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WRAP THESIS Kituyi 2007.Pdf University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/66608 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Conflict Managet;nent, Sustainable Peace (.,~ and Development: The Mbale 1995/96 Conflict (Uganda) Zaitun Nsubuga Kituyi A thesis submitted to the University of Warwick in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Centre for the Study of Women and Gender Department of Sociology University of Warwick May 2007 Declaration I, Zaitun Nsubuga Kituyi, certify that this thesis: 'Conflict Management, Sustainable Peace and Development: The Mbale 1995/96 Conflict (Uganda)' is based on an original empirical study that has never been submitted for any award before. All materials and manuscripts from other authors used therein have been fully acknowledged. Signed Zaitun Nsubuga Kituyi Student Dr Parita Mukta Academic Supervisor Dr Christina Hughes Co-Academic Supervisor Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... iv Glossary ..................................................................................................................... v Abstract ..................................................................................................................... vi The Mbale Violent Conflict ..................................................................................... vii Map of Mbale V111 Chapter One: Introduction to the Study ......................................................................... 1 1.1 : 1. Introduction to chapter one .............................................................................. 1 1.1: 2 Background to the Study .................................................................................. 2 1.1:3 The Socioeconomic and Political Profile of Mbale ........................................ 10 1.2: 2 Violence in the Ugandan Context.. ................................................................ 22 1.2: 3 Masculinity, Scarcity and Violence ............................................................... 23 1.3 The Organisational Structure of the Study ......................................................... 25 Chapter Two: Methodology ......................................................................................... 28 2.1: 1 Introduction to Chapter two ........................................................................... 28 2.1: 2 Personal Positioning in the Research ............................................................. 29 2.3: 4 Getting In the Field ........................................................................................ 41 2.3: 5 Research Tools ............................................................................................... 43 2.4: 1 Secondary Data .............................................................................................. 44 Chapter Three: Literature Review ............................................................................... 57 3.1: 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 57 3.1:2 Conflict Situations in Mbale and Africa ......................................................... 60 3.1:3 Resource Scarcity and Conflict Dynamics ..................................................... 69 3.2: 1 Masculinity, Scarcity, Violence and Conflict Management.. ........................ 72 3.2: 2 Intra communal violence ............................................................................... 81 3.2:3 Conflict Management ..................................................................................... 83 3.2: 4 Conflict Management for Sustainable Peace and Development.. .................. 88 3.3: 1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 92 Chapter Four: Masculinity, Scarcity and Violence in Mbale ...................................... 93 4.1: 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 93 4.l: 2 Violence among the Bagisu ........................................................................... 94 4.2: 1 Cultural Masculinity and Conflict Dynamics ................................................ 98 4.2: 2 Scarcity and Institutional Viability as Sources ............................................ 101 4.2: 3 Multifaceted Sources of the Violent Conflict.. ............................................ 136 4.3: 1 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 138 Chapter Five: The Mbale Violent Conflict: Consequences and Implications ........... 140 5.1: 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 140 5.2: 1 Consequences of the Violent Conflict .......................................................... 141 5.2: 2 Lives Lost .................................................................................................... 141 5.2: 3 Property Loss and Displacement ................................................................. 144 5.2: 4 Psychological violence, Trauma and Social Dis-integrations ..................... 151 5.2: 5 Institutional and Political Implications ........................................................ 154 5.2: 6 Gendered Consequences .............................................................................. 158 5.3: 1 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 167 Chapter Six: Managing the Conflict in Mbale Situation ........................................... 169 11 6.1: 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 169 6.1:2 Managing Conflict ........................................................................................ 170 6.2 Conflict Management among the Bagisu ......................................................... 181 6.2: 1 Violence as a form of social conflict management.. ..................................... 181 6.2:2 Traditional Structures in Conflict Management ........................................... 184 6:2:3 Modem Structures in Conflict Management in Mbale ................................. 193 6.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 206 Chapter Seven: Peace Prospects and Challenges ....................................................... 207 7.1:1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 207 7.1: 2 Peace in the Post Violent Situation in Mbale .............................................. 207 7.1:3 Masculinity and Peace in Mbale ................................................................... 214 7.1 :4 Tradition, Beliefs and Peace ......................................................................... 215 7.1: 5 Resource Scarcity and Peace ....................................................................... 217 7.1 : 6 The Media in Conflict and Peace ................................................................. 219 7.1:7 Education in Social Change for Peace ......................................................... 221 7.1: 8 Justice System .............................................................................................. 228 7.2.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 229 Chapter Eight: Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................... 231 8.1:1 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 231 8.2 Recommendations and Policy Imperatives ..................................................... 236 8.2: 1 Judicial Interventions ................................................................................... 236 8.2: 2 Political Interventions .................................................................................. 239 8.2: 3 Social Interventions ..................................................................................... 243 8.2: 4 Economic Interventions ............................................................................... 247 8.3 Suggestions for Further Research .................................................................... 249 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 251 Appendices ................................................................................................................. 276 Appendix I: Key Participants whose voices are reflected in the study .................. 276 Appendix II: Reported Homicide Cases at Mbale Central Police station ............. 278 Appendix III: Photographs depicting the site of fieldwork in Mbale, Uganda 280 III Acknowledgements I thank Allah for the continued blessings, guidance and strength, and for giving me the opportunity to learn and share through this study. I have a deep,
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