CONTENTS Volume 1 Number 1 September 1988 Biological bearings: our movable joints Robin Stockwell 2 Acid Rain: effects on plants and freshwater life John Lee 15 probes to the rescue? Andrew Read 21 Chemotaxis: how bacteria get their lunch. Hans Kornberg 27 Cell survival: control of catabolism and anabolism. Raymond Dils 30 Impact Chop and change Miranda Stevenson 8 Interface Gotcha! - The of fingerprints Bryan Sykes 18 Landmarks Magic bullets - Ehrlich's legacy Chris Pogson 12 Notebook Perplexed about pH? Bernard Brown 24 Prospects Opportunities knock 39 Spotlight Bracken - beauty or beast? Liz Sheffleld 36 Competition Make a membrane 14

Volume 1 Number 2 November 1988 Alligators and crocodiles Mark Ferguson 2 Krebs cycling for the enthusiast: the citric acid cycle David Weitzman 6 The human body clock: the ecology of time Jim Waterhouse & David Minors 14 The role of natural selection in evolution Arthur Cain 30 The secret life of chloroplasts Rachel Leech 34 Impact Fishing - man's last predatory activity? Port Erin Marine Laboratories 25 Interface La piece de resistance Ian Hutchinson 19 Landmarks Sexual dogma and the immortal Swede John Pickstone 38 Notebook Musings on measurement Bernard Brown 22 Prospects Slugging it out Rothamsted Experimental Station 10 Spotlight Escherichia coli - friend or foe? Jon Saunders 12 Competition A biological crossword 41 Book Review Understanding Biology for Advanced Level 41

Volume 1 Number 3 January 1989 Electric rhythm: rhythmic activity in nervous systems Catherine McCrohan 2 Pass the salt: the control of sodium by the mammalian kidney Roger Green 7 How to multiply by division: cell division Terry Allen 20 On your bike: diet, muscle and exercise David Watts 30 Retroviruses: cause and cure? Robin Weiss 38 Impact Chernobyl - the long shadow Brenda Howard & Nick Beresford 12 Interface The medicinal leech - can genetic engineering save it? Roy Sawyer 17 Landmarks The cosmos of the kitchen John Pickstone 26 Notebook Examination techniques Glenn Toole 15 Prospects Life in a haematology department Juliet Goddard 36 Spotlight Squid – the 'Concorde' of the seas Stephen Hunt 27 Competition Survival! 6 Book Reviews 29

Volume 1 Number 4 March 1989 Fixing nitrogen John Postgate 2 Brown fat: a biological furnace Nancy Rothwell 11 Passports and passengers: protein traffic in cells Colin Hopkins 18 Deep breathing: oxygen for diving mammals Jeff Thomas 30 ‘Muck an’ brass’: the sewage story Howard Pearson 35 Impact Tartan llamas? John Milne 9 Interface Irradiation - the new preserving agent? Geoffrey Campbell-Platt 25 Landmarks Selective weed control Louis Wain 23 Notebook Baffled by buffers? Bernard Brown 16 Prospects Tropical ... Jack-of-all-trades Hereward Corley 28 Spotlight Rice, rain and rats Elizabeth Cutter 6 Competition Photo quiz 15 Book Reviews 41

74 Volume 1 Number 5 May 1989 Drugs and sport: the mechanisms, effects and implications John Rees 2 The living lens: how the animal lens functions George Duncan 7 - 's accelerators Colin Wynn 16 Gene cloning for beginners: basic techniques and applications Dianne Gull 25 Roofs and ceilings: old and new aspects of photosynthesis David Walker 32 Impact Methane - a natural menace Peter Moore 12 Interface Biosensors - artificial sniffer dogs Pankaj Vadgama 36 Landmarks Charles Darwin and the jolly green giants John Hartshorne 29 Notebook Starts can stop you Bill Eldridge 40 Prospects All animals are equal Sue O'Callaghan and Geoff Little 14 Spotlight The housefly - still going strong Johannes Keiding 22 Competition Stepping off the treadmill 24 Book Review 21

