7 Aug 2003 8:27 AR AR196-AN32-06.tex AR196-AN32-06.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: IKH 10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093218 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2003. 32:111–34 doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093218 Copyright c 2003 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on June 4, 2003 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY Lawrence M. Schell and Melinda Denham Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, New York, 12222; email:
[email protected],
[email protected] Key Words growth, lead, noise, stress, urbanism ■ Abstract The biocultural approach of anthropologists is well suited to understand the interrelationship of urbanism and human biology. Urbanism is a social construction that has continuously changed and presented novel adaptive challenges to its residents. Urban living today involves several biological challenges, of which one is pollution. Using three different types of pollutants as examples, air pollution, lead, and noise, the impact of pollution on human biology (mortality, morbidity, reproduction, and develop- ment) can be seen. Chronic exposure to low levels of these pollutants has a small impact on the individual, but so many people are exposed to pollution that the effect species- wide is substantial. Also, disproportionate pollutant exposure by socioeconomically disadvantaged groups exacerbates risk of poor health and well being. URBANISM AND HUMAN BIOLOGY Urban growth began slowly several thousand years ago and has accelerated tremen- dously over the past 300 years. By 2006, half of the world’s population will be living in urban places (United Nations 1998).