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Drug Abuse in Sports Dr. Ramachandra. K. et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(1),593-603 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Drug abuse in sports Dr. Ramachandra. K. (MD)1*, Dr. Narendranath.S MD2, Dr. Somashekar HS MD3, Dr. Navin.A.Patil (MD)1 ,Dr. Reshma SR (MD)1 ,Dr. Veena. A (MD) 1PG Student, Dept of Pharmacology,J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere – 577004,Karnataka, India 2Associate Professor, Dept of Pharmacology,J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere,Karnataka, India 3Professor and HOD, Dept of Pharmacology,J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere,Karnataka, India Received on:20-09-2011; Revised on: 15-10-2011; Accepted on:10-12-2011 ABSTRACT Compulsory drug testing was introduced in 1968 by the International Olympic Committee(IOC). Since then, several doping cases have been reported in sports competition world wide. Positive results are based on the detection of prohibited substances, their metabolites and markers in biological (mainly urine) samples supplied by athletes. In some cases, the evidences were not contested and athletesadmitted the use of banned substances. However, in other cases, athletes denied the use of doping to enhance performance and claimed to have inadvertently or passively absorbed the drug. Unfortunately, no current accepted analytical method is capable of distinguishing between a sample from a cheater and one from an athlete who was passively exposed to a doping agent. Athletes’ allegations have included the passive inhalation of drug smoke (e.g.marijuana) or the ingestion of food or products sold as nutritional supplements that contained prohibited substances. In the scientific literature, several studies have been performed to investigate the possibility of an accidental exposure being the reason for the appearance of detectable quantities of banned substances in urine samples. Based on these studies, this article discusses those cases where the athlete’s claims could be possible in generating a positive result in doping control and in which circumstances it would be improbable to happen. Key words: Abuse, Sports, IOC, Athlete, Doping. INTRODUCTION: The use of pharmacologic agents to improve athletic performance, or “dop- at the high school level, many athletes are using a variety of drugs to enhance ing,” has been reported as early as the 3rd century BC. “Doping” is described performance.3 These epidemiologic studies under assess the prevalence of by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as “the administration of or drug use, as their data collected from self-reported questionnaires.2 use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or any physiological substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal Drug Abuse is defined as persistent or sporadic excessive drug use with or route of entry into the body with the sole intention of increasing in an without acceptable medical practice. Thus the intentional use of excessive artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition. When neces- doses, or the intentional use of therapeutic doses for purposes other than the sity demands medical treatment with any substance which because of its indication for which the drug was prescribed.1 nature, dosage, or application is able to boost the athlete’s performance in competition in an artificial and unfair manner, this too is regarded by the IOC Abused drugs are divided into two groups: Hard and soft drugs. Hard drugs as doping.”1 are those which causes severe psychological and physical dependence.This group includes heroin and cocaine. Although there have been anecdotal reports of doping throughout history, at the middle of the twentieth century that documentation of usage became Soft drugs are those which causes psychological dependence but there is little more widespread. One of the reasons for this increased awareness of usage is or no physical dependence except for heavy doses of alcohol. This group that pharmacology has improved significantly. As more potent and effective includes sedatives, tranquilizers, amphetamines, cannabis, hallucinogens, al- drugs were developed, some athletes began to see the potential for artificially cohol, tobacco and caffeine.1 enhancing their own performance.2 Abuse liability is defined as capacity to produce immediate effect. Eg am- Legislation was prompted as rumors for ergogenic enhancement in sports.The phetamine and heroin give rapid effect where as TCA do not.2 IOC’s Medical Commission was founded in 1967. One of their principal Abuse liability depends on route of administration in descending order: duties involved the investigation of possible drug misuse by athletes. Official Inhalation/intravenous/intramuscular/subcutaneous/oral. Drug abuse has drug testing of athletes began with the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico two prinicipal forms: City. 2 1. Continuous use: when there is true dependence. Eg opiods,alcohol, Bzd’s. 2. Intermittent or occasional use: Eg. Cocaine, cannabis. Despite legislation and increased random testing, the use of pharmacologic agents has continued and actually increased. Reports