Volume 2 Number 1 September 1989 Fertilisation: how sperm and egg get together Henry Leese 2 Out of sight, out of mind? disposal of waste in tidal waters Paul Read 10 Keeping the balance: glucose homeostasis Keith Frayn 16 'Dem bones,'dem bones! Structure and function of bone John Currey 25 Honeybees: workers rule OK? Mike Hounsome 33 Impact Insecticides and wildlife - the hazards Colin Walker 35 Interface Lead poisoning Tim Lee 30 Landmarks The bee's knees - biological EM Ron Butler 21 Notebook Muddled about moles? Bernard Brown 14 Prospects Biological scientists - spoiled for choice? Jacqueline Smithson 39 Spotlight Orchids - facts and fantasies Mike Earnshaw 7 Competition Food for thought 40

Volume 2 Number 2 November 1989 Love-songs and : behaviour at the molecular level Charalambos Kyriacou 2 Inside for life: bacteria in the gut Roy Fuller & Gerald Tannock 9 Bitter - or better - harvests? how to have your fish and eat it! Michael Begon 15 Getting the message: how animal cells communicate Chris Kirk 20 Bbeer, bread and : yeast Steve Oliver 30 Impact Ozone - too much or too little? Alan Wellburn 27 Interface Food from fungus Tony Trinci 12 Landmarks From plant to cell - and back again Keith Fuller 36 Notebook Working your way along words Bernard Brown 25 Prospects Plant protection people ICI Agrochemicals 19 Spotlight Amoebae Johanna Laybourn-Parry 6 Competition Crossword puzzle 24 Book Reviews 39

Volume 2 Number 3 January 1990 The sunshine vitamin: how sunshine forms vitamin D Barbara Mawer 2 Variations on a protein theme Peter Campbell 15 Plants fight back! Chemical defence mechanisms in plants Louis Wain 23 The seeds of success: successful germination Cliff Bray 31 Run for your life: coronary disease - causes and risks Peter Carson 35 Impact Growing deserts Terry Callaghan & David Lindley 11 Interface Rabbits or cells? Richard Kemp 20 Landmarks Antibiotics: magic bullets and enchanted rings Trevor Franklin 26 Prospects Have you thought of industrial research? Walter Gibson 28 Spotlight Earthworms -'intestines of the Earth' Trevor Piearce 8 Competition Photo quiz 40

75 Volume 2 Number 4 March 1990 The fast whites and the slower reds: skeletal muscle David Jones 2 The spice of life: products from plants Mike Yeoman 9 Clot! The process of blood clotting Duncan Pepper 12 Saving water! The action of anti-diuretic hormone Eugenia Farrar & Richard Balment 21 Salt in the rice? Cereals for the future Tim Flowers 27 Impact The barn owl - conservation in practice John Fisher 6 Interface Blood will tell William Potts 25 Landmarks Nuclear magnetic resonance Jill Barber 35 Notebook The wonderful water molecule Bernard Brown 18 Prospects help water work Roger Sweeting 40 Spotlight Echinoderms - symmetrical and successful David Nichols 32 Competition Design a poster 17

Volume 2 Number 5 May 1990 Modern-day Mendel: problem-solving in genetics John Hartshorne 2 Plants bite back! Flesh-eating plants Paul Simons 7 Microtubules: the cell's most dynamic organelles? Keith Gull 18 Holy smoke! Smoke damage in the lungs Teresa Tetley 24 On the rocks: Projects with snails on rocky seashores John Crothers 30 Impact Underwater foul play Len Evans 35 Landmarks Transgenics - animals with changed Paul Sharpe 5 Notebook Projects - working like a scientist Chris Gayford 14 Prospects She who must be obeyed! - A beginner's guide to dietetics Amanda Pattison 23 Spotlight Archaeopteryx - the fascinating fossil Derek Yalden 11 Competition 'Greens' see red over 'blues' 39 Index to Volume 1 40 Index to Volume 2 41

Volume 3 Number 1 September 1990 Science in space: biology in zero gravity David Moore 4 Simplicity and survival: land ecosystems of the Antarctic David Walton 7 All the better to hear you with! Ear for music - or deafness? Ted Evans 16 Life in freshwater: projects for rivers, streams, ponds & lakes Simon Perry 25 The natural way to be both fat and fit: can humans be both? Caroline Pond 36 Biotechnology Biotechnology - beneficial and exciting Paul Wymer 40 Interface From muscle to meat Allen Bailey 12 Landmarks Chemiosmotic coupling Ian West 21 Prospects The other careers in medicine John Thurman 2 Spotlight Beautiful bryophytes Fred Rumsey 32 Competition The UCCA dilemma 23

