Passiflora ligularis juss pdf

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Keep up to date with the progress, challenges and hopes of PFAFs by subscribing to our free ePost email. You will get a number of benefits, including: Important Ads and News Exclusive Content not on the website Updates on the new information functionality database We will not sell or share your email address. You can unsubscribe at any time. P. ligularis Granadilha Pulp Show Scientific Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales Family: Passifloracea Genus: Passiflora Species: P. ligularis Binomial name Passiflora ligularisA.Juss. Passiflora ligularis, commonly known as sweet granarilla or sweet passion fruit, is a plant of the genus Passiflora. It is known as Granailla in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru; like Granaville Comon in Guatemala; Granarilla from China or parchita amarilla in Venezuela; and like Granaditt in Jamaica. He likes a climate of 15 to 18 degrees Celsius from 600 to 1000 mm of annual rain. The preferred altitude ranges from 1700 to 2600 meters above sea level. It has abundant and simple leaves and white-green flowers. The fruit has a variety of tones from orange to yellow with small light marks. It has a round shape with a tip that ends in the trunk. Its length from 6.5 to 8 cm, diameter 5.1 and 7 cm. The outer shell is difficult and slippery, and has a soft upie inside to protect seeds that are solid and black, surrounded by sphere and gelatinous transparent flesh. It is an edible part of the fruit and has a smooth and sweet taste, in addition to the content of vitamins A, C and K, phosphorus, iron and calcium. Links to Passiflora ligularis (sweet granarilla). cabi.org. CABI - Sweet Granagli - Passiflora ligularis - Seeds. tradewindsfruit.com Sweet Granagli. hort.purdue.edu obtained from Description of the top of page P. ligularis adapted from Morton (1987), Holm-Nielsen et al (1988), Davids et al (1994), Wagner et al (1999), Mendes Ferrand (2002), Rodriguez (2007), Hyde et al (2016) and Duarte and Paul (2015). General descriptionP. ligularis is an energetic perennial vine, stalks grayish, furrowed, soft but woody at the base, cylindrical (terets) or faintly angular, striped, glabruz, internodes up to 8 cm. Tendrils thought, thick and long. Stipules oblong to oblong Lanceolat, 10-40 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, acumulized, whole or serrowized, narrowed at the base. Petioles with 4-8 are usually paired, elongated filiform or lygulants nectar 4-10 mm in length. The roots are fasciculated and shallow. The leaves of the leaves p. ligularis are ovate, deep umbilical cord at the base, sharply acuminate, fields total, 8-22 cm long, 6-17 cm wide, glabruze, venation notable, dark green almost The top and green-gray-bottom side, light or strong purple tone in the young leaves. Flowers. ligularis flowers have a sweet, musky smell, are pendent, campanulate, 6-12 cm in diameter; chalices sharp, green on the outside, white on the inside, 25-35 x 10-15 mm; petals 3 cm long, 1 cm wide, white or white tinge with pink or purple, oblong; crown with 5-7 rows of strands, about 3 cm in length, blue at the tips and with alternative stripes of white and reddish-violet to the base; hypantius length of 0.5-0.9 cm; peduncle single or doubles, 2-4 cm; bracts 3, ovate, sharp, whole, cordate, membranaceous, glabrous but tomentose near the edge, 2-5 centimeters long, 1-3 cm wide. Dusts show yellow pollen and the stigma of trifid. The fruit P. ligularis is an indehiscent capsule, 6.5-8 cm long and 5-7 cm wide with 6-12 cm peduncle, it can be an ooid spherical slightly flat at the poles with a tip pointing to the stem. It has a 1mm epicarpa, which is yellow to orange, sometimes purple, green or a combination, with white freckles in most varieties. This sleek epicrp shows six weak longitudinal lines. Epicarp is a solid sclerophylative tissue that gives the fruit a solid texture and fragile nature and will crack rather than wrinkles, as yellow passion fruit does when it matures or pressure is applied. The 4-5 mm thick main white mesocarp is soft and spongy and endocarp white film that separates from the mesocarp in maturity. Black elliptical and flat seeds are located on three longitudinal placenta, and each seed is surrounded by transparent jelly-like pulp, which is very sweet and fragrant. There may be 250-350 seeds per fruit. The top of the P. ligularis page is native to Andes northwest of South America, from Peru and Bolivia to Venezuela, and through Central America to Mexico. It is an important fruit crop in its native assortment, and is perhaps the most widely cultivated Passiflora sp. in Tes, as it can be grown at higher altitudes than relatives (Mendez Ferreo, 2002). In its natural range, it is both cultivated and is wild at altitudes of 900-2700 m above sea level.P. ligularis has been introduced and cultivated in India, east and southeast Asia, Australia and New york and several Pacific islands. It is invasive in Haiti, Jamaica, Hawaii, Singapore, Indonesia, zimbabwe, the Galapagos Islands