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Ecology and Development Series No. 67, 2009

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Ecology and Development Series No. 67, 2009 Editor-in-Chief: Paul L.G.Vlek Editors: Manfred Denich Christopher Martius Ahmad Manschadi Janos Bogardi Adelina Maria Mensah The influence of land-use activities on nutrient inputs into upland catchment streams, Ghana Life is simple. Man complicates it when he doesn’t follow the simple pathways that govern. An honorable intension is the beginning; persistent questioning, the direction; and inner guidance, the key. Then man works with life to create magnificence. - Adelina Mensah, July 17 2008 - To my parents, for giving me the opportunity to create ABSTRACT In Ghana, increasing agricultural productivity is seen as an essential component of most development programs. The main objective of this study was to assess the implications of increased land-use activities on in-stream nutrients and impacts on the quality of water for domestic use and on aquatic ecosystem health. To guide the evaluation of the land-water interlinkages, the conceptual structure defined by the DPCER (Driving forces-Pressure- Chemical state-Ecological state-Response) framework was used, which is an adapted version of the traditional DPSIR (Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) model. The study compares three small upland sub-catchments in the same geo-morphologic Ofin Basin of the Ahafo-Ano South District. Based on the percentage cover of natural land to agricultural land, the catchments were categorized as low (Nyamebekyere), medium (Dunyankwanta), and high (Attakrom) land-use intensities. With simple mathematical tools and selected indicators, the performance of each link within the DPCER framework was evaluated, and with the comparison of each set of indicators between catchments, changes as a function of land-use intensity were assessed. Despite overall minimal fertilizer use in Ghana, there were significant differences between the sub-catchments regarding the proportion of farmers who applied fertilizers. Attakrom showed the highest numbers of farmers (20.5%) as compared to Dunyankwanta (12.3%) and Nyamebekyere (0.0%), with applications mainly to cash crops such as cocoa and maize. Simple logistic regression explained that fertilizer use was considerably influenced by the farmer’s access to services such as farm loans and agricultural extension services, in addition to property rights and residential status. The Beale’s Ratio method, used to calculate the total annual load (kg yr-1) and yield (kg ha-1) for major nutrients (Ca, K, Mg, Na, NO3-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P), showed that the highest nutrient export was from Dunyankwanta at a relative magnitude of up to 3-fold the values of the other two catchments. The annual water yield was highest in Dunyankwanta (79.91 mm yr-1) as compared to Nyamebekyere (41.33 mm yr-1) and Attakrom (22.87 mm yr-1). Total annual water yield was the main determinant of the total nutrient loads/yields, and ranged between 2.3% and 6.2% of the total annual precipitation. 48-hour grab water samples confirmed that in-stream nutrient concentrations increased with increasing land-use intensity, with significant differences between catchments for the major cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na). Median values for all nutrients were in the optimal range of the Ghana Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) for domestic use and for aquatic ecosystem health. The distribution of macroinvertebrate taxa as a function of stream chemistry also showed significant differences in the ecological states of the upland catchment streams. The DPCER framework with a comparative catchment component was an effective methodology for describing changes as land-use intensifies. Water yield is important in estimating total nutrient export, and the inclusion of a hydrological component in the DPCER framework is proposed - to form a DHPCER model (Driving forces- Hydrology-Pressure-Chemical state-Ecological state-Response). The significant differences observed in each component of the framework strongly suggest anthropogenic influence. With Ghana’s objectives for increased agricultural productivity, the results of this study demonstrate the need for incorporating integrated water resource management into development agendas. KURZFASSUNG Die Auswirkungen der zunehmenden Landnutzung auf die Nährstoffe in den Flussaufwärtsläufen in Ghana In Ghana wird eine Steigerung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktivität als notwendiger Bestandteil der meisten Entwicklungsprogramme betrachtet. Das Hauptziel dieser Studie ist die Bewertung der Auswirkungen der zunehmenden Landnutzungsaktivitäten auf die Nährstoffe in den Wasserläufen sowie auf die Qualität des Wassers für den häuslichen