Volume 3 Number 2 November 1990 Skin deep Fiona Watt 2 Viruses: protein-wrapped genes doing a takeover! Ann Mostratos 6 The menstrual cycle: preparing the uterus for a fertilised egg John Aplin 13 Lysosomes: the cell's recycling plant John Lloyd 21 Stealing the sap: parasitic plants rob their hosts Malcolm Press 35 Biotechnology The bugs in food aren't all bad! Mike Gasson 38 Impact The conservation paradox Nigel Leader-Williams 27 Interface Substitutes for human blood William Odling-Smee 25 Notebook The best data need the best presentation Mandy North & Bill Bailey 17 Prospects Feeding time! Simon Robbins 11 Spotlight Escargots and chips! Maria Lazaridou-Dimitriadou 30 Competition Give us a clue! 40 Book Reviews 41

76 Volume 3 Number 3 January 1991 Sources and sinks: the carbon cycle Peter Moore 2 The : familiar facts and fascinating features TerryAllen 15 How does your garden grow? Auxin Malcolm Wilkins 22 Fluoride - help or hindrance? Graham Embery & Rachel Hall 26 Aphids: an ideal model for studying population dynamics Stephen Wratten 35 Impact Batless belfries Richard Shore 30 Interface Human brain waves Fred Cody 11 Landmarks Ironing out the wrinkles Alison Smith 33 Notebook Energy for life Bernard Brown 40 Prospects Part 1: Wide-ranging skills Richard Gregory 6 Prospects Part 2: 'Well I count puffins ... !' Kevin Rideout 6 Spotlight Taking silk John Dalingwater 9 Competition Photo quiz 23

Volumber 3 Number 4 March 1991 How do crops know when to flower? Daylength and temperature Eric Roberts 2 What’s new in the treatment of aids? Sally Trew 15 Better safe than sorry: the design and strength of bones R McNeill Alexander 23 Where two are better than one: the marvels of mutualism Roy Watling 30 A question of timing: effective digestion Keith Burdett 37 Biotechnology Ingenious implants Paul Kemp 34 Impact Aluminium - the 'new' pollutant Keith White 27 Interface Diarrhoea - the inside story! Leslie Tumberg 19 Prospects Running hot and cold at the Institute of Naval Medicine Adrian Allsopp 25 Spotlight Kelp - underwater forests Sue Hiscock 7 Techniques Chromatography - the separation game! Keith Elliott 12 Mini-stories Competition 41 Book Reviews 41

Volume 3 Number 5 May 1991 Atmospheric pollution and plant-feeding insects John Whittaker 2 Harvesting the sun: how chloroplasts photosynthesise Rachel Leech 13 The oxygen cycle John Raven 19 Respiration: the evolutionary story Martin Connock 29 Out of balance: Diabetes mellitus, a disorder of metabolism Keith Frayn 37 Biotechnology Bacterial biomass - as food! David Dawson 34 Impact Where river meets sea Michael Kendall 10 Interface Blood transfusion - minimising the risks John Barbara 25 Notebook The wonderful law of logarithms Bernard Brown 17 Prospects Public attention to public health Nick Saunders 23 Spotlight The ant - farmer, forager, slaver, slayer Gary Skinner 7 Index to Volume 3 42

Volume 4 Number 1 September 1991 Population ecology of birds Jeremy Greenwood 2 A cloistered existence: life in a plant cell wall Stephen Fry 8 Keeping our genes patched up Alan Lehmann 12 The fight against cancer Walter Bodmer 22 Perfect plants for projects Richard Price 32 Impact Organic farming in the Roger Unwin 28 Landmarks Beta-blockers Trevor Franklin 19 Notebook Logarithms and life Bernard Brown 26 Prospects A career as a science teacher Dianne Gull 17 Spotlight Of lice and men James Busvine 37 Techniques Centrifugation Ed Wood 15 Competition Photo-competition 7 Media Reviews 41

77 Volume 4 Number 2 November 1991 The nitrogen cycle: some new turns Janet Sprent 2 Vitamin C: the chameleon of the vitamins Chris Bates 11 The golgi apparatus: the distribution centre of the cell Graham Warren 21 Pollutants and the plant surface Simon Caporn and Martin Barker 27 Lipoproteins: lipid transporters of the blood Peter Mayes 37 Impact Biodegradable microbial plastics Alistair Anderson 35 Interface Creature comforts - enriching environments of captive animals Trevor Poole & Helen Dealy 7 Landmarks DNA unravelled Terry Brown 25 Prospects Fit for sale? Elisabeth Johnson-Proctor 15 Spotlight The hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) Pat Morris 31 Techniques Dialysis - slipping through the net! Bernard Brown 15 Competition The evolution tree 20

