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Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi b doi: 10.30796/ANGV.2018.2 5(1) 2018: 10-14 b E-ISSN: 2148-4015 Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi b http://edergi.ngbb.org.tr Araştırma Makalesi Ranunculus bullatus L.'un (Ranunculaceae) Türkiye'de varlığı üzerine Hasan YILDIRIM*1, Riyat GÜL2 1Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye 2Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara, Türkiye *Sorumlu yazar / Correspondence: [email protected] Geliş/Received: 05.02.2018 • Kabul/Accepted: 20.03.2018 • Yayın/Published Online: 26.04.2018 Özet: Ranunculus bullatus L. Türkiye için yeni bir takson kaydı olarak bildirilmiştir. Makalede taksonun betimi ve dağılımı verilmiştir. Yakın akraba türü olan Ranunculus cytheraeus (Halácsy) Baldini ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Muğla, Ranunculus, Türkiye, yeni kayıt On the presence of Ranunculus bullatus L. (Ranunculaceae) in Turkey Abstract: Ranunculus bullatus L. is recorded as a new plant taxon for Turkish flora. The description and distribution of the species are given in the article. It is compared with closely related species Ranunculus cytheraeus (Halácsy) Baldini. Key words: Muğla, new record, Ranunculus, Turkey GİRİŞ Düğünçiçeğigiller (Ranunculaceae), dünyada yaklaşık 60 civarında cinse ait 2500 kadar tür ile temsil edilen ve hemen hemen tüm dünyada yayılış gösteren büyük bir bitki ailesidir. Her iki yarıküredeki ılıman ve serin bölgeleri tercih etmesinin yanı sıra özellikle Kuzey yarıkürenin ılıman bölgelerinde yüksek bir çeşitlilik gösterir. (Heywood vd., 2007). Düğünçiçeğigiller, Türkiye'de ise 19 cins, 203 tür ve alttür / varyete'ler ile toplamda 234 takson ile temsil edilir, bunlardan 62 takson endemiktir ve endemizm oranı % 26,5'tir. Ranunculus (Düğünçiçeği) cinsi Türkiye'de 84 tür, alttür ve varyeteler dahil toplamda 102 takson ile temsil edilmekte olup bunların 22'si endemiktir, endemizm yüzdesi % 21,5'tir (Güner Doğan, 2012). Ranunculus bullatus L., s.l. Portekiz'den Yunanistan ve Kuzey Afrika'ya kadar, Akdeniz havzasında yayılış gösteren polimorfik bir türdür (Greuter vd., 1989; Jalas ve Suominen, 1989). Taksonomik açıdan problemli olan türün alt tür düzeyindeki taksonları ayırt edici karakterlerinin üst üste örtüşmesinden dolayı sinonim düzeyinde değerlendirilmiştir (Gandoger, 1889; Vierhapper ve Reichinger fil., 1935; Davis, 1965). Muğla ili Fethiye ilçesi civarında sonbahar aylarında gerçekleştirilen (Ekim/Kasım) arazi çalışmasında ilginç bir Ranunculus popülasyonuna rastlanmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen literatür çalışmaları sonucunda bu popülasyonun daha önceden Türkiye'de yayılışı hakkında herhangi bir veriye rastlanılmayan Ranunculus bullatus'a ait bir popülasyon olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM Çalışma materyalleri, Muğla/Fethiye'den 2017 yıllında toplanan Ranunculus bullatus örnekleridir. R. bullatus'a ait örnekler, Ranunculus cinsine ait taksonomik literatür taranarak tanımlaması yapılmıştır (Gandoger, 1889; Halácsy 1904; Vierhapper v.d.,1935; Rechinger, 1943; Davis, 1960; Tutin, 1964; Davis, 1965; Meikle, 1977; Pignatti 1982; Davis v.d.,1988; Tutin ve Akeroyd 1993; Güner v.d., 2000; Güner Doğan, 2012). Yurtiçi (EGE, HUB, ISTE ve NGBB) örnekleri incelenmiş ve yurtdışı herbaryum (E, K ve W) örnekleri