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Ülkemizde Ilk X-Bloc Uygulama Örneği: Filyos Limani Dalgakirani

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Ülkemizde Ilk X-Bloc Uygulama Örneği: Filyos Limani Dalgakirani 9. Kıyı Mühendisliği Sempozyumu ÜLKEMİZDE İLK X-BLOC UYGULAMA ÖRNEĞİ: FİLYOS LİMANI DALGAKIRANI Mehmet SAĞ, Su Yolları Dairesi Başkanı, Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı Altyapı Yatırımları Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara Merih Özcan, Genel Müdür, ARTI Proje Dubai Branch, Dubai, BAE [email protected] ÖZET Dünya ölçeğinde bakıldığında, daha iyi stabilite katsayıları veren ACCROPODE, CORE-Loc, XBLOC gibi yeni nesil blokların uzun süredir dalgakıran inşaatlarında kullanımda olduğu bilinmektedir. Hemen hemen hepsi lisanslarla korunan bu ürünlerin ülkemizde uygulanması mümkün olamamıştır. Kamu projelerinde yer bulamayan bu ürünler özel sektör projelerinde de tecrübe eksikliği nedeniyle kullanılamamıştır. Yapılan araştırma ve analizler sonucunda sağladığı teknik ve ekonomik faydalar göz önünde bulundurularak Altyapı Yatırımları Genel Müdürlüğü (AYGM) tarafından ilk XBLOC uygulamasının Filyos Limanı’nda yapılmasına karar verilmiştir. Halihazırda inşaat çalışmaları devam etmekte olan limanda, ana ve tali dalgakıranda XBLOC elemanlarla koruma yapılmaktadır. İstanbul Yeni Havalimanı İkmal Limanı gibi benzer projelerde de XBLOC kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca Rize-Artvin Havalimanının koruma tabakalarında da XBLOC kullanımı için çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu bildiride, XBLOC elemanlar ile dalgakıran koruma tabakası tasarım esasları anlatılacak, ANTİFER blok, TETRAPOD ve ACCROPODE gibi diğer koruma blokları ile kıyaslaması yapılacak ve yapım ile uygulama süreçlerinde sağladığı faydalar ele alınacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Xbloc, Tetrapod, Accropode, Dalgakıran, Hidrolik stabilite FIRST XBLOC APPLICATION IN TURKEY: FILYOS PORT BREAKWATERS It is known that new generation armour blocks such as Accropode, Core-Loc and Xbloc, which give better stability coefficients, have been used in breakwater constructions around the world for a long time. Almost all of these products protected by licenses and haven’t implemented in our country. These products, which could not be included in public projects, could not be used in private sector projects either due to lack of experience. 194 9. Kıyı Mühendisliği Sempozyumu Considering the technical and economic benefits provided by the extensive research and analysis, it was decided by the General Directorate of Infrastructure Investments to implement the first Xbloc application at Filyos Port. Construction works of the main and the secondary breakwaters protected with Xbloc elements are currently in progress at the port. Xbloc is being used in similar projects such as New Istanbul Airport Supply Port. In addition, the studies continue for the usage of Xbloc armour units in the armour layer design of Rize – Artvin Airport. In this paper, Xbloc elements and breakwater armour layer design principles will be explained and compared with other armour blocks such as Antifer block, Tetrapod and Accropode, the benefits at the processes of design and application will be discussed. Keywords: Xbloc, Tetrapod, Accropode, Breakwater, Hydraulic stability SUNUŞ Ülkemizde dalgakıran ve tahkimat inşaatlarında koruma tabakasında iri ocak taşı kullanımı, uygun özellik ve boyutta malzeme temininin kolay ve dalga şartlarının uygun olduğu bölgelerde en ekonomik alternatif olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Başta Karadeniz olmak üzere, tasarım dalgalarının yüksek değerlere ulaştığı bölgelerde ise dalgakıranların koruyucu tabakalarında küp beton blok ve Tetrapod elemanlar, ocak taşından sonra ülkemizde en çok kullanılan kaplama bloğu olagelmiştir. 