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Echinorhinus Brucus B) Echinorhinus Cookei Fig click for previous page 1208 Sharks HEXANCHIDAE Cowsharks, sixgill, and sevengill sharks by L.J.V. Compagno and V.H. Niem iagnostic characters: Small to large sharks with slender to stout bodies. Head with 6 or 7 pairs of Dlong gill slits, the last pair in front of pectoral-fin origins, the first pair not connected across throat; short dermal gill rakers present on inner gill slits; spiracles present, small; nostrils without barbels or nasoral grooves; no nictitating lower eyelids; snout short, acutely to bluntly pointed; mouth very long and extending far behind eyes; teeth of upper and lower jaws unlike at sides of mouth, uppers small, narrow, with a main cusp and often smaller cusplets, lowers very large, broad, compressed, and saw-like, with a series of cusps or large cusplets. A single dorsal fin, posterior to pelvic fins; anal fin present; caudal fin much less than 1/2 the total length, strongly asymmetrical, with a pronounced subterminal notch but lower lobe very short. Caudal peduncle not depressed, without keels; no precaudal pits. Intestinal valve of spiral type. Colour: grey, blackish, or brown above, lighter below. a single dorsal fin no precaudal pits subterminal notch 6-7 gill slits teeth of left side (Hexanchus griseus) intestinal valve of spiral type Habitat, biology, and fisheries: These are moderately abundant, inshore to deep-water sharks, found in shallow bays down to the continental slopes and submarine canyons, near the bottom or well above it. They feed on a wide variety of bony fishes, other sharks, batoid fishes, marine mammals, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Cow sharks are comparatively unimportant but regular components of shark fisheries and bycatches of other fisheries and are incidentally caught in trawls. They may bite aggressively during capture but only the larger species are potentially dangerous, particularly when provoked. Similar families occurring in the area None. No other sharks in the area have a single dorsal fin and 6 or 7 gill slits. Key to the species of Hexanchidae occurring in the area 1a. Seven gill slits (Fig. 1) .............................. Heptranchias perlo 1b. Six gill slits (Figs 2 and 3) .....................................→ 2 7 gill slits Fig. 1 Heptranchias perlo Hexanchidae 1209 2a. Lower jaw with 6 rows of large comb-like teeth on each side; dorsal-fin base separated from upper caudal-fin origin by a distance about equal to, or slightly greater than its length (Fig. 2); size very large, up to 4.8 m ....................Hexanchus griseus 2b. Lower jaw with 5 rows of large comb-like teeth on each side; dorsal-fin base separated from upper caudal-fin origin by a distance much greater that its length (Fig. 3); size smaller, up to 1.8 m ..............................Hexanchus nakamurai 6 gill 6 gill slits slits Fig. 2 Hexanchus griseus Fig. 3 Hexanchus nakamurai (after Last and Stevens, 1994) List of species occurring in the area The symbol . is given when species accounts are included. Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) . Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) . Hexanchus nakamurai Teng, 1962 References Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.4,Pt.1: 249 p. Ebert, D.A. 1990. The taxonomy, biogeography and biology of cow and frilled sharks (Chondrichthyes:Hexanchiformes). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Grahamstown, Rhodes University, 308 pp. Last, P.R.and J.D. Stevens. 1993. Sharks and rays of Australia. Australia, CSIRO, 513 p. Springer, S. and R.A. Waller. 1969. “Hexanchus vitulus”, a new sixgill shark from the Bahamas. Bull. Mar. Sci., 19(1):159-174. 1210 Sharks Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) En - Sharpnose sevengill shark; Fr - Requin perlon; Sp - Cañabota bocadulce. Maximum total length about 1.37 m. On the bottom of the outer continental and insular shelves and upper slopes in depths of 100 to 400 m, also inshore and down to 1000 m. Feeds on bony fish and squid. Caught as bycatch in bottom trawls, but of minor importance to fisheries. Almost circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas, except for the eastern North Pacific, with a primarily continental distribution. Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) En - Bluntnose sixgill shark; Fr - Requin grise; Sp - Cañabota gris (Cañabota). Maximum total length about 4.8 m. On the outer continental and insular shelves and upper slopes down to at least 1 875 m. Benthic or pelagic, sluggish, bottom-dwelling; feeds on a wide range of marine organisms. Caught in bottom trawls and with hook-and-line; utilized fresh, frozen, and dried salted, also for fishmeal and oil. Almost circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas, found off continents, oceanic islands, and on sea mounts in the Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and Indo-Pacific. Hexanchus nakamurai Teng, 1962 En - Bigeye sixgill shark. Maximum total length about 1.8 m. On the