veb üzerinden incelemeler yapılarak eldeki materyallerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları esnasında R. bullatus türüne ait detaylı arazi ve türe ait fotoğraflar Nikon D300 dijital kamera ile çekilmiş ve kayıt altına alınmıştır. Arazi çalışmalarında toplanılan örnekler Ege Üniversitesi Botanik Bahçesi ve Herbaryum Araştırma Uygulama Merkezine getirilerek steryo-binoküler mikroskop yardımıyla üzerinde makro morfolojik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. H. Yıldırım ve R. Gül / Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi 5(1) 2018: 10-14 11 Ranunculus bullatus L., Sp. pl. 1: 550 (1753) [Şekil 1]. Lektotip: ‘Ranunculus grumosa radice I.’ in Clusius, Rar. pl. hist.: 238 (1601), Baldini ve Jarvis tarafından belirlenmiştir: Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 32(1): 8 (2002). Epitip: ‘Flora Lusitanica. Prov. Estremadura, ad pagum, 1848, leg. Dr. Welwitsch 198’ (BM), Baldini ve Jarvis tarafından belirlenmiştir: Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 32(1): 8 (2002). Eş adlar (Sinonimler): Ranunculus supranudus Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 1 (1866). R. bullatus L. var. prolifer Gennari, Spec. e var. Fl. Sard.: 29 (1866), non Cavara & Grande in Boll. Soc. Bot. Ital.: 101 (1925). Ionosmanthus semicalvus (Jord. & Fourr.) Jord. & Fourr., Icon. Fl. Eur. 2: 14 (1869). I. plantagineus Jord. & Fourr., Icon. Fl. Eur. 2: 14 (1869). Ranunculus bullatus L. var. α ovatus Freyn in Willk. & Lange, Fl. Hisp. Prodr. 3: 919 (1880). R. bullatus L. var. β bellidifolius Freyn in Willk. & Lange, Fl. Hisp. Prodr. 3: 919 (1880). R. bullatus L. subsp. supranudus (Jord. & Fourr.) Vierh. in Österr. Bot. Z. 84: 129 (1935).R. bullatus L. subsp. bullatus var. plantagineus (Jord. & Fourr.) Maire in Jahand. & Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc: 994 (1940).R. bullatus L. subsp. bullatus var. supranudus (Jord. & Fourr.) Maire in Jahand. & Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc: 994 (1941). R. bullatus L. subsp. eu-bullatus Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 11: 139 (1964). Türkçe ismi: Herhangi bir yöresel isme ulaşılamadığı için Türkçe isim olarak “güz düğünçiçeği” ismi önerilmiştir. Betim: İpliksi ve lifli köklere ve mekiksi yumrulara sahip çok yıllık bitkiler. Yapraklar tabanda, rozet, 3-10 adet; yaprak sapı 1–3 cm uzunluğunda, hafifçe yukarı yönlü yatık ipeksi tüylerle kaplı; yaprak ayası yumurtamsı ilâ genişçe eliptik, parlak yeşil, az veya çok kabarcıklı-kırışık yüzeyli ve seyrek ipeksi-ülgerli tüylü, 1,5–4,5 × 1,5–3,5 cm, her bir tarafta 2–10 dişli; dişler küt dişli ilâ kabaca testere dişli; yaprak altında damarlar oldukça belirgin. Sıkapoz dik duruşlu 1–8 adet, dallanmaz, 3–15 cm uzunluğunda, ipeksi-ülgerli tüylü, 1 çiçekli. Çiçekler 2–3 cm çapında. Çanakyapraklar 5 adet, dikdörtgensi-ters yumurtamsı ilâ ters mızraksı yeşilimsi-sarı, 0,4–0,6 x 0,2–0,3 cm. Taçyapraklar 5–8 adet, üst yüzeyi parlak sarı, alt yüzeyi soluk sarı, dikdörtgensi-ters yumurtamsı ilâ ters mızraksı, 1–1,5 x 0,4–0,7 cm. Çiçek tablası tüysüz; meyve tüysüz, genişçe yumurtamsı, uçta kısa ve hafifçe kıvrık bir gagalı veya çengelsi şekilde kıvrık. Çiçeklenme: Ekim-Kasım Dünya Yayılışı: Avrupa, Portekiz, İspanya Belarik adaları, Korsika, İtaly (Sardinya ve Sicilya dahil), Girit, Kıbrıs (Baldini & Jarvis 2002) [Şekil 2]. Kuzey