now indicate that, even General Pattern of the drug use:7 Any age: Alcohol, Tobacco, hypnotics, tranquilizers, LSD and cannabis *Corresponding author. Age:16-35 years: Hard use drugs, chiefly heroin, cocaine and amphetamines Dr. Ramachandra. K. (MD) Aged 14-16 years: cannabis, ectasy, cocaine. PG Student, Dept of Pharmacology, Under 14 yrs: Volatile inhalants. e.g. Solvents of glues, aerosol sprays, J.J.M. Medical College, vaporised paints. Davangere – 577004,Karnataka, India Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 1.January 2012 593-603 Dr. Ramachandra. K. et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(1),593-603 Substances & Athletics Reasons For Use1 Stimulants:1 Cocaine: Stimulants are used by athletes in the belief that they may reduce fatigue as Cocaine is one of the most commonly used narcotics by athletes. It is found well as increase alertness, response time, and strength. This category in- in the leaf of the coca plant and has been used in the past by South American cludes a variety of central nervous system stimulants as well as sympatho- Indians to ease the strain of their work at high altitudes. The mechanism of mimetics. action is by inhibition of the re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine at their respective postsynaptic sites.2 Modern use is reflected in a 2006 Amphetamines: survey of the National Football League (NFL), which described it as the Amphetamines were first developed in 1920.Their vasoconstrictive prop- most commonly abused drug. This same survey suggested that use was erties were initially utilized for treatment of nasal congestion. The ergo- more for recreation than as an ergogenic agent.4 genic qualities became more apparent during World War II, when amphet- amines were commonly used by soldiers as a means of increasing alertness It is believed that low doses may act along a similar path to that of amphet- 2 on patrol duty. Although amphetamines are still commonly used today. amines. Users of cocaine report experiencing a “high” with increased alert- ness and feeling more mentally and physically powerful. Structurally, amphetamines are similar to endogenous catecholamines, such as epinephrine. Their mechanism of action is believed to be augmentation of Cocaine affects the cardiovascular system by increasing cardiac activity neurotransmitter release, especially norepinephrine, thereby stimulating and sensitivity, which may lead to hypertension, tachycardia, and even the sympathetic nervous system. Their peak effect is usually noted in 1 to arrhythmias. Chronic rhinitis or septal necrosis results from the nasal route 4 2 hours. Although there are conflicting reports as to whether athletic per- of ingestion. The most dramatic side effect of cocaine use is sudden cardiac formance is enhanced by amphetamines, there may be a mild improvement death. This has been reported in some athletes by coronary occlusion. in swimming or throwing sports, such as shot put. Some studies suggest Cerebrovascular accidents have also been associated with cocaine use, from that they prolong the time to exhaustion, but there is no effect on actual sudden elevations in blood pressure.4 speed.5 Herbal Coca Tea: The athlete may be able to prolong exercise time by blunting pain percep- The consumption of herbal coca tea is common in some countries of South tion and the symptoms of fatigue and exhaustion. This decrease in ability to America, such as Peru and Bolivia. The tea consists of pure coca leaves or sense the body’s limitations may lead to an increased incidence of heat coca leaves mixed with different herbs and is often package in individual injury. Amphetamines also increase aggression, increasing the potential for servings as tea bags that contain approximately 1g of plant material. injury in contact sports.6 Contains benzoylecgonine, Cocaine metabolite, its concentrations ranged Side effects include thermoregulatory difficulties, such as heatstroke. Neu- from 1400 to 2800 |mg/L and occurred 4-11 hours post-ingestion. Positive rologic symptoms include restlessness, tremor, irritability, insomnia, and immunoassay results were obtained for 21-26 hours after tea ingestion.4 increased aggressive behavior, as well as the potential for addiction. Cardio- vascular effects include angina, dysrhythmias, headache, palpitations, Therefore, if an athlete consumed coca tea within hours before the compe- changes in blood pressure, and changes in heart rate. Adverse gastrointesti- tition, his or her urine test for doping control would probably indicate a 6 nal side effects include abdominal pain, vomiting, and decreased appetite. positive result for cocaine. Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 1.January 2012 593-603 Dr. Ramachandra. K. et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(1),593-603 Narcotic Analgesics: Caffeine: Narcotic analgesics act on the central nervous system to depress fear, Caffeine is a methylxanthine that occurs naturally in many species of plants, anxiety, concentration, and pain sensation. They include morphine, heroin, including coca, coffee beans, and tea leaves. It is also found in numerous and other compounds of a similar chemical structure.
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