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Adapting to Climate Change in Coastal Communities of the Atlantic Provinces, Canada: Land Use Planning and Engineering and Natural Approaches

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Adapting to Climate Change in Coastal Communities of the Atlantic Provinces, Canada: Land Use Planning and Engineering and Natural Approaches ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES, CANADA: LAND USE PLANNING AND ENGINEERING AND NATURAL APPROACHES PART 3 ENGINEERING TOOLS ADAPTATION OPTIONS INCENT EYS NG V L , P.E . DANIEL BRYCE ATLANTIC CLIMATE ADAPTATION SOLUTIONS ASSOCIATION SOLUTIONS D'ADAPTATION AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES POUR L'ATLANTIQUE March 2016 Prepared by ISO 9001 Registered Company ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES, CANADA: LAND USE PLANNING AND ENGINEERING AND NATURAL APPROACHES Prepared for ACASA (Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association) No. AP291: Coastal Adaptation Guidance – Developing a Decision Key on Planning and Engineering Guidance for the Selection of Sustainable Coastal Adaptation Strategies. PART 1 GUIDANCE FOR SELECTING ADAPTATION OPTIONS Saint Mary’s University Lead: Dr. Danika van Proosdij Research Team and Authors: Danika van Proosdij, Brittany MacIsaac, Matthew Christian and Emma Poirier Contributor: Vincent Leys, P Eng., CBCL Limited PART 2 LAND USE PLANNING TOOLS ADAPTATION OPTIONS Dalhousie University Lead: Dr. Patricia Manuel, MCIP LPP Research Team and Authors: Dr. Patricia Manuel, MCIP LPP, Yvonne Reeves and Kevin Hooper Advisor: Dr. Eric Rapaport, MCIP LPP PART 3 ENGINEERING TOOLS ADAPTATION OPTIONS CBCL Limited Lead: Vincent Leys, P Eng. Research Team and Authors: Vincent Leys, P Eng. and Daniel Bryce (formerly CBCL) Reviewers: Alexander Wilson, P Eng., Archie Thibault, P Eng. and Victoria Fernandez, P Eng., CBCL Limited Editing Team: Dr. Patricia Manuel, MCIP, LPP and Penelope Kuhn, Dalhousie University ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES, CANADA: LAND USE PLANNING AND ENGINEERING AND NATURAL APPROACHES PART 3 ENGINEERING TOOLS ADAPTATION OPTIONS CBCL Limited Lead: Vincent Leys, P Eng. Research Team and Authors: Vincent Leys, P Eng. and Daniel Bryce (formerly CBCL) Reviewers: Alexander Wilson, P Eng., Archie Thibault, P Eng., and Victoria Fernandez, P Eng., CBCL Limited Editing Team: Patricia Manuel, MCIP, LPP and Penelope Kuhn, Dalhousie University Prepared for ACASA (Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association) No. AP291: Coastal Adaptation Guidance – Developing a Decision Key on Planning and Engineering Guidance for the Selection of Sustainable Coastal Adaptation Strategies. CBCL # 14013.00 i PREFACE The Atlantic Provinces of Canada have established Part 1 Guidance for Selecting Adaptation Options, enduring patterns of land use and development at introduces climate change adaptation for the coastal the coast. All of the region’s coastal communities are regions of the Atlantic Provinces. It describes the five vulnerable to marine coastal hazards and climate main adaptation approaches, describes climate change impacts; their future relies on adapting to the change impacts in the Atlantic Region, characterizes impacts of climate change in the coastal zone. the coastal environments, presents criteria for Adapting to Climate Change in Coastal Communities adaptation decision‐making, and links adaptation of the Atlantic Provinces, Canada provides guidance tools and strategies to the coastal settings of the on strategies and tools to manage climate change‐ Atlantic Provinces. driven sea level rise and coastal flooding and erosion. Part 2 Land Use Planning Tools Adaptation Options, This set of three guidance documents supports the presents over 50 land use planning tools for coastal Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association climate change adaptation. The tools and examples in (ACASA) web‐based Coastal Community Adaptation this guidance document are the land use planning Tool, and the associated Community Profile for options of the ACASA web‐based Coastal Community identifying community capacity for adaptation. Adaptation Tool. The document also includes Combined, these resources help decision‐makers overviews of the land planning and management define their coastal climate change adaptation needs frameworks and legislation that could support coastal and select the most appropriate land use planning or climate change adaptation in each of the four Atlantic engineering tools for their community’s coastal Provinces and First Nations. context and climate change impact challenges. Part 3 Engineering Tools Adaptation Options, presents over two dozen engineering tools to manage coastal flooding and erosion, describes the suitability of the tools for different coastal conditions and climate change adaptation objectives (e.g. short to long‐ term, low, medium or high cost), and identifies the technical and permitting requirements for using engineering as an adaptation approach. The tools and examples in this volume are the engineering options of the ACASA web‐based Coastal Community Adaptation Tool. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: ADAPTATION APPROACHES TO COASTAL RISK 3 2.1 CONSEQUENCE‐REDUCTION STRATEGIES 3 2.2 HAZARD REDUCTION STRATEGIES 3 2.3 OVERARCHING STRATEGIES 4 2.4 COASTAL PROCESSES, CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 4 CHAPTER 3: INVENTORY OF ENGINEERING ADAPTATION TOOLS 7 3.1 SUMMARY TABLES 7 3.2 REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 12 3.3 BASIC COST CONSIDERATIONS 17 3.4 STRATEGIES TO ACCOUNT FOR CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS 19 3.5 NEXT STEPS 21 CHAPTER 4: ENGINEERING TOOLS ADAPTATION OPTIONS 23 4.1 Maintenance, Repair or Replacement of Existing Structure 24 4.2 Scour Protection 27 4.3 Engineered Revetment 28 4.4 Rip‐rap Armouring 31 4.5 Groynes 32 4.6 Shore Perpendicular Breakwater 35 4.7 Nearshore Breakwaters 37 4.8 Retaining Wall 39 4.9 Near Shore Artificial Reefs 41 4.10 Perched Beach (Sill) 44 4.11 Beach Nourishment 45 4.12 Plant or Bio‐Engineered Stabilization 47 4.13 Passive Bluff Drain 48 4.14 Seawall 50 4.15 Buried Revetment 52 4.16 Living Shorelines (Coastal Wetlands and Salt Marsh Restoration) 54 4.17 Dune Building 57 4.18 Dykes 59 4.19 Tide Barriers/Aboiteaux 62 4.20 Dredging 64 4.21 Floodwalls/Dry Flood Proofing 66 4.22 Wet Flood Proofing Buildings 70 4.23 Raised Infrastructure 73 4.24 Floating Building/Amphibious Foundation 76 4.25 Stormwater Management – Reduce Runoff 78 4.26 Stormwater Management – Increase Conveyance (Drainage Ditch) 79 4.27 Stormwater Management – Increase Storage (Detainment Pond) 80 4.28 Stormwater Management – Rain Garden/Constructed Wetland 83 4.29 Relocate or Abandon Infrastructure (Retreat Strategy) 85 CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES 88 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Adapting to Climate Change in Coastal Communities illustrated examples of their application to manage of the Atlantic Provinces, Canada: Land Use Planning coastal flooding or erosion, and summary and Engineering and Natural Approaches, Part 3 information ─ organized in tables ─ to compare the Engineering Tools Adaptation Options presents over different tools based on: two dozen engineering tools available for managing Where the tool is needed (type of coast and its the climate change impacts of coastal flooding and exposure to waves). erosion. The additional guidance documents in this What the tool does. set are Part 1 Guidance for Selecting Adaptation Options and Part 2 Land Use Planning Adaptation What the regulatory requirements are (which Tools Options. Together, these documents provide government department controls what you can foundation information to support decisions about or cannot do in the area where the tool would climate change adaptation for coastal systems of the be used). Atlantic Provinces. The information in this set of What the high‐level estimated cost of the tool guidance documents will help decision‐makers select will be depending on the availability of materials land use planning tools and engineering tools that are and approximately how long the tool will last. appropriate for the community. A number of key documents were used in the development of this guidance document. These This summary guidebook is intended reports may also be of interest to communities that as an informative checklist to want further information on how adaptation strategies are developed in other regions: evaluate potential solutions. It is not Sea Level Rise Adaptation Primer – A Toolkit to a design guideline and it is not a Build Adaptive Capacity on Canada’s South substitute for site‐specific Coasts (British Columbia Ministry of professional engineering and Environment, 2013). planning advice. StormSmart Properties Comparison Chart ─ Relative Costs of Shoreline Stabilization Options. (State of Massachusetts, 2014). Part 3 Engineering Tools Adaptation Options begins Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: with a summary of adaptation and of the relationship Coastal Erosion and Flooding (Linham & between climate change, coastal processes and Nicholls, 2010). coastal risk. It is the objective of adaptation to reduce Adaptation Options for Human Settlements in risk and vulnerability to climate change impacts. South East Queensland, Australia – Part 1 Guidance for Selecting Adaptation Options Supplementary Report (Choy, Serrao‐Neumann, describes adaptation, coastal processes and coastal Crick, Schuch, Sanò, van Staden, Sahin, Harman, systems in detail. Baum, 2012). The focus of Part 3 Engineering Tools Adaptation Options is the inventory of engineering tools, with 2 3 CHAPTER 2: ADAPTATION APPROACHES TO COASTAL RISK Coastal processes become coastal hazards when Retreat, or ‘Retreat the line’, is a strategy to relocate people occupy the coastal zone without regard for people and infrastructure away from hazardous the space that is needed to accommodate wind,
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