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Order and the Atlantic World: a Study in the British War Against the Pirates, 1695-1725

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Order and the Atlantic World: a Study in the British War Against the Pirates, 1695-1725 nm u Ottawa I .'University ennndienne Canada's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES USSi FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES 1,'Universitc canadionnc (Canada's university Shawn Anctil "MEURMuTR£sI7XuTHOR"orfFEsrs" M.A. (History) GRADETDEGREE Department of History FACULTOCOLErD^PXRYEMENfTFACULTYrSCHObL, DEPARTMENT Order and the Atlantic World: A Study in the British War Against the Pirates, 1695-1725 TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Dr. Richard Connors „„„„_„___„_^_ EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Dr. Sylvie Perrier Dr. Lotfi Ben Rejeb Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Order and the Atlantic World: A Study in the British War against the Pirates, 1695-1 725 by Shawn Anctil Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. degree in History. Universite d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa © Shawn Anctil, Ottawa, Canada, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50850-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50850-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada II ABSTRACT Order and the Atlantic World: A Study in the British War against the Pirates, 1695-1725 Shawn Anctil, Supervisor: University of Ottawa, 2007 Professor Richard Connors This thesis examines the legal and political environment that allowed piracy to expand during the period that many historians now refer to as the "Golden Age of Piracy" (1695-1725). Towards the end of the sixteenth century, metropolitan officials in London began to take a concerted interest in regulating trade and bringing the traditional system of reprisals under control. What they found, however, was a great deal of resistance to these new policies in the North American colonies. The level of uniformity of this resistance varied from port to port. London's legislative initiatives were rooted in what had essentially become a lawless situation both on the American main, as well as the Caribbean. While the trend in the sub-field of pirate history has been to focus on the periods before and after the First War of Spanish Succession, this thesis examines the correspondences of colonial and metropolitan administrators precisely during this period. These reveal a dissonance in how piracy and privateering were discussed during the conflict that is critical to understanding the violent outbreaks of the Golden Age. As is shown, metropolitan efforts to rationalize trade within a mercantilist economic framework were often seen as hindrances to colonial affairs. Furthermore, the lack of adequate defenses for the colonies often encouraged Governors to seek out their colonies' security through private means. Pirates and privateers were intimately tied to this rift between London's ideological expectations and the colonies' practical necessities. While romanticized to posterity, the widespread outbreak of piratical violence during the Golden Age was, in fact, endemic to a British Atlantic world that was in a state of often bloody and violent flux. Ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this research project would not have been possible without the diligent attention accorded to it by Professor Richard Connors of the University of Ottawa. His knowledge, insightful feedback and tremendous capacity for work made much of what is contained within these pages possible. I would also like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for their financial contribution to my academic life in the second year of my Master's degree. It is a privilege to have been chosen for this bursary and I count myself very fortunate for having received it. Not to be overlooked, 1 am grateful to the University of Ottawa for their Admissions Bursary and Excellence Scholarship, as well as the various Teaching and Research Assistant positions offered during the first two years of my graduate degree. As for my final two semesters, I extend my gratitude to Professors Michel Bock and Yves Frenette of the Centre de Recherche en Civilisation Canadienne Francaise, at the University of Ottawa, for having taken me on as a researcher on their various projects. 1 feel compelled to recognize those whose support kept me afloat throughout these last years. I thank Professor Kouky Fianu of the University of Ottawa for the many conversations we had together - her probing questions often serving to refine ideas that were otherwise ephemeral. Also, I extend thanks to my parents, for their financial support during the more difficult moments, despite difficult moments of their own. Finally, to my friends Beatrice, Dominic, Francois, Jean-Francois, for having always encouraged me to go on with my studies, for having always believed in my abilities, and for having listened to me pine about history for countless hours around campfires or pubs and having always, at least, feigned interest, I offer my sincere gratitude and affection. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv Introduction: British Piracy, Violence and the creation of an Augustan State 1 Chapter 1: Pillage and the Proletariat; the Historiography of Piracy in the "Golden Age" 8 Chapter 2: Parliament and Piracy, 1536-1700 39 Chapter 3: From Governor to Guv'ner; Obstacles to Effective Implementation of Trade Policy in the American Colonies, 1701 - 1704 67 Chapter 4: British Experiences with Privateers toward the End of Queen Anne's War, 1705 - 1713 90 Conclusion: The Consequences of Peace, 1714 1 13 Bibliography 120 Printed Primary Sources 120 Secondary Sources 121 1 Introduction British Piracy, Violence, and the Creation of an Augustan State Two particularly interesting fields of analysis have emerged in the last fifteen years which have profound implications and require detailed analysis by scholars studying the vibrant sub-field of pirate history; state formation and Atlantic studies. The former, whose definitive study can be found in Janice Thomson's Mercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns has analyzed the topic in perhaps the most useful scholarly form by considering the ways in which imperial states came to monopolize violence and develop control over the private citizen's right to violence or "self-help."1 In analyzing the conflict between private and state sanctioned violence, Thomson casts the analysis of piracy within a wider debate of the formation of national states and empires through the effective, legislated control of the means of violence. Complementarily, Atlantic Studies, as illustrated by David Armitage, Michael Braddick and Bernard Bailyn, has encouraged us to think of Atlantic communities in terms of how they were tied to global networks of trade and cultural exchange.2 Their principal arguments require some explanation since both approaches to the study of the Atlantic world and piracy, the state and the nature of violence are central to discussions in this thesis. 1 Janet E. Thomson. Mercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) pp.7-20. See also Geoffrey Parker. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Bernard Bailyn. Atlantic History; Contexts and Contours (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). David Armitage and M. J. Braddick, eds. The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). David Armitage. Greater Britain, 1516-1776: Essays in Atlantic History (Aderhot: Ashgate, 2004). 2 Thomson argues that the portrayal of the State as "monopolizing coercion, is distinctively modern."3 The notion of "sovereignty," in this perspective, is an adaptive "institution,"
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