90’lı yıllardan itibaren Tetrapod bloklardan daha çok antifer bloklarla çeşitli projeler yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Gerek Dalga Atlası gibi çalışmalarla tasarım dalgalarının güncellenmiş olması, gerekse yeni şartnamelerle tasarımda 100 yıllık yineleme dönemli dalgaların kullanılması gereğinin ortaya konmasıyla, koruma tabakasında kullanılması gereken antifer blok veya Tetrapod boyutlarında büyük artışlar ortaya çıkmış, 30 ton ve üstündeki antifer blok veya Tetrapod elemanlar kullanan projeler yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu boyutlardaki Tetrapod’ların kullanımı, ekipman ihtiyaçları, beton dayanımları, durabilite vb. pek çok konuda sorunlar getirmektedir. Boyutları arttıkça Tetrapod bacaklarının çarpma nedeniyle kırılma riski artmaktadır ve bu konu çok sayıda araştırmaya da konu olmuştur (Burcharth, 1995). Dünya uygulamalarına bakıldığında, son 30 yıllık dönemde Tetrapod uygulamalarının terkedilmeye başlandığı ve bunun yerine geliştirilen yeni nesil olarak adlandırılabilecek (Accropode, Xbloc, Core-Loc gibi) beton elemanların kullanıldığı gözlenmektedir. Tetrapod’a göre büyük avantajlar içeren bu yeni koruma elemanlarını kullanımının ülkemizde de yaygınlaşması önemli görülmektedir. Tetrapod’dan farklı olarak iki yerine tek sıra yerleştirilen yeni nesil elemanlar, yüksek kilitlenme özellikleri nedeniyle de birim ağırlıkta da önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır. 195 9. Kıyı Mühendisliği Sempozyumu BETON KORUMA ELEMANLARI İlk yapay koruma elemanları küp olarak üretilmişlerdir. Zaman içinde küp elemanların stabilitelerini ve porositeleri arttırılırken beton ihtiyacını azaltmak için yapılan çalışmalar sonucu 2 tip yapay koruma elemanı sınıfı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlar aşağıda gösterildikleri üzere: • Rastgele yerleştirilen ve birbirine kenetlenen koruma elemanları • Düzenli yerleştirilen ve sürtünme ile çalışan koruma elemanlarıdır. Tablo 1. Beton Koruma Elemanları Yerleşim: Rastgele Yerleşim: Rastgele Yerleşim: Rastgele Yerleşim: Düzenli Stabilite: Ağırlık Stabilite: Ağırlık ve kilitlenme Stabilite: Kilitlenme Stabilite: Sürtünme Çift Tabakalı Koruma Tek Tabakalı Koruma Küp Tetrapod Accropode Cob Fransa,1950 Fransa,1980 İngiltere,1969 Modifiye Küp Akmon Core-loc Diahitis ABD,1959 Hollanda,1962 ABD,1996 İrlanda,1998 Antifer Küp Tribar A-Jack Seabee Fransa,1973 ABD,1958 ABD,1998 Avustralya,1078 Haro Stabit Xbloc Shed Belçika,1984 İngiltere,1961 Hollanda,2003 İngiltere,1982 Tripod Dolos Hollanda,1962 G.Afrika,1963 Küp, modifiye küp ve Antifer küp gibi düzensiz yerleştirilen hacimli elemanların stabiliteleri büyük çoğunlukla kendi ağırlıklarına ve bir miktar diğer elemanlara tutunmalarına bağlıdır. 1950’lerden sonra koruma elemanı gelişimi, görece basit geometriye sahip ve kilitlenme özelliği zayıf elemanlardan (Tetrapod, Akmon), daha ekonomik, karmaşık şekilleri sayesinde kilitlenme özelliği daha yüksek elemanlara (Dolos, Stabit) doğru kaymıştır. Blok şeklinin optimize edilmesiyle kilitlenme özelliği arttırılmıştır fakat bu artış yanında kırılganlığı da getirmiştir. 