and Samoa. The plant is not suitable for California, where it is severely damaged by low temperatures (Hodgson et al., 1950). It was grown in greenhouses in Florida but never survived for long. Further north of the United States planted only as a summer ornament (Morton, 1987). At the top of the page P. ligularis seems to have been introduced in most of its non-native intentionally, but few details of his introduction history are known. For the first time, he recorded in Hawaii in 1910, but was probably introduced in the 19th century (Morton, 1987; 1987; It was introduced in the Galapagos Islands until the 1930s (Lundh, 2006). In 1916, the United States Department of Agriculture obtained seeds from quito, Ecuador (Morton, 1987), but the plant was not established outside of cultivation in the United States. Familiarity with Israel, Italy and California, as well as trials in Sicily were unsuccessful (Calabrese and Raimondo, 1979). At the top of the page P. ligularis is located mainly in tropical and subtropical areas where natural vegetation will be a kind of mesik or moist forest, especially tropical mountain forests. Most reports of invasiveness occur on the islands, but probably because the islands are more sensitive to invasive plants, rather than reflecting the preference for island habitats. In its native range, P. ligularis is mostly located at 900-2700 m above sea level (Mendez Ferreo, 2002). In Colombia it bears well at an altitude of 1500-2500 m, but at high altitudes it thrives and blooms, but does not bear fruit (Ecoport, 2015). In the northwest of Venezuela it is located at 1500-1840 m above sea level (Mazzani et al., 1999). In Hawaii, it is naturalized in various mesic forests and moist forests, rarely in drier areas, at 200-1070 m above sea level (Wagner et al., 1999). In the Galapagos Islands, it is naturalized and invasive in the Mesian highland forest Scalesia pedunculata and coat of arms and shrub vegetation, fern-sedge' up to 870 m (Herbarium CDS, 2015). In Jamaica, P. ligularis is naturalized at 1000-1200 m above sea level (Morton 1987).P. ligularis is not suitable for California, where it is severely damaged by low temperatures (Hodgson et al., 1950). It was grown in greenhouses in Florida but never survived for long. Further north in the United States planted only as a summer ornament (Morton, 1987). Top of the ClimateP page. ligolaris subtropical rather than tropical (Morton 1987). The ideal range is 16 to 24 degrees Celsius, with an optimal 16-18 degrees Celsius or even 12-15 degrees Celsius in the Cusco area of Peru (Mamani-Kispe, 2000); it is intolerant of heat and thrives in wet conditions. P. ligularis is found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas where natural vegetation will be a kind of mesik or moist forest, especially tropical alpine forests. In its native range, P. ligularis is mostly located at 900-2700 m above sea level (Mendez Ferreo, 2002). In Colombia, it bears well at an altitude of 1500-2500 m, but at high altitudes it thrives and blooms, but does not bear fruit, partly due to lower insect populations (Ecoport, 2015, Duarte and Paull, 2015). In the northwest of Venezuela it is located at 1500-1840 m above sea level (Mazzani et al., 1999). It can also produce at sea level in the subtropical Peruvian central and southern coasts, where winter never reaches temperatures and summer rarely exceeds 30 degrees Celsius. The vine does poorly in the subtropics, where summers are too hot or winter is too cold. He can't stand the frost. In the South When planted above 2200 m, precipitation is less than further north, and temperatures are cooler, growth is slow and production is low. At higher temperatures, the plant requires more water and fertilizer; yields are improving, but the likelihood of infection with Nektria increases, especially if above 20 degrees Celsius, while below 10 degrees Celsius, there is lower flowering and higher rates of fruit abscision (Duarte and Paull, 2015). Excessive daily temperature fluctuations lead to cracking of the peel (Fischer et al., 2009). It is growing well over the winter in Florida, but is declining with the onset of hot weather (Ecoport, 2015). The ideal precipitation range for P. ligularis is between 1,500 and 2,500 mm evenly distributed throughout the year, otherwise irrigation is required during dry months to avoid declining yields. Irrigation is mandatory in the dry Peruvian coast and in the valleys, descending from the western slopes of Andes, where much of Peruvian production occurs and there is no rain. In the Cusco area, with precipitation of less than 500 mm year-1, which falls between October and April, irrigation is important (Duarte and Paull, 2015).P. ligularis does not seem to be photoperiodic, as it blooms almost all year round at different latitudes. The longer the day, the more plants will grow and photosynthesize. Ideally, the plant needs an average of 8 hours of sunlight per day or the fruit will become brownish in color (Duarte and Paull, 2015). Large soft leaves and delicate flowers P. ligularis make it prone to damage by