Operating System Structures Outlook

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Operating System Structures Outlook Operating System Structures Outlook Oppgerating-System Services System Call Perspective on Services OtiOperating-StSystem SttStructure Operat ing -System Im pl em en tati on , Generation, and Boot 2 Operating-System Services Services can be provided at different levels Command interpreter Command interpreter Shell: read and interpret control statements Process creation and management, I/O handling , secondary-storage management, System programs main memory management, file- system access, protection, netkitworking, … Or a mouse-based window and menu system System call API System Programs See Windows Systemsteuerung for examples Ressources System Call API E.g. File Open/Read/Write/Close- Interface Ressources e.g. buttons, … 4 Oppgyerating System Service Classes Services intended for the user Uitf(CLIbthGUI)User interface (CLI, batch, GUI) Program execution I//pO operations File-system manipulation Process communications (shared memory, message passing) Error detection (appropriate OS action for errors , debugging support) Services ensuring efficient operation of the system itself Resource allocation for multiple users or jobs at the same time e. g. CPU, RAM , File storage , I /O Accounting for billing or statistics Protection and security Essential Components? 5 Process management Process = Program in execution CildCompiler, word-processittking program, system task A process requires resources CPU time, memory , files , I/O devices Processes may run concurrently Operating system is responsible for Creating and deleting user and system processes Suspending and resuming processes Providing mechanisms for process synchronization Providing mechanisms for process communication Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling 6 Memoryyg Management Large array of words or bytes Each word or byte has its own address Accessible by I/O and CPU Many programs in memory requires memory management Operating system is responsible for Keep who is using what memory parts Allocating and deallocating memory space to processes Providing more memory than physically available 7 File Management Uniform logical view on information storage File: Logical storage unit Organized in directories Independent of the storage media Control access permissions Operating system is responsible for Creating and deleting files and directories Primitives for manipulating files and directories Loading or mapping files into RAM Backing up files on stable storage media 8 Further Syyp()stem Components (1) I/O-Syygstem Management Managing buffering, caching, and spooling General device driver interfaces Device drivers hiding device peculiarities Secondary storage management Free-space management Storage allocation Disk scheduling 9 Further Syyp()stem Components (2) Networking PidProvide access t o ne twor kdked resources Hide networking hardware by a file access like interface Protection system Control access of programs to files, memory, CPU, … 10 Syygstem Programs and Utilities File management Status information File modification Programming-language support Program loading and executing Communications Utilities often come with OS distribution but do not participate in the OS operation Browser, word processor, text formatter, spreadsheet, database,,p plotting, statistical analy sis, ,g games 11 Imppgortant Program: Command Interp reter Possible implementations Command interpreter contains the command code Command interpreter loads command programs Pro and con of loading command programs Extendibility Command and interpreter exceeding memory size Performance Inconsistent parameter interpretation 12 System Call Perspective on Services System Calls Interface between process and operating system AilblAvailable for examp le as C or C ++ lib rary routi nes (For certain low level tasks assembly-language instructions might also be useful (e .g . asm {} pragma in C)) Example : System calls involved in “Copy file A to file B” Prompt message, read from keyboard Open A and B Read from A, write to B Close A and B Terminate normally or abnormally Fact: System calls are frequently (thousands per second) 14 System Call Interface 0xfe00 mov #13, d0; 0xfe04 trap 42; 15 Passinggy Parameters to System Calls Possibilities: regg,isters, memory block (table), stack Example: passing parameters as a table 16 System Calls: Process Control end, abort (core dump debugging, error level) load, execute (what happens with the calling program?) create/terminate process get/set process attributes (priority, maximum execution time) wait time, wait event, signal event allocate/free memory dumppgpp, trace, single step, profile (used for debugging) 17 Syygstem Calls: File and Device Management Similarity between I/O devices and files Specific file