Volume 4 Number 3 January 1992 Roundworm round-up: human parasitic nematodes David Storey 2 Hydroponics: growing plants without soil Peter Newton 12 The mammalian embryo Marilyn Monk 18 Acting on impulse Cathy McCrohan 26 Mitochondria: power stations of the cell Harold Baum 38 Biotechnology Algal biotechnology Peter Robinson 29 Impact In the soup! - problems with algae Irene Ridge 35 Interface More than skin deep - cosmetics to therapeutics - liposomes Malcolm Jones 32 Prospects Careers in Groundwork Nigel Stone 16 Spotlight Gingers Sean Edwards 7 Techniques Cloning in a test-tube: the polymerase chain reaction Bryan Sykes 23 Crossword 11

Volume 4 Number 4 March 1992 Insulin and diabetes Alan J. Dickson 2 Plants that make their own insecticide Terry Brown 8 Cystic fibrosis: population genetics in action Andrew Read 18 Meiosis and mammalian gamete formation Terry G. Baker 24 Beginnings: a journey to the dawn of animal life Simon Conway Morris 31 Impact Farming and wildlife: friends or foes? Andrew Fairey 12 Interface What a load of rot! John Mills 6 Notebook What was the question again? Mike Ingle 40 Prospects Physiotherapy - a hands-on profession Gillian Burgess 16 Spotlight Tortoises Andy Highfield 28 Techniques Isotopes as tracers Kathleen Rowsell 21 Photo Competition 39 Book Review 15

Volume 4 Number 5 May 1992 How are proteins made? Neil J. Bulleid 2 Species and speciation David Duthie 8 Homeostasis: the balance of nature Hugh Garland 12 Investigating woodlands Gordon Blower 31 Parasites and immunity:the tricks of the trade Richard Grencis 37 Impact Chernobyl: six years after Brenda Howard & Nick Beresford 17 Interface Ice cream and fish antifreeze proteins Andy Joiner and Chris Holt 5 Notebook Computers in biology and medicine Rob Strettle 20 Prospects Con(e)fessions of a tree seed testa (tester) Peter Gosling 28 Spotlight Rots and wilts: the Fusarium fungus and crop diseases John Calhoun 22 Techniques Aseptic technique Harry Epton 25 Book Reviews 27 Index to Volume 4 41

78 Volume 5 Number l September l992 It takes guts to be an animal Martin Connock 2 The wound response: how plant cells signal when damaged Dianna Bowles 27 Survival of the best: optimal design in organisms Roland Ennos 30 Bridging the gap: communicating across the synapse Jonathan M. Brotchie 35 Cloning genes Terry Brown 17 Biotech Sweeter than sugar Chris Bucke 22 Impact Release of genetically engineered organisms Stuart Glover 25 Interface Replacement arteries Paul Hewson 10 Notebook Cracking up or breaking down? Dianne Gull 20 Prospects 'Hello, Path Lab here...' Paul Maylor 40 Spotlight Rafflesia - the world's largest flower Paul Simons 7 Competition 'Re-design the Review' 9 Book Reviews 13 Setting the Facts Straight 39

Volume 5 Number 2 November l992 Proton pumps in plants Lorraine Williams and John Hall 2 The new genetics Paul Nurse 15 The liver in health and disease Christopher Babbs 18 Stress management Cary L. Cooper 27 Soil lives! Martin Wood 30 Biotech Erythropoietin: biotechnology in action Bill Airey 38 Interface Streptococcus mutans and tooth decay Pauline Handley 12 Notebook Energetics of life Paul O'Shea 25 Prospects Sowing the seeds Toby Sisson 36 Spotlight Sharks! Philip Vas 7 Techniques Charged molecules on the move Dave Milsom 39 Crossword 26 Book Review 41

Volume 5 Number 3 January l993 Mucus John Sheehan 2 The kidneys' balancing act Chris Lote 20 The pituitary gland and homeostasis Ewan Griffiths 25 Brain disease and ