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How the University Works Cultural Front General Editor: Michael Bérubé How the University Works Cultural Front General Editor: Michael Bérubé Manifesto of a Tenured Radical Cary Nelson Bad Subjects: Political Education for Everyday Life Edited by the Bad Subjects Production Team Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity Simi Linton The Employment of English: Theory, Jobs, and the Future of Literary Studies Michael Bérubé Feeling Global: Internationalism in Distress Bruce Robbins Doing Time: Feminist Theory and Postmodern Culture Rita Felski Modernism, Inc.: Body, Memory, Capital Edited by Jani Scandura and Michael Thurston Bending Over Backwards: Disability, Dismodernism, and Other Difficult Positions Lennard J. Davis After Whiteness: Unmaking an American Majority Mike Hill Critics at Work: Interviews 1993–2003 Edited by Jeffrey J. Williams Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability Robert McRuer How the University Works: Higher Education and the Low-Wage Nation Marc Bousquet; Foreword by Cary Nelson How the University Works Higher Education and the Low-Wage Nation Marc Bousquet Foreword by Cary Nelson a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London new york university press New York and London www.nyupress.org © 2008 by New York University All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bousquet, Marc How the university works : higher education and the low-wage nation / Marc Bousquet ; foreword by Cary Nelson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8147-9974-1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8147-9974-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8147-9975-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8147-9975-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. College teachers—Salaries, etc.—United States. 2. Universities and colleges—Employees—Salaries, etc.—United States. I. Title. LB2334.B58 2007 331.2'8137812—dc22 2007029790 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10987654321 p 10987654321 To Heather For an Organization of Intellectual Workers I consider it important, indeed urgently necessary, for intel- lectual workers to get together, both to protect their own economic status and also, generally speaking, to secure their influence in the political field. On the first-mentioned, the economic side, the working class may serve us as a model: they have succeeded, at least to some extent, in protecting their economic interests. We can learn from them too how this problem can be solved by the method of organization. And also, we can learn from them what is our gravest danger, which we ourselves must seek to avoid: the weakening through inner dissensions, which, when things reach that point, make cooperation dif- ficult and result in quarrels between the constituent groups. The intellectual worker, due to his lack of organiza- tion, is less well protected against arbitrariness and exploita- tion than a member of any other calling. An organization of intellectual workers can have the greatest significance for society as a whole by influencing public opinion through publicity and education. Indeed it is its proper task to defend academic freedom, without which a healthy development of democracy is impossible. An out- standingly important task for an organization of intellectual workers at the present moment is to fight for the establish- ment of a supranational political force as a protection against fresh wars of aggression. —Albert Einstein, 1949 Contents Acknowledgments xi Foreword: Resistance Is Not Futile xiii cary nelson 1 Introduction: Your Problem Is My Problem 1 2 The Informal Economy of the “Information University” 55 3 The Faculty Organize, But Management Enjoys Solidarity 90 4 Students Are Already Workers 125 5 Composition as Management Science 157 6 The Rhetoric of “Job Market” and the Reality of the Academic Labor System 186 Appendix A: Yeshiva University 444 US 672, “Justice Brennan, Dissenting” 211 Appendix B: Brown University 1-RC-21368, “Liebman and Walsh, Dissenting” 224 Notes 243 Works Cited 255 Index 275 About the Authors 281 ix Acknowledgments This book could not have appeared without the unflagging support and encouragement of a long list of activist intellectuals, es- pecially those who comprise the editorial collective of Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labor (www.workplace-gsc.com). These include, among many others, Dick Ohmann, Paul Lauter, Gary Rhoades, Bill Vaughn, Katherine Wills, Eileen Schell, Bruce Simon, Christian Gregory, Steve Parks, Laura Sullivan, Karen Thompson, Cary Nelson, Michael Bérubé, Vicky Smallman, Randy Martin, Steve Watt, Matt Gold, Tony O’Brien, Gregory Bezkorovainy, Ali Zaidi, Susan O’Malley, Vinny Tirelli, Greg Meyerson, Julie Schmid, Kirsten Christensen, Felicia Carr, Ray Watkins, Noreen O’Connor, Barbara Foley, Jamie Owen Daniel, Rich Daniels, Bill Hendricks, Don Lazere, Joe Aimone, Mary Refling, and Kent Puckett. Some of the collective, like Aimone, are responsible for drafting me into the movement; others, like Refling, Daniel, and