strong winds, especially when landing vertically in a fence-like trellis. Strong winds can interfere with the pollination of insects, there is a rupture of branches, stigma and pollen can dehydrate and trellises, especially those from the type of fence, can be damaged. Fruit scars occur from friction against other fruits and stems (Duarte and Paull, 2015). SoilP. ligularis prefers deep light soil from sandy loam to loamy clays with medium to high organic content, good drainage, depth of 30-40 cm, and pH of about 6-6.5, although it grows well with pH above 7 in the Peruvian coast. Places at risk of flooding are avoided (Duarte and Paull, 2015). The species can adapt to a fairly wide range of soils, including moderate and low fertility, provided the ground is well drained. It can also cope with thin volcanic soils as long as they are moist, but will not withstand salinity (Ecoport, 2015). In many places, this species is grown in hilly or mountainous areas from 25% to 75% of the slope (Duarte and Pokl, 2015)P. ligularis is reported to be growing better due to the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae Acaulospora foveata, A. longula and Glomus occultum, as well as in soil with endemic mycorrhizae, with the best growth due to A. longula (Rodriguez et al., 1995). Reproductive biologyP. is alogamous and will begin flowering about 9-10 months after planting and and days later, the fruit is ready for harvest (Bernal, 1988). Pollination is carried out by bumblebees (Epicharis), honey bees (Apis mellifera) and large wasp. Trigon bees are sporadically found. The flower opens only for 1 day, and pollen is not viable early in the morning or late at night. Manual pollination may be required with poor insect activity (Duarte and Paull, 2015). The top of the leaf page is eaten by the monkey leaf of Sunda Presbyte Island aigula on Java (Ruhiyat, 1983). Caterpillars Phaegoptera decrepidoides, Lyces fornax and Heliconius telesiphe (Lepidoptera) were also found feeding P. ligularis (EOL, 2015). In Colombia spear flies (Lonchaeidae) attack different parts of plants: Dasiops inedulis attack flowers and flower buds, and less common D. yepezi attack fruit (Santos Amaya et al., 2009; Wyckhuys et al., 2012; Carrero et al., 2013). Dasiops gracilis, D. dentatus and Neosilba batesi attack fruit, Dasiops curubae and Drosophila sp. nov. (D. flavopilosa group, Drosophilidae) attack flowers and flower buds, and four other Drosophila spp. attack flowers (D. floricola, D. sp. in the triputate group) and fruits (D. willistoni and D. busckii), at least from time to time (Wyckhuys et al., 2012). Nematodes Meloidogin Incognita, M. Javanica and M. Hapla are found in the rhizomes of P. ligularis (Tamayo, 2001; Munera Uribe, 2008; Rocha et al., 2013). Grey mold or rot Botrytis cinerea is responsible for almost 30% of the loss of production in Tungurahua province, Ecuador (Vega et al., 2013). Species of oidium and Ovulariopsis (powdered and white mold) have been reported on P. ligularis in Colombia (Tamayo et al., 1999; Tamayo and Pardo Cardona, 2000). Rhizopus stolonifer (black mold) affects the kidneys and flowers, and Cladosporium sp. (green mold or mold) affects the fruit (Tamayo and Bernal, 2001). Glomerella cingulata (anthracosis) was reported from sick fruit (Tamayo, 1992; Bravo et al., 1993). Nectria haematococca (secadera) is considered the most important disease of P. ligularis in Colombia, where it mainly kills seedlings. Pythium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. (damping) also affect seedlings as well as seeds (Tamayo et al., 1999). Phomopsis sp. causes leaf lesions, general chlorosis and premature leaf drop (Tamayo et al., 1999). The strain of the soy mosaic virus (SMV), known as purple leaf disease, damages the leaves, flowers and fruits of P. ligularis and other Passiflora species, reducing the commercial value of P. ligularis (Tamayo et al., 1999; Castillo et al., 2001). This disease transmitted by aphids is widespread in Colombia, where in some areas (Tamayo et al., 2000) the incidence of cultivated plants is up to 100%. At the top of the pageIn accordance with variable rules around (de) pesticide registration, your national list of registered pesticides or the body should be consulted to determine products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used legally, according to the product label. Manufacturers should be aware of the invasive potential of the plant, although it is unlikely that this will lead to effective containment. Physical control Of small plants can be pulled by hand; old must be dug up (PIER, 2015). Chemical control of chemical control can be achieved by applying folate spray or by cutting vines and treating them with broad-spectrum herbicides, including piclor and glyphosate. Biological Control In one study of biological control, 26% of the 70 seedlings died after vaccination, dipping roots in the controversial passion fruit suspension base of the rotting disease Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae (Gardner, 1992). 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