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Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED BIOLOGY IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON DIVERSITY, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND NATURAL REGENERATION OF WOODY PLANT SPECIES IN A MOIST SEMI-DECIDUOUS FOREST A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED BIOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE BY AKWETEY OKOE NARTEY B. Ed. (HONS) SCIENCE 1 DECLARATION AND CERTIFICATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the Master of Science (M.Sc.) Degree, and that, to the best of my knowledge it contains no material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. …………………………. …………………… …………… Student’s Name Signature Date ………………………….. Student’s ID Certified by: …………………………. …………………… …………… Supervisor’s Name Signature Date Certified by: …………………………. …………………… …………… Head of Department’s Name Signature Date 2 ABSTRACT The diversity, community structure and natural regeneration of woody plant species were assessed in twenty four 50m × 20m sampling plots. Within each of these plots, two 5m × 5m sub-plots were established for the assessment of regeneration species. These plots were established to represent the various land use forms in the study area. Land use change had significant impact on tree and liana diversity in the study (trees: p < 0.001; lianas: p < 0.001). With regard to trees the differences existed among all the habitats except between the secondary forest and logged forest. On the other hand, differences occurred between all the pairs of habitats except for the abandoned mine site and abandoned farm area pair. The mean canopy cover differed significantly (p < 0.001) among all the habitats. The difference in the mean canopy cover existed among all the habitats except between the secondary forest and the illegally logged forest. Whereas mean rank density differed significantly (p < 0.001), there was no significant difference in the mean diameter at breast height (dbh) (p = 0.52) among all the habitats. The Shannon diversity index for saplings differed significantly among the habitats (P = 0.022). The difference existed between the abandoned mined site and the rest of the habitats. There was no significant difference between sapling diversity among the other habitats. In the same way, there were significantly lower seedling diversity in the abandoned mined site (p <0.001) compared to the other habitats. Land use change had significant impact on the diversity, community structure and natural regeneration capacity of the study area. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is dedicated to my truly beloved twin-brother, Mr. Akweteh Nartey, who has made innumerably invaluable contribution towards the success of my M.Sc. work. I gratefully acknowledge the selfless dedication of Mr. Patrick Addo-Fordjour in his invaluable supervisory role in making this work a great success as well as providing much of the resources that went into this work. I am also very thankful to Mr. Stephen Akyeampong and Dr. Ebenezer J. D. Belford for their expert role during the data collection. Mr. Ntim Gyakari and Mr. Jalel Moujaled as well as Mr. Philip Eldua are much appreciated for the roles they played as plant taxonomist and field assistants respectively during the data collection. I am very grateful to Dr. Bernard Fei-Baffoe for his mentorship role played throughout my study. Mr. Henry Kutor Kofi, Madam Rebecca Mley-Wayo Kutor, Madam Francisca Atta Amanatey, Mr. Hoppeson Blewu, Mr. Ebenezer Gyamera, Elder Prosper Asamoah, Mr. Isaiah Opoku-Boateng, Mrs. Cindy Akua Badoe, Mr. Benjamin Lartey Awulley, Nii Ayiku Obleh II, Mr. Solomon Adinyira, Mr. Joy Hesse Ankomah, Mr. Sampson Tawiah Nartey and Dorcas Opku-Nti (my lovely wife) are specially mentioned here for the varied support and encouragement they offered me during my study. 4 TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page ………………………………………………………………… i Declaration ………………………………………………………………. ii Abstract ………………………………………………………………….. iii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………… iv Table of Contents ………………………………………………………… v List of Tables ……………………………………………………………… ix List of Figures …………………………………………………………….. x CHAPTER ONE ………………………………………………………….. 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………... 1 1.1 Background of Study………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Problem Statement/Purpose of Study ………………………………… 3 1.3 Justification …………………………………………………………… 4 1.4 Main Objective ………………………………………………………… 6 1.5 Specific Objectives ……………………………………………………. 6 CHAPTER TWO …………………………………………………………. 7 LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………… 7 2.0 General Introduction ………………………………………………….. 7 2.1 Tropical Forests ………………………………………………………… 8 2.2 The Nature of Ghana’s Forests ……………………………………….... 