Gebrauch und der Wasserökosysteme. Um die Ermittelung der Land- Wasser-Zusammenhänge zu unterstützen, wurde das DPCER-Modell (Driving forces- Pressure-Chemical state-Ecological state-Response) eingesetzt, eine überarbeitete Version des traditionellen DPSIR- Modells (Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact- Response). Die Studie vergleicht drei kleine Wassereinzugsgebiete im Hochland im gleichen geo-morphologischen Becken im Ahafo-Ano South Distrikt. Auf der Grundlage des Anteils von Land mit natürlicher Vegetationsbedeckung im Vergleich zu landwirtschaftlichen Flächen wurden diese drei Bereiche klassifiziert als Gebiete mit niedriger (Nyamebekyere), mittlerer (Dunyankwanta) bzw. hoher (Attakrom) Landnutzungsintensität. Mit einfachen mathematischen tools und ausgewählten Indikatoren wurde die Leistung jeder Verknüpfung innerhalb des DPCER bewertet und die Veränderungen als Funktion von Landnutzungsintensität durch den Vergleich der einzelnen Indikatorgruppen der Einzugsgebiete bestimmt. Trotz einem insgesamt geringen Verbrauch von Dünger in Ghana zeigen sich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den drei Gebieten in Bezug auf den Anteil der Farmer, die Dünger benutzten. In Attakrom war die Anzahl der Farmer am höchsten (20.5%) verglichen mit Dunyankwanta (12.3%) und Nyamebekyere (0.0%), wobei der Dünger hauptsächlich beim Anbau von Cash Crops wie Kakao und Mais eingesetzt wurde. Die einfache logistische Regression deutet daraufhin, dass der Gebrauch von Dünger stark durch den Zugang der Farmer zu, z.B., Krediten und landwirtschaftlicher Beratung beeinflusst wird sowie durch Landbesitzrechte und Wohnstatus. Die Beale’s Ratio-Methode, die für die Berechnung der jährlichen Gesamtmenge (kg Jahr-1) und -1 Menge per Hektar (kg ha ) der wichtigsten Nährstoffe (Ca, K, Mg, Na, NO3-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P) eingesetzt wurde, zeigt den höchsten Nährstoffexport aus Dunyankwanta mit einem relativen Wert von bis zu dreimal der Werte der anderen beiden Gebiete. Der jährliche Wasservolumen per Hektar war am höchsten in Dunyankwanta (79.91 mm Jahr-1) verglichen mit Nyamebekyere (41.33 mm Jahr-1) und Attakrom (22.87 mm Jahr-1). Dieser Wert war der Hauptfaktor bei der Bestimmung der Gesamtnährstoffe und lag zwischen 2.3% und 6.2% des jährlichen Niederschlags. Die Ergebnisse der 48- stündlichen Wasserproben (grab sampler) bestätigen, dass die Nährstoffkonzentrationen in den Wasserläufen mit der Landnutzungsintensität steigen mit signifikanten Unterschieden zwischen den Einzugsgebieten bei den wichtigsten Kationen (Ca, Mg, K und Na). Die mittleren Werte für alle Nährstoffe waren im optimalen Bereich der Ghana Target Water Quality Range (TWQR - Qualitätsgrenzwerte) für Haushaltswasser und Wasserökosysteme. Die Verteilung der Taxa der Makrowirbellosen, die von den chemischen Zusammensetzungen der Flüsse beeinflusst ist, zeigte signifikante Unterschiede im ökologischen Zustand der Einzugsgebiete im Hochland. Das DPCER Modell mit einer Komponente zum Vergleich der Einzugsgebiete ist eine effektive Methode zur Beschreibung der Veränderungen als Folge von zunehmender Landnutzungsintensität. Der Wasservolumen per Hektar ist wichtig bei der Ermittlung des gesamten Nährstoffexports; die Einbeziehung einer hydrologischen Komponente im DPCER zur Bildung eines DHPCER Modells (Driving forces-Hydrology-Pressure- Chemical state-Ecological state-Response) wird vorgeschlagen. Die beobachteten signifikanten Unterschiede deuten stark auf menschlichen Einfluss hin. Ghana hat eine Steigerung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktivität zum Ziel und die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass es notwendig ist, integriertes Wassermanagement bei Entwicklungsprogrammen hierbei zu berücksichtigen. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Land-use and impacts to the aquatic ecosystem .............................................. 2 1.2 Conceptual framework and research objectives .............................................. 4 1.2.1 Research structure............................................................................................ 7 1.2.2 Research question and main objectives ........................................................... 9 1.3 Justification of the study ................................................................................ 10 1.4 Structural overview........................................................................................ 11 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 13 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Landscape and river ecosystems .................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Integrated assessment .................................................................................... 15 2.3 Interlinkages - using
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