management system calls create/delete files and directories Specific device management system calls request/release device OS can provide common system calls for files and IO open, close read, write, reposition gg/et/set attributes Consider /dev in Unix systems for example 18 Further System Calls Information maintenance get/set system data Time, date, number of users, version, memory space, disk space, … Communication (message-passing modl)del) open/close connection Requires addressing: Process-ID (, Host-ID) Realized as separate functionality or like file access accept/wait for connection get hostid or processid (for a given process name, host name) send/receive messages Communication (shared -memory model) shared memory create, shared memory attach controlled removal of the “isolated memory per process” restriction 19 APIs: Hiding the Technical System Call Implementation from Applications Examples: Win32, Example ANSI C API, POSIX API Invoke the system call on behalf of application Benefits Portability Simplification of compltlllex system calls 20 Portable Oppgyerating System Interface ( POSIX) Gemeinsam von der IEEE und der Open Group für Unix entwickeltes standardisiertes Application Programming Interface (API), das die Schnittstelle zwischen Applikation und dem Betriebssystem darstellt. Heutige Standards sind eine Weiterentwicklung aus einem Projekt im Jahr 1985. Die meisten Unix-Derivate halten sich mehr oder weniger an die in IEEE1003.1 (1990) und IEEE1003.2 (1992) festgelegten Standards. Diese älteren Versionen wurden 2001 durch die überarbeitete Version IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 der IEEE und Open Group abgelöst. 2004 wurde eine leicht korrigierte Version IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition veröffentlicht. Die gegenwärtig aktuelle Version ist die Überarbeitung von 2008. Es besteht die Möglichkeit, ein Produkt zertifizieren zu lassen. Einige Linux-Distributoren werben inzwischen damit, ein POSIX- konformes Betriebssystem zu vertreiben. Quelle: Kopie aus http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Operating_System_Interface 21 Portable Oppgyerating System Interface ( POSIX) Die Spezifikation der Benutzer- und Software- Schnittstelle des Betriebssystems ist in vier Teile unterteilt, die zusammen den Standard IEEE Std 1003.1- 2008 bilden: BiBasis-DfiiiDefinitionen Eine Liste der im Standard benutzten Konventionen, Definitionen,,p und Konzepte. System-Schnittstelle Die C-Systemaufrufe und dazugehörige Header-Dateien. Komman doze ilen in terpret er und Hilf sprogramme Eine Liste der Hilfsprogramme und der Kommandozeileninterpreter. Erklärungen Erläuterungen, warum der Standard so ist, wie er ist. Quelle: Kopie aus http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Operating_System_Interface 22 POSIX-Konformität Betriebssysteme können vollständig oder teilweise POSIX-konform sein – dies hängt davon ab, ob sie die POSIX-Standards gänzlich oder nur zum Teil einhalten. Zertifizierte Produkte werden auf der POSIX-Certification-Website der IEEE genannt. vollständig POSIX-konform (Folgende Betriebssysteme sind POSIX-kompatibel, sie halten sich an den gesamten Standard) A/UX, AIX, BlagOS, BSD/OS, Darwin (Mac OS X ), HP-UX, INTEGRITY, IRIX, LynxOS, MINIX, OpenVMS, penOS, QNX, RTEMS (POSIX 1003.1-2003 Profile 52), Solaris und OpenSolaris, UnixWare, velOSity, VxWorks weitgehend POSIX-konform (Diese Betriebssysteme wurden nicht offiziell als POSIX- kompatibel zertifiziert, halten sich aber an den Großteil der Standards) BeOS und dessen Open-Source-Nachfolger Haiku, Nucleus RTOS, FreeBSD, Linux (die meisten Distributionen , siehe LSB), NetBSD, OpenBSD, PikeOS (Echtzeitbetriebssystem für eingebettete Systeme mit optionalen PSE51- und PSE52- Partitionen), SkyOS, SuperUX, Syllable, VSTa konform durch Kompatibilitätserweiterungen (nicht offiziell als POSIX-konform zertifiziert, sind aber weitgehend standardkonform. POSIX-Unterstützung durch eine Art Kompa tibilitätserwe iterung o der e iner Zw isc hensc hicht üb er d em KlKernel) Die NT-Kernel (XP, Win7, Win8 liegen z.B. in der NT-Linie) von Microsoft Windows bei Nutzung der Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX Unterstützung von Untermengen wie die Posix Threads wird z. B. durch „Pthreads-w32“ ermöglicht, eCos – POSIX ist Teil der Standard-Distribution und wird von vielen Anwendungen verwendet, Plan 9 from Bell Labs: APE – ANSI/POSIX Environment, Symbian OS mit PIPS (PIPS Is POSIX on Symbian), AmigaOS mit der ixemul .lib rary Quelle: Kopie aus http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Operating_System_Interface 23 Operating-System Structure Syypstem Structure: Simple Example: MS-DOS 25 System Structure: Monolithic Examppgle: original UNIX sy stem structuring 26 Syyy()stem Structure: Layered (1) 27 Syyy()stem Structure:
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