9 2.2.1 Wet Evergreen………………………………………………………… 10 2.2.2 Moist Evergreen……………………………………………………… 11 5 2.2.3 Moist Semi-Deciduous……………………………………………… 11 2.2.4 Dry Semi-Deciduous………………………………………………… 11 2.3 Characteristics of Tropical Forests……………………………………. 12 2.3.1 Forest Species and Ecosystem.............................................................. 12 2.3.2 Structure of Tropical Forests…………………………………………. 13 2.3.3 Flora Diversity………………………………………………………… 14 2.4 Importance of Tropical Forests…………………………………………. 15 2.4.1 Biodiversity for Human Food Security……………………………… 15 2.4.2 Others ………………………………………………………………… 15 2.5 Factors Affecting Biodiversity………………………………………… 17 2.5.1 Land Use Change …………………………………………………… 17 2.5.1.1 Mining……………………………………………………………… 18 2.5.1.2 Logging……………………………………………………………… 19 2.5.1.3 Agriculture…………………………………………………………. 21 2.5.1.4 Gathering …………………………………………………………… 21 2.5.1.5 Tourism ……………………………………………………………... 22 2.5.2 Plant Invasion………………………………………………………….. 22 2.5.3 Overexploitation……………………………………………………….. 23 2.5.4 Habitat Fragmentation and Habitat Loss……………………………… 24 2.6 Natural Regeneration …………………………………………………… 25 2.6.1 Factors Affecting Natural Regeneration………………………………... 26 2.6.1.1 Agriculture ………………………………………………………….. 26 2.6.1.2 Logging……………………………………………………………… 27 6 2.6.1.3 Human-Induced Fire Disturbance…………………………………… 27 2.6.2.4 Seed dispersal……………………………………………………….. 28 CHAPTER THREE ………………………………………………………… 30 MATERIALS AND METHODS …………………………………………… 30 3.1 Study Area………………………………………………………………. 30 3.2 Sampling Design and Species Identification……………………………. 33 3.3 Determination of the Structure of the Vegetation in the Areas with Different Land Use Forms …………………………………. 34 3.4 Data Analysis …………………………………………………………… 34 CHAPTER FOUR …………………………………………………………... 36 RESULTS ...…………………..……………………………………………… 36 4.1 Species Richness …………………………………………………………. 36 4.2 Forest Structure ………………………………………………………..… 38 4.3 Dominance of Plant Species …………………………………………..… 41 4.4 Natural Regeneration of Woody plant species …………………………… 42 CHAPTER FIVE …………………………………………………………….. 46 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………..… 46 5.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 46 5.2 Species Richness, Abundance and dominance ………………………….. 46 5.3 Forest Structure ………………………………………………………….. 48 5.4 Natural Regeneration .………………………………………………….. 49 CHAPTER SIX ……………………………………………………………… 51 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………….. 51 7 5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………. 51 5.2 Recommendations………………………………………………………. 51 References ……………………………………………………………….. 53 Appendix I List of plant species (excluding saplings and seedlings) identified in the study area…………………………………. 64 Appendix II Important value of adult woody species identified in the study area…………………………………. 69 Appendix III List of seedlings and saplings species found in the study area…….................................................... 76 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Plant species richness and abundance in the various land use forms …………………………………………………… 37 Table 2. Summary characteristics of floristic composition and structure of the secondary forest in the study area .……………… 39 Table 3. A comparison of the structural attributes of habitats in the study area …………………………………………… 41 Table 4. A comparison of the diversity of trees and lianas among the habitats of the study area ……………………….... 41 Table 5. Summary characteristics of natural regeneration of woody species in the study area ……………………………………… 43 Table 6. A comparison of the diversity of seedlings and saplings among the habitats in the study area ………………………… 44 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Ghana showing Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipality ………….. 31 Figure 2. Map of Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality showing the study area …… 32 Figure 3. Family abundance of plant species in the study area ……………. 36 Figure 4. Abundance of the natural regeneration species in the various habitats in the study area …………………………………… 45 10 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study The diversity of life present on the earth is a critical prerequisite for ecosystem functionality and human well-being. Forests provide suitable habitats to most of these. However, the earth’s biological diversity is at an unprecedented rate of change due to complex response to many anthropogenic induced changes (Hooper et al., 2005; Vitousek, 1994), to the forests that provide them with natural habitats. There are several reasons why everyone should be deeply concern regarding this change. Apart from ethical, economical, ecological, and aesthetic reasons, the alterations in the world’s biological diversity can alter ecosystem services and environmental goods they provide as well as such properties as productivity, decomposition
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