1958-73 Vineyard and Cellar Notes OCR.Pdf
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1958-1993 VlNEVARD AND CELLAR NOTES VINEYARD EVALUATIONS: These are based on performance of own-rooted vines (except for rip.-V. riparia Michx. or V. vulpina L., (the names are used interchangeably). The Riverbank varletles marked with an asterisk (*) under the column marked VineSize)grown attheNew York Grape, from Canada to Texas and west to Great Salt Lake. State Agricultural Experiment Station. The vines were trained to the Umbrella Kniffen System. rup.-V. rupestris Scheele, The Sand Grape, of southern Missouri and Illinois, Arkansas, Vlneyard management procedures used were those considered routine for growing 'Concord' Kentucky, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and central Texas. grapes This was done so that cultural problems would beexpressed. The performance of some vin.-V. vinifera L,,the wine grape of Europe varieties might have been improved given supplemental handling such as extra sprays, cluster thinning, or grafting to resistant rootstocks. Similarly, given such extra care fruit maturity and hence wine quality might have been improved. Some of the men whose names appear together with a number to designate specific French Hybrids are as follows: ORIGIN: Where the specific parentage,of a variety is known, it is given, otherwise, only the Francois Baco (1865-1 947) from Belus in the southwest of France general species background is shown. The breeder or originator, places of origination, and the Burdin's hybrids appeared first in 1929, but most after 1940. year of release are given when known. Letters in parenthesis after a parent indicate the class of P. Castel (~1.)-(1850-1906) produced rootstocks and fruiting varieties. grape as follows: Georges Couderc of Aubenas, originator of rootstocks and direct producers from 1881 A = American F. Gaillard, an early hybridizer from Brignais near Lyon. The "American" grapes have plant and fruit characters of vinifera, labrusca, and certain A. Galibert introduced his creations from 1936 onward. other American species. The older ones are largely of chance origin. The typical American Humbert, a hybridizer of Jura. variety is a "slipskin,-"that is, the skin of the berry separatesfrom the pulp upon eating. This is a Eugene Kuhlmann involved at the Oberlin Institute in Alsace. character typical of V. labrusca. Pierre Landot (1 900-1 942) began. like Ravat, about 1929. Millardet (1838-1903) Botany Professor at Bordeaux, et de Grasser - Mgt. - rootstocks F. H. = French Hybrids M. Perbos-an editor of the Vigne Modern and a hybr~dizer. J. F. Ravat-began his program in 1929. The French Hybrids are interspecific hybrids developed by French breeders using anumber Albert Seibel (1844-1 936), neighbor of Couderc, grew his first seedlings about 1886. of American species and V. vinifera, the old world grape. The earliest hybrids going back into Bertille Seyve (1 864-1 944), began to make crosses about 1895. the 19th century were relatively simple with two or three species involved. Later crosses are Joannes Seyve, brother of Bertille, introduced a number of varieties. very complex in their species background. The species that appear most commonly are as Victor Villard, a nurseryman-hybridizer. follows: The Firm of Seyve-Villard started 1919 by V. Villard and B. Seyve. aest.-Vitis aestivalis Michx., the Summer Grape, from New York to Georgia and west to the J. L. Vidal, a more recent worker in the Bordeaux. Mississippi T.V.M.-T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas, nurseryman, vineyard~st,and student of the wild berl -V. berlandier~Planch., The Spanish Grape of Texas. grapes introduced many of his species hybrids in the 1890's and early in the 20th century. cin.-V cinerea Englem., the Pigeon Grape or Grayback Grape of central and southeastern Many of these had V. lincecumii the Post Oak Grape, in their ancestry, as contrasted to the U. S. other American varieties of the time. lab.-V. labrusca L., the Fox Grape, from New England to northern Georgia, west to Indiana, and along the Ohio River. CLUSTER SIZE is described as small, medium, large, or very large: linc.-V. lincecumi~Buckl., the Post Oak Grape, a large fruited form of V, aestivalis in- Small refers to clusters similar in size to the Delaware or Foch varieties digenous to the southwestern U. S. Medium refers to clusters that approximate well-filled Concoid or Catawba Large clusters may approach 5 lb in weight, as with well-filled Himrod COMMENTS: In th~ssection are noted special problems that have been observed over tae years Very large clusters may exceed 1 lb as with some French hybrids Compact c usters have The designation "moderate" means that wiih routine trealment the problem was encountered lo berries rompressed rnore or less t~ghtly vvith loose clusters the berries are only lightly an appreciable but not disastrous degree in sorne years. The term "frequent" indicatesthe con- t(~uching01 !lot at a\\ dition was encountered in most years or was very serious in sorne years. Where these problerris are encountered special handling of the variety must be used COLE I-IARDINESS: lri previoLis Cellar Notes cold hardiness evaluat~oriswere based on vine Oveicrops-more crop was set thari the ioiiage could matiire. Some form of thinning should rcsponse to the test winter of 1967-68, 111 this report, a more geiieral rating system is used. It be used shoulci be kept ~nrnind that when vine foliage is damaged by sulfur injury, by serious disease in- PM-Powdery mildew of leaves, rachis, or fruit. festation, or when vines are overcropped. their ability to withstand loi,~temperatures is reduced. iltvl-Downy rnildew of leaves or fruit. Hence, some varieties it given special treatment rather than routine care might have had less v~interdamage. The following designations are used. S-Sensitivity when viiies are sprayed with wettable sulfur at the rule of 2 Ibs.ll00 gal. and ~~ithoutthe addition ot a spreader-sticker foliage injury was noted. Tender-Vines were frequently killed to the ground even in flon-tesi winters Oxidarit Stipple--a characteristic leaf bror!zr:ig probably due to injury by ozone, an air pollu- Somcwhat Tender-Appreciable bud iiijiiry was observea after inany winters, or trunks were tnnt frequently injured. Late---indicates the variety does not mature at Geneva Moderately Hardy --Some bud injury was observed occasionally but full crops were obtained In this section, notes contained within parenthesis indicate known problems encountered in except after severe test winters. sorne areas but not observed in the currenr lest. I-iardy-In most years there was no winter damage In test winters i:o inore that 25% of llie buds were killed. CELLAR EVALUATIONS, To aid tile reader in interpietatior7 of the winter hardiness evaluation the low temperatures Brix Determined by hand refractometer recorded at the Station for the last 10 years are listed as follows. Total sod, fermolir'ed: Per cent acid, expressed as tarlaric acid, of the fermented milst 1965, -9 2 F; 1966, -6 F; 1967, -8 F; 1968, -18 F; 1969, -4 F;1970, -1 0 F; 1971, -4 F; 1972, -9 F; Total acid, acqi.sied: Certain highly acid wines were reduced in acidity by addition of 1973, -5 F, 1974, -5 F. potassium carbonate aiter completion of fermentation, but before lasting. Wine quality and ratings are based on adjusted wines VINE SIZE: is reported as the pounds of prunings per maturevine.Thisreflects theoverall adap- Tann~n:Total phenolic compounds measiired by Folin-Ciocalteu method tability of the variety to the site and soil. Gvercropping, lack of resistance to phylloxera, severe Oplical densiiy: An indication of red pigment content made by measuring optical density at depredation by disease or winter cold may all contribute to reduced vine size. Vine sizes marked 525 nm. wiih an asterisk refer to performance of vines grafted to C3309 rootstocks. The Vine Size designations are as follows: Wine quality: 1 to 1 - excellent to very good; 2- to 2-1-is ordinary to good; 3 indicates severe defects, Ratirigs over the years have tended to become more severe; wines scored relative- Very Small--less than 1'/2 pounds of prunings per vine per year. ly high in the early 60's would not rate as well in the 70's. Throagh the years, standards for Sinall-1% - 2Y? pounds of prunings per vine per year. excellence have risen and wine making techniques have improved. Standard---2Y> - 3% pounds of prumngs per vine per year. ,Oreparation of samples: Red wines were crushed, sulfited, arid ferr~entedon skins at room Large-3% - 5 pounds of prur~ingsper vine per year. temperarure until Balling dropped 10 degrees, then pressed. Whites were crushed, sulfited, Very Large-more than 5 pounds of prunings per vine per year. and pressed immediately. All wines were fermented at 60 F alter pressing. Sugar was added to bring original soluble solids to 21 per cent and all musts were ameliorated 15 per cent by FRUIT COLOR is described as white, pink, red, blue, or black, and in somecases,combinations volume with a 21 per cent sugar syrup Necessaiy sugar additions and amelioration were of these terms are used. White grapes include those ranging from green to amber. accomplisi.led aiter pressing COVER ILLUSTRATION GR-7 cluster. This Geneva selection is the result of crossing Buffalo with Baco noir. it is very productive, moderately winter hardy and winemakers in New York and Canada have expressed satisfaction with the red table wines made from it. It is a prime candidate for nam- ing in the near future. VINEYARD NOTES Vine Fruit WHITE WINES Origin Cluster Hardiness Size Color Common@ NAMED VARIETIES Aurore (See Se~bel5279) Canada Muscat (N.Y.17806) Muscat Hamburg (V) Medium Moderately Large Frequent PM, slight x Hubbard (A) well filled hardy S sensitiv~ty Geneva, 1961 Catawba labrusca, vinifera Medium- Hardy Large Red Occasional DM, slight North Carol~na,1802 large S sensitivity loose- compact Cayuga Wh~te(N Y 33403 St?yval (F H ) x Medium- Moderately Standard Wh~te Occasional PM GW3) Schuyler (A) large hardy Geneva, 1972 well filled WINE ANALYSIS WINE QUALITY -.