continental and insular shelves and upper slopes, usually near the bottom at depths from 90 to 600 m. Probably feeds on bony fish and crustaceans. Eastern Central America and Caribbean Sea, eastern Atlantic from France to Morocco, including the Mediterranean Sea, Indo-West Pacific off eastern and southern Africa and Japan, Taiwan Province of China, Philippines, New Caledonia, and Australia. (after Last and Stevens, 1994) Echinorhinidae 1211 ECHINORHINIDAE Bramble sharks by L.J.V. Compagno and V.H. Niem iagnostic characters: Large sharks with cylindrical bodies without abdominal ridges. Head moder- Dately depressed; last (fifth) gill slits abruptly expanded in width; spiracles present, very small, well behind eyes; nostrils far apart from each other; snout short; mouth broadly arched, with very short labial furrows that do not encircle mouth; teeth alike in both jaws, strongly compressed and blade-like, with a cusp and up to 3 side cusplets in adults, but with a cusp only in young. Two small spineless posterior dorsal fins, both smaller than the pelvic fins, situated close together, the origin of the first dorsal fin behind the pelvic-fin origin; anal fin absent; caudal fin without a subterminal notch. Dermal denticles moderately large to very large, thorn-like. Intestine valve of spiral type. Colour: greyish brown dorsally, pale to white below. 2 posterior dorsal fins body with large no anal fin dermal denticles Habitat, biology, and fisheries: These are large, poorly known wide-ranging, deep-water sharks, with a spotty but virtually circumglobal distribution on continental and insular shelves and slopes, on or near the bottom. They are ovoviviparous and feed on a variety of benthic and neritic fishes, as well as crabs, octopuses, and squids. The 2 known species are uncommon to rare in most areas where they occur and hence are of minimal interest to fisheries. They generally form a bycatch of other fisheries, including those for other sharks, and are taken on line gear, deepset gill nets, and more commonly in bottom trawls, sometimes caught on rod and reel by sports anglers. Very sluggish harmless sharks, never recorded as attacking people. Remarks: This family is sometimes placed as a synonym of Squalidae, but morphological studies indicate that it is very distinct from the Squalidae. It has a single living genus, Echinorhinus. Similar families occurring in the area Squalidae and Pristiophoridae: fifth gill slits not abruptly larger than first to fourth; spiracles larger; first dorsal-fin origin well anterior to pelvic-fin origins; pelvic fins usually about as large as second dorsal fin or smaller; Pristiophoridae also with rostral saw and barbels. Squatinidae: trunk much flattened dorsoventrally; mouth terminal; eyes on upper surface of head; teeth not blade-like, with a single cusp and no cusplets; origin of first dorsal fin posterior to pelvic-fin bases; anterior margins of pectoral fins expanded as triangular lobes past the gill slits and partly concealing them; both the pectoral and pelvic fins very large and wing-like; caudal fin nearly symmetrical, but with lower lobe longer than upper lobe. pectoral fin All other shark families: anal fin present. anterior enlarged lobe 1st dorsal fin behind pelvic fin terminal long lower pelvic fins usually smaller mouth lobe than 1st dorsal fin pelvic fin Squalidae Squatinidae 1212 Sharks Key to the species of Echinorhinidae occurring in the area 1a. Denticles on body few, irregulary distrib- uted, relatively large, not stellate, some fused into compound plates with multi- ple cusps (Fig. 1a) .......Echinorhinusbrucus 1b. Denticles on body numerous, regulary distributed, relatively small, stellate, not fused into plates with multiple cusps (Fig. 1b) ............Echinorhinus cookei a) Echinorhinus brucus b) Echinorhinus cookei Fig. 1 dermal denticles List of species occurring in the area The symbol . is given when species accounts are included. Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) . Echinorhinus cookei Pietschmann, 1928 References Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.4,Pt.1: 249 p. Garrick, J.A.F. 1960. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part 10. The genus “Echinorhinus”, with an account of a second species, “E. cookei”. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., 88(1):105-117. Springer, S. and R.A. Waller. 1969. “Hexanchus vitulus”, a new sixgill shark from the Bahamas. Bull. Mar. Sci., 19(1):159-174. Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) En - Bramble shark; Fr - Squale bouclé; Sp - Tiburón de clavos. Maximum total length about 3.1 m. A large, sluggish, primarily deep-water shark of the continental and insular shelves and upper slopes at depths from the intertidal to 900 m. Bottom-dwelling; feeds on small bony fishes, other sharks, and crabs. Of minor importance to fisheries in the area; caught in bottom trawls. Wide-ranging in tropical and temperate areas in the Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, and western Pacific.
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