Smallman, for keeping the movement going; still others, like Nelson, Lauter, and Martin, for continuing to provide intellectual leadership and generous support at critical junctures in the journey. All of them have contributed in some very significant way to this project, in ways simply too various to catalog. Of foundational importance was my experience at the City Univer- sity of New York, where I first began to understand the prospects for greater equality and democracy represented by public higher education. Among my CUNY comrades I especially have to thank Eric Marshall of the Adjunct Project and Leo Parascondola, Barbara Bowen, Stanley Aronowitz, and George Otte, who first suggested I attend a union meet- ing. At CUNY and thereafter, my friend Granville Ganter’s contribu- tions to this project ran the gamut from critic and copyeditor to match- maker and mixologist. I doubt that I would have written this book without the years I spent as an assistant and then tenured associate professor at the University of xi xii | Acknowledgments Louisville, in a right-to-work state with a powerless faculty, and where public university coaches and presidents cart their compensation home in wheelbarrows while spectacularly failing to serve student need. While in Louisville, I was especially grateful for the friendship of fellow tran- sients Susan Erdmann, Stephen Dougherty, Wayne Ross, and Sandra Mathison and for the indispensable intellectual partnership of a coura- geous network of activist graduate students, especially Chris Carter (now at the University of Oklahoma), Tony Scott, (University of North Carolina–Charlotte), Laura Bartlett (University of Ohio–Marion), and Steve Wexler (California State–Northridge). Upon arriving at Santa Clara, I benefited from research support and a subvention in partial support of this book. Thanks to John Kloss for permission to reprint his academic labor cartoons. With respect to Thomas Nast’s cartoon “The American Twins,” I am very grateful for the gifts of time and knowl- edge donated by Delinda Buie, Mildred Franks, and Harry Rubenstein, curator for labor history at the Smithsonian Institution. Portions of this project have appeared, sometimes in different form, in Social Text, JAC (Journal of Advanced Composition), College Eng- lish, Workplace, Works and Days, Cinema Journal, and minnesota re- view. I’m grateful to the editors for permission to reprint, but also in many cases for meaningful intellectual contributions to this project, no- tably Lynn Worsham, Jeanne Gunner, and Randy Martin. Among the editorial supporters of this project, I have to emphatically thank Pitts- burgh neighbors, rival editors, and friends David Downing and Jeffrey Williams. For over a decade, Williams has supported this project with a steady stream of queries, challenges, reading suggestions, offprints, invi- tations, complaints, and introductions. Under his leadership, minnesota review remains one of the few venues for thoughtful scholarship re- garding academic labor. At the helm of the Works and Days collective, Downing has helped dozens of cultural-materialist scholars develop their work in thoughtful exchanges with invited senior critics. In devot- ing an issue of the journal to concerns raised by some of my earlier es- says, he delayed the appearance of this book while improving it im- measurably. I owe similar thanks to my editor at New York University Press, Eric Zinner, for grasping the potential of the material on under- graduate labor (patiently waiting for me to deliver it) and, especially, for his courage in remaining with this project after the strike of graduate employees on the campus that is home to the press. Every word of this book is indebted to my partner, Heather Julien. Foreword Resistance Is Not Futile Cary Nelson Marc Bousquet is the Virgil of postmodern academic labor, leading a professoriate in denial through the Dantesque wastes of a sys- tem whose sins daily grow more numerous. For this reader at least, chapter 4 was the nadir, the ninth circle of academic hell. There you will meet Susan Erdmann, a teacher who meets her college students at a UPS hub after midnight, struggling to speak to them above the din of ma- chinery. And you will meet the students themselves, students routinely exploited as cheap labor by higher education and its cooperating indus- tries. This is a “partnership” between UPS and the University of Louis- ville and other area schools, one of many across the country. The stu- dents slave five nights a week at minimum wage; if they last long enough, they earn tuition support. Few of them do. Fewer still ever graduate. Most instead accumulate workplace injuries. This is a world I certainly knew nothing about, I am ashamed to say, before reading this book. Marc’s work on the nature of the contemporary university is the sin- gle most important recent advance in our understanding of the structure of higher education. This series of interlocking essays gives us the first persuasive account of the university that emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century.
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