 77, 84, 88, 97-9, 116, 117 Reminiscences of Tolstoy, 55 Poems, 55, 59 Gottlieb, Laura Moss, 208, 212 Prufrock and Other Obseroations, 59 Graham, J.W., 213 The Waste Land, 56, 58, 98 Grant, Duncan, 37, 38, 40, 48, Ellmann, Richard, 211 147, 161, 166 Epstein, Jacob, 166 Grundy, Isobel, 211, 212, 213 Erikson, Erik, 208. 210 Guardian (weekly periodical), 16, 17-19, 20, 33 Fabian Society, 36, 159 Guernica, bombing of, 165 Flint, Kate, 213 Forster, E.M., xiii, 38, 57, 84-5, Hall, Radclyffe, 97, 119, 121, 126, 163, 166, The Well of Lonliness, 126 167, 168, 172, 179-80, 193, 204 Hardy, Thomas, 76, 192 Aspects of the Novel, 121 Jude the Obscure, 73 'Credo'/'What I Believe', 179 Harvey, Gabriel, 135 Howards End, 78 Haule, James, M., 213 A Passage to India, 112 Hawkes, Ellen, 210 Story of the Siren, 55 Heilbrun, Carolyn, 208, 210, 214 Fox, Alice, 208 Hemingway, Ernest, 117 Freud, Anna, 195 Henig, Suzanne, 208 Freud, Sigmund, 40, 185, 195-200 Henke, Suzette, 211 218 Index

Hepworth, Barbara, 166 Keynes, John Maynard, 26, 28, 37, Heretics (Society), The, 87 38, 147, 158, 172, 17&-80, 188, Herring, P., 211 196 Hill, Katherine, 209 'My Early Beliefs', 178-9 Hills, Jack, 3, 50 Kirkpatrick, B.J., 130, 146 Hitler/'Hitlerism', 171, 179, 195, Klein, Melanie, 195 197 Knole (Sackville family house), Hoffmann, C.G., 212 126, 127 Hogarth House, Richmond, 36, Koteliansky, S.S., 75 52, 55 Hogarth Press, 40, 47, 52-6, 58, Labour Party, 159, 162-3, 168 59, 61, 63, 75, 79, 88, 98, 101, Lago, Mary, 211 109, 111, 117-18, 121, 126, Lansbury, George, 162 129, 130, 131, 146, 194, 195, Latham, Jacqueline, 212 197, 205 Lavin, J.A., 212 Holtby, Winifred, 143 Lawrence, D.H., 58, 116 Homer, 81, 82 Leaska, MitcheU, 212, 213, 215 Illiad, 82 Leavis, F.R., 204 Hopkinson, Amanda, 212 Leavis, Q.D., 172, 193 Huxley, Julian, 166 Fiction and the Reading Public, 193 Hyde Park Gate News, 1, 2, 6 Lee, Hermione, 213 Hynes, Samuel, 211 Lehmann, John, 117, 146, 202, 205 Lewis, Wyndham, 60, 193 Institute of Psychoanalysis, 195 Men Without Art, 149 International Association of Little Review, 61 Writers for the Defence of Living Age, 87 Culture, 164 Little, Judy, 211 Interruttional Review, 36, 64 Long Barn (house of Vita International Writers' Congress, Sackville-West), 103, 126 168 London Mercury, 54 Isherwood, Christopher, 168 Lyttleton, Margaret, 17-18

James, Henry, 66 MacCarthy, Desmond, 85-6, 195 The Golden Bowl, 20 MacLaurin, A., 130 Jameson, Storm, 205 McNeillie, Andrew, 17, 20, 33, 66, }enkyns, Richard, 82 209 Jewsbury, Geraldine, 135 McNichol, Stella, 212 Josipovici, Gabriel, 212 McTaggart, }.E., 26 Joyce, James, 57-62, 65, 72-3, 74, Maitland, F.W., 15 84, 87, 97-9, 117 Majumdar, Robin, 130 Dubliners, 62 Mansfield, Katherine, 47, 51, 56-7, Portrait of the Artist as a Young 58 Man, 62, 72 'Bliss', 56 Ulysses, 47, 57, 60, 61-2, 68, Prelude, 55 72-3, 97-9 Marcus, Jane, 209, 210, 211, 214 Marsh, Edward, 83-4 Kandinsky, W., 140 The Collected Poems of Rupert Katz, Joseph, 212 Brooke with a Memoir, 83 Kennedy, Richard, 117 Matisse, Henri, 40 Index 219

Mauron, Charles, 110, 111, 164 Ovenden, Graham, 208 The Nature of Beauty in Art and Literature, 111 Parker, Peter, 211 Memoir Club, 178 Parsons, Ian, 210, 213 Mepham, John, 211, 212, 215 Patmore, Coventry, 213 Miro, Juan, 166 Penguin Books, 193-4, 206 Mitcheson, Naomi, 168 Penrose, Roland, 168 modernism, 91-2, 98-9, 112, 124, Picasso, Pablo, 165-7 137, 144, 158, 161 The Dream and Lie of Franco, 165, see also Woolf, Virginia, works 166 of, 'Modern Fiction'; Guernica, 165-8 'Modem Novels' Plato/Platonism, 26, 48-50, 106, 'modernist manifesto', 124, 136 138 Monks House, Rodmell, 64, 118, Symposium, 106, 197 129, 206 Poole, Roger, 37 Moore, G.E., 26-9, 38, 178, 179 Post-Impressionism/Post• Principia Ethica, 26-9 Impressionist Exhibitions, 34, Moore, Henry, 163, 166 38, 39-40, 84, 91, 176 Moore, Madeline, 209 Pound, Ezra, 59, 60 Morgenstern, Barry, 211 Priestly, J.B., 166 Morley College, 19, 193 Proust, Marcel, 119, 122 Morrell, Ottoline, 59, 162 psychoanalysis, 40, 102, 186, 195 Morris, Lynda, 214 see also British Psycho-Analytic Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 49, 51 Society; Institute of Muir, Edwin, 158, 204 Psychoanalysis Murry, John Middleton, 57, 84, 100 Radford, Robert, 214 Mussolini, B., 162 Radin, Grace, 155 Ray, Man, 117 Nation, 57, 64, 66, 86 Read, Herbert, 163, 168 Nation and Athenaeum, 87, 126 Richardson, Dorothy, 56, 73-4, 84, National Peace Council, 163 190 National Society for Women's Richmond, Bruce, 19, 66 Service, 134, 150 Rickman, John, 197, 199 New Criterion, 146 Robeson, Paul, 166 New Republic, 64 Rose, Phyllis, xiv, xv New Statesman, 36, 64, 66, 85, 164 Rosenbaum, S.P., 209, 210, 214 New York Evening Post, 87 New York Herald Tribune, 64, 88, Sackville-West, Vita, 54, 103, 106, 116, 129 108, 110, 112, 113, 117, 118, New York Post Literary Review, 64 125-8, 130, 131, 132, 141, 172, Newcastle, Margaret Duchess of, 189 134 All Passion Spent, 118 Nicolson, Benedict, 193-4 The Edwardians, 118, 131 Nicolson, Harold, 103, 126, 143 The Land, 113, 126 Nicolson, Nigel, 213 Sands, Ethel, 113 Noble, Joan Russell, 215 Sassoon, S., 76 Savage, Dr, 7 Omega Workshops, 40, 53 Scrutiny, 172, 192, 204 220 Index

Shakespeare, William, 98, 184, 201 Thackeray, Anne (Lady Ritchie), Cymbeline, 98 8, 11-12, 15 Hamlet, 184 Thackeray, William Makepeace, The Tempest, 98, 201-2 11, 187 The Winter's tale, 201 Thomas, Jean, 42 Silver, Brenda, 92, 214 Time and Tide, 172 Sissinghurst (home of Vita Times, The, 10, 20, 66, 116, 144, Sackville-West), 54, 126 165 Skinner, Rev. John, 135 Times Literary Supplement, The, 19, Smith, Agnes, 192 20, 21, 30, 47, 54, 59, 64, 65, Smyth, Ethel, 150, 164, 18S-9 66,68, 85,143,204,209 Spalding, Frances, 210, 214 Todd, Dorothy, 109-10, 116 Spanish Civil War, 164-8 Tolstoy, Leo, 187 Spater, George, 210, 213 Traub, Eileen, 210 Spt!ilker, The, 19 Trefusis, Violet, 126 Spender, Stephen, 158, 161, 205 Trollope, Anthony, 187 Stein, Gertrude, 117, 193 Trombley, Stephen, 208 Stemerick, Martine, 208 Stephen, Adrian, 3, 18, 25, 33, 40, Van Gogh, Vincent, 40, 167 161, 195 Vaughan, ~adge, 16, 18 Stephen, Caroline Emelia, 14-17, Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 166 19, 30, 31, 33, 160 Vigilance (French anti-fascist Stephen, J.K. (Jem), 3 committee), 163, 164 Stephen, Julia (Mrs Herbert Vogue, 109, 116 Duckworth), 2-4, ~' 11, 23-4, 100-2, 107, 111, 181, 186 Weaver, Harriet, 57, 61, 99 Stephen, Karin, 40 Webb, Sydney, 36 Stephen, Laura, 3 Wells, H.G., 166 Stephen, Leslie, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-10, West, Rebecca, 166 11, 13, 14, 15, 21-2, 26, 33, Williams, Raymond, 210, 212, 214 50, 83, 100, 147, 174 Winchelsea, Lady, 134 Stephen, Thoby, 3, 7-8, 24, 33, 82, Women's Cooperative Guild, 134, 132, 137-8, 140 159, 193 Stepney Trades Council, 168 Woolf, Leonard, 5, 26-7, 30, 32, Sterne, Laurence, 21-2, 127 33-6, 38, 52-5, SS-9, 60, 64-6, Tristram Shandy, 21, 121-2 97, 106, 10S-9, 112, 118, 126, Strachey, James, 40, 195 129, 130, 131, 146, 15~, 159, Strachey, Lytton, 17, 25, 40, 54, 161-4, 188, 189-90, 194, 195, 87, 142, 147, 148, 162, 174, 202, 205 188 An Autobiography, 66, 130, 131 stream of consciousness International Government, 36 technique, xvi, 53-4, 56, 'Three Jews', 52 67-76, 77, 92 A Village in the Jungle, 34 Sydney-Turner, Saxon, 27 The Wise Virgins, 32, 35, 48 Woolf, Virginia, works of Tavistock Square (home of Woolfs 'Anon', 198, 203 and Hogarth Press), 53, 64, 'An Andalusian Inn', 19 92, 99, 102, 117, 166, 205 'The Art of Biography', 174 destruction of, 194 'The Artist and Politics', 160 Index 221

