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The Effect of Africa's Exiles/Refugees Upon Inter-African State Relations: Conflict and Cooperation - 1958 - 1988

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The Effect of Africa's Exiles/Refugees Upon Inter-African State Relations: Conflict and Cooperation - 1958 - 1988 THE EFFECT OF AFRICA'S EXILES/REFUGEES UPON INTER-AFRICAN STATE RELATIONS: CONFLICT AND COOPERATION - 1958 - 1988 AN ABSTRACT SUBMITTED ON THE EIGHTEENTH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1988 TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TULANE UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY Charles Paulinus Gasarasi APPROVED: ames D. Cochrane (Ph.D) Chairman William B. Gwyn',, (Ph. D. ) Henry 'L. Mason (Ph.D. Robert S. Robins (Ph.D.),, ABSTRACT This study argues that trans-border movements and activities of Africa's exiles/refugees have significantly affected inter-African state relations, as evidenced by the preponderance of explicit concern within African states that their national security was threatened by subversion undertaken by their nationals enjoying asylum in other African states. Chapter 1 explores the theoretical/conceptual aspects of the African exile/refugee phenomenon, delving into issues like: (i) the political situations generating exiles/refugees in Africa; (ii) the conditions which predispose the exile/refugee factor to conflict proneness; (iii) the inherently strain-ladden dynamics of inter-African state relations in exile/refugee situations. In chapters 2, 3 and 4, case studies of Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, and a combination of Northern, West and Central Africa are presented. In each case, an attempt is made to document instances of inter-state conflict or cooperation directly or indirectly associated with the exile/refugee factor. The case studies show abundant evidence that the exile/refugee factor has frequently affected inter-African state relations. However, it is acknowledged that sonie of the conflicts ostensibly caused by the exile/refugee issue are symptoms of larger conflicts. The study concludes that the exile/refugee phenomenon is associated with a high incidence of conflict among African states and that the phenomenon has had high political salience, judging by the governmental actions it has precipitated, many of which have diverted scarce resources from the economic development process. The study remarks that erosion of generous asylum policies is on the rise in African states. It questions the current approaches to solving the exile/refugee problem and considers them inadequate. It suggests that a more durable solution would be the creation of a "Federated States of Africa," instantly rendering obsolete the present national boundaries, and with them the exile/refugee status they confer. Such a controversial political restructuring may help Africa to achieve economic independence and political stability which are indispensable to prevent the prevalence of a repressive political culture. The reasoning is that a united Africa may be the ultimate political-economic structure in which the fundamental root causes of the exile/refugee problem can be effectively tackled. THE EFFECT OF AFRICA'S EXILES/REFUGEES UPON INTER-AFRICAN STATE RELATIONS: CONFLICT AND COOPERATION - 1958 - 1988 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED ON THE EIGHTEENTH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1988 TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE -OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TULANE UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY Charl Paulinus Gasarasi APPROVED: aines D. Cochrane PH.D.) Chairman i William B. Gwyn (PH.D.) Henry L. Mason (PH.D.) ,Robert S. Robins(PHD.) FOREWORD When I embarked on this study, I wanted to fulfill my doctoral dissertation requirement in a manner that would make a modest contribution to the study of a neglected probiem area in African politics: the effect of the African exile/refugee phenomenon upon inter-African state relations. I hope the following report will stimulate more indepth studies of the role played by exiles/refugees in international relations. Collection of the information used to put this study in its present foret was based on a systematic examination of relevant published materials, unpublished reports and proceedings, and above all, interviews with international organizations personnel, government officials, and exiles/refugees themseives. This study would not be in its present foret, if it were not for the kind cooperation I received from those individuals I had the honor and privilege to dialogue with. Since the list of those persons is rather long, and since some of them would rather remain anonymous, I will not mention them by naine here. They are all aware of my gratitude through the active personal contact I have maintained with them since. One exception to this unpersonalized expression of thanks is Dr. Chris Bakwesegha of the Organization of African Unity's Bureau for ii Refugees who, in