1980’e kadar hidrolik stabilitedeki belirsizlikler ve her bir elemanın yapısal bütünlüğü göz önüne alınarak koruma elemanları iki 196 9. Kıyı Mühendisliği Sempozyumu sıra halinde uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra ise, tekil elemanların sağlamlıklarının artması ve hidrolik tasarımda daha büyük emniyet katsayıları kullanımıyla tek sıralı uygulamalar yapılmaya başlanmıştır. İlk tek sıralı uygulama Accropode ile yapılmış sonrasında Core-Loc ve Xbloc uygulamaları takip etmiştir. Düzenli yerleştirilen koruma elemanları tipik olarak basit şekilli (Seabee, Diahitis) veya karmaşık şekilli (Cob, Shed) paralel-yüzlü, içi boş bloklardır. Stabilitelerini sağlayan en büyük etken diğer bloklarla etkileşimlerinden oluşan sürtünmedir. Dünyada en yaygın kullanımı olan Accropode’lar, özel şekilleri ve sahada yerleşim kuralları sayesinde tek sıra uygulanabilmeleriyle tek sıralı beton koruma elemanlarının ilk örneğidir (Muttray, 2008). Kilitlenebilirlik sayesinde, elemanların dalga etkisi altında sallanmaları en alt seviyede kalmakta ve ufalanma, kırılma gibi problemleri ortadan kalkmaktadır. Tasarımcı firma tarafından KD:15/12 (kırılmayan ve kırılan dalga için) stabilite kat sayısı kullanılması tavsiye edilmiştir. Bu stabilite katsayısı ile Accropode’lar %20- %30 arasında bir güvenlik payıyla uygulanabilirler. Çeşitli modifikasyonlarla geliştirilmiş olan Accropode-II versiyonu da son dönemlerde uygulamaya girmiştir. Xbloc 2001 yılında Hollanda kökenli Delta Marine Consultants firması tarafından geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Başlangıç noktası bir deniz yüklenici firmasının dışa bağımlılığını azaltarak projelerinde kullanabileceği bir koruma elemanı geliştirme arzusudur aynı zamanda Accropode ile teknik ve maliyet yönlerinden rekabet edebilmek hedefiyle yola çıkılmıştır. Şekil 1. Xbloc görünüşü Beton elemanlı koruma tabakası hesaplarında, dalgakıran tasarımında standart olarak Hudson veya Van der Meer denklemleri kullanılabilir. Elemanlar arasındaki farklılıkları ortaya koymak amacıyla, stabilite katsayılarının basit bir kıyaslaması aşağıdaki tablolarda verilmiştir. 197 9. Kıyı Mühendisliği Sempozyumu Tablo 2. Bazı beton koruma elemanları için stabilite katsayıları Stabilite katsayısı H /ΔD Referanslar s n Gövde kafa Koruma Kırılmayan Kırılan Kırılmayan Kırılan Hasar Elemanı dalga dalga dalga dalga %0 1.7 – 2.0 - Van der Meer (N =0) od (1988) Şev Eğimi: %5 2.3 – 2.9 - 1:1.5 (N =0.5) Tetrapod od 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.95 SPM (1984) 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 Şev Eğimi: 1:1.5 <%5 2.75 Şev Eğimi: 1:2.0 2.9 (7) 2.3 2.2 (8) Şev Eğimi: 1:3.0 2.5 2.3 Tasarım için Accropode - 2.7 (15) 2.5 (11.5) (12) (9.5) parantez içindeki Core-Loc - 2.8 (16.0) 2.6 (13.0) Hudson stabilite katsayıları, 3:4 Xbloc - 2.8 (16.0) 2.6 (13.0) şev eğimi için verilmiştir. Tablolarda görüldüğü üzere, Tetrapod için 8 olan stabilite katsayısı Xbloc için 16 olarak verilmektedir. Bunun anlamı, aynı şartlarda Tetrapod’a göre yarı ağırlıkta bir Xbloc elemanın yeterli olduğudur. Dalgakıranların kafa bölümlerinde Xbloc’un avantajı daha da artmaktadır ve ağırlık oranı 2 kattan 2.4 kata çıkmaktadır. Tek tabakalı koruma elemanları “sıfır hasar” için tasarlanırlar,
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