Between the Acts, xiv, xvii, xviii, 'Modern Novels', 63, 67-76, 77, 130, 145, 173, 175, 186, 194, 85, 86, 89 196, 197, 198-204 Moments of Being, 173, 178 'Character in Fiction', 40, 88 , 54, 55, 63, 'A Cockney's Farming 71, 76, 124 Experience', 2 'More Dostoevsky', 75 The Common Reader: First Series, 'Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown', xvii, 66, 68, 130, 131, 135, 63, 87-90, 120, 136, 151 148, 193-4 Mrs Dalloway, xvii, 42, 65, 68, The Common Reader: Second Series, 76, 87, 88, 89-90, 92-100, 130, 131, 135, 145, 148, 206 112, 116, 124, 130, 131, 143, 'A Dialogue Upon Mount 158 Pentelicus', 18, 22 'Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street', Diary, xviii, 48, 188-90, 205 93 see also A Writer's Diary Mrs Dalloway's Party, 212 'The Enchanted Organ', 12 'The Narrow Bridge of Art', Essays of Virginia Woolf, 20, 66, 121-4, 136, 151 205, 209 'The New Biography', 142, 174 Flush, 125, 129, 130, 146-7, 149, Night and Day, 12, 39, 47, 48-52, 174, 200 53-4, 63, 68, 69, 71, 73, 84, Freshwater, 11 130, 145, 152, 153, 157, 187 'Friendship's Gallery', 23 'The Novels of E.M. Forster', 'The Haunted House', 63 121 'Howarth, November, 1904', 18 'Old Bloomsbury', 25 'Impassioned Prose', 120 '', 146 'Impressions at Bayreuth', 19 'The Opera', 19 'Impressions of Sir Leslie Orlando, xvii, 22, 117, 118, 121, Stephen', 15 124, 125-8, 130, 131, 132, 'The Intellectual Status of 139, 142, 143; 146, 148, 151, Women', 85-6 174 Jacob's Room, xviii, 28, 51, 56, 58, The Pargiters, 125, 150-3, 157, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 68, 76--84, 167, 187 85, 86, 87, 89-90, 124, 130, 'Phases of Fiction', 121-2 157, 158, 159 Professions for Women', 134, 'The Journal of Mistress Joan 136, 157 Martyn', 22 'Reminiscences', 23-4 'Kew Gardens', 54, 59, 68, 76 Roger Fry, 130, 173-80, 198 'The Leaning Tower', 191, 195 A Room of One's Own, xiii, xiv, 'Letter to a Young Poet', 146 xvii, 70, 125, 130, 131, 132-9, Letters, 205 143, 148, 150, 153, 206 The London Scene, 99, 146 '', xvii, '', 52, xviii, 15, 24, 102, 173, 175, 53-4, 63, 68, 76, 88 176, 178, 179, 180-7, 196, Melymbrosia, 25, 30 198, 199 'Memoirs of a Novelist', 22 'The Son of Royal Langbrith', 18 'Memories of a Working 'Street Haunting', 146 Women's Guild', 134, 192 'Le Temps passe', 110-12 'Modern Fiction', xvi, 67-76, 'Thoughts on Peace in an Air 107, 120, 190 Raid', 171, 195, 196-7, 198 222 Index

Three Guineas, 15, 130, 148, 150, 132-3, 136, 138, 139-45, 154, 157, 162-3, 164, 165, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 168-72, 173, 179, 180, 183, 158, 159, 183 192 Women and Fiction', 46, 121, To the Lighthouse, xvii, 5, 11, 24, 135, 137, 157 100-16, 119-21, 122, 124-5, A Writer's Diary, 188, 205 128, 130, 131, 139, 183, The Years, xviii, 14, 129, 130, 185-6, 192, 193, 202, 206 131, 149, 150, 153-9, 160, Two Stories, 52, 59 163, 164, 187, 198, 202 'An Unwritten Novel', 54, 76 Wordsworth, William The Voyage Out, xiv, xv, 18, 30, The Prelude, 92-3 37-8, 41-6, 49, 50, 51, 62, Worker's Education Association 63, 64, 71, 130, 139, 155, (WEA), 191, 192, 194 158, 183 'Walter Sickert: A Yale Review, 146 Conversation', 146 The Waves/ The Moths, xvii, 92, Zwerdling, Alex, 210, 211, 215 112, 114-15, 122, 125, 130,