addition to granting me interviews, read the first drafts of chapters 1 and 2 and gave me very constructive comments. Many of the individuals who helped me with information were able to do so thanks to their institutional affiliation. I thus like to thank the following institutions for serving, directly or indirectly, as fountains of sonie of the information I have used in this study: The United Nations (New York), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Geneva), the World Council of Churches (Geneva), the Ail Africa Conference of Churches (Nairobi), and the OAU Bureau for Refugees (Addis Ababa). Throughout the various stages of this study, from design to finish, I enjoyed the dedicated guidance and encouragement of my dissertation committee members. I like to thank Professor James D. Cochrane for accepting the responsibility to direct the dissertation. His interest in my academic endeavors and the study itself, his expediticus reading and thorough scrutiny of the draft chapters and his constructive comments have very positively factored into the good progress and hopefully good quality of the dissertation. I cannot possibly thank him enough. I also like to thank Professor William B. Gwyn for serving on my dissertation committee and for being a wonderful graduate advisor from early on. Professor Robert S. Robins and Professor Henry L. Mason did not only give me appreciated guidance as members of my dissertation committee, but also ensured smoothness in other aspects of my graduate school iii life, in their administrative capacities as Chairmen of the department. Most sincere thanks to all of them. In the wider context of my doctoral program, I like to express my gratitude for the support, financial and otherwise, which I received from the following institutions: the University of Dar es Salaam (my home institution), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (where I did the first one and half years of the program), Tulane University, and the International Development Research Centre (for funding my field research). This accomplishment would have been impossible without the emotional support from my family and our many friends and well-wishers. I owe an unpayable debt of gratitude to this precious social base. In particular, I thank my wife Dinah for being an unfailing source of support, encouragement and inspiration throughout the program. I hope she can say the saine things about me, because she, too, was concurrently going through the saine agonies in her own doctoral program. Finally, I like to thank Rosana Seymour for typing this dissertation through its various drafts. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ..................................................ii Chapters I. A THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL EXPOSE ..................... 1 The Magnitude of the Problem ........................ 6 The Dynamics of the Problem ........................ 17 II. THE CHRONIC CASE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA ................ 38 The Intra-Regional Character of the Exile/Refugee Phenomenon in Southern Africa ...... 40 The Inter-Regional Character of the Exile/Refugee Phenomenon in Southern Africa ...... 43 Angolan and Zairean Exiles/Refugees: A Major Source of Strain in Inter-State Relations .......... 48 FRELIMO Exiles, Colonial............................. Mozambique, and the Neighboring Host Countries ................... 60 U.D.I. Rhodesia, Its Exiles/Refugees, and the Neighboring Host Countries ............... 65 South Africa, Its Exiles, and the Neighboring Host Countries ....................... 73 Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe: Their Exiles/Refugees and the Neighboring Host Countries ...................................96 An Analytical Summary ............................. 103 III. EASTERN AFRICA: THE SECOND HARD-HIT REGION ........ 112 Sudan: The Oldest Trouble Spot.... ...............114 The Troubled Relations Between Ethiopia and Somalia ..................................... 143 Djibouti's Share of the Problem in the Horn ...... .....................................147 The Problem in East Africa Proper: Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya .............................. 148 An Analytical Summary .............................164 IV. THE RELATIVELY LESS AFFECTED REGIONS: NORTHERN AFRICA, WEST AFRICA AND CENTRAL AFRICA ...........................................170 V Northern Africa ............ 171 Saharawi Exiles/Refugees as a Cause of Conflict ............. ...................171 Libya's Use of Exiled Dissidents as a Tool for Destabilization of Its Neighbors ...................................... 184 West Africa .... ........... ......................191 Portuguese Guinea, Its Exiles/Refugees and the Neighboring Host Countries ............ 191 Ghana at the Center of the Exile/Refugee Controversy in West Africa ....... ............194 Occasional Allegations Against Burkina Faso, Togo and Ivory Coast .................... 203 Guinea's
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