Afrika, Cezayir, Fas ve Tunus (Baldini & Jarvis 2002) [Şekil 2]. İncelenen Materyal: Ranunculus bullatus: Türkiye, Muğla: Fethiye, Eşen-Dodurga arası, boş arazi, yol kenarı, 135 m, 30 x 2017 R.Gül 3735 (EGE!). Milas to Bodrum, near Bodrum, under macchie, wet meadows, 9 xi 1976, T.Baytop (İSTE 36270!, E00442180!); Lycia, 1841, Forbes 183 (E00442181!). Kıbrıs, Agia, Nafa, 200 ft, 15 xii 1940, P.H.Davis 2052 (E00398571!); Vasikai, dist, Kuzema, 500 ft, 3 xi, 1940, P.H.Davis 2001 (E00442183!); nr Nicoscai, grassy hill, 500 ft, 25 xi 1940, P.H. Davis 2069 (E00442184!). Fransa: Marsily, Roche calacaries de Sait-Florens, 15 x 1856, P.Mabille (K000675400!). Ranunculus cytheraeus (Halácsy) Baldini: Yunanistan, Kefallinía, ns. Cythera [Kythira, Κύθηρα]: in dumosis siccis reg. inf., 25 xi 1903, E. Halácsy (lektotip, WU!). H. Yıldırım ve R. Gül / Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi 5(1) 2018: 10-14 12 Şekil 1: Ranunculus bullatus: A-genel görüntüsü, B-çiçeği, C-kök yapısı, D-tam olgun olmayan meyve kümesi. Şekil 2. Ranunculus bullatus'un dünya yayılışı (sarı renkli daireler ile belirtilen yayılış haritası GBIF sitesinden edinilmiştir; kırmızı renkli Türkiye yayılışı bu makalede ilk kez verilmiştir). H. Yıldırım ve R. Gül / Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi 5(1) 2018: 10-14 13 TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ Ülkemizde sonbahar çiçeklenen tek düğünçiçeği'dir. Kasım-Aralık aylarında çiçekte olan bu tür, çiçeklenme periyodu ile diğer türlerden izole bir popülasyona sahiptir. Herbaryum kayıtlarına göre ülkemizde daha önce 1840’lı yıllarda Forbes tarafından ve sonraki yıllarda da T.Baytop tarafında 1976 yılında toplanmasına karşın, Türkiye Florası ve Türkiye Damarlı Bitkiler Listesi (Güner Doğan, 2012) başta olmak üzere herhangi bir yayında belirtilmemiştir. Ranunculus bullatus özellikle R. cytheraeus ile yakınlıklar sergiler. İlk olarak R. bullatus altında bir varyete olarak tanımlanan (Ranunculus bullatus L. var. cytheraeus Halácsy) R. cytheraeus'un son durumuna Baldini ve Jarvis (2002)'nin statü değiştirmesiyle gelmiştir. Bu türler genel görüntü ile birbirlerine benzemelerine karşın detayda bazı farklar bulunmaktadır. Baldini ve Jarvis (2002)'e göre özellikle R. bullatus'un yaprakları az ya da çok kabarcıklı- kırışık yüzeyli (yüzey kabarcıklı-kırışık değil), yaprak tüy tipi havlı ya da bazen tüysüz (ülgerli değil); sıkapoz 20-25 cm (8 cm'ye kadar değil), dallanma göstermez (dallanmış), bırakte mevcut değil (herbir dal küçük birer bırakteye sahip); aken hafif kıvrık (çengelsi değil), çiçek sayısı 1 (1-2 değil)'dir. Fethiye'den topladığımız örnekler genel itibari ile R. bullatus türüne benzese de, bazı karakterler açısından her iki türü de yansıtmaktadır. Örneğin yünsü-ülgerli tüylere sahip yapraklar ve çengelimsi kıvrık ve hafif kıvrık gagalı aken gibi. Ayrıca sıkapozun boyu 3-15 cm oluşu ile de her iki tür arasında kalmaktadır. Buradan vardığımız sonuç R. cytheraeus'un tür durumunun tekrardan tartışılması gerektiğidir. Morfolojik olarak bu kadar yüksek varyasyona sahip bir tür kompleksinden yeni türleri ayırmanın orada taksonomik problemleri azaltmak yerine arttırdığını görmekteyiz. Ülkemizde yayılış gösteren ve diğer bir seksiyon olan Sect. Ficaria (Schaeffer) Boiss. altında yer alan, Akdeniz bitki örtüsüne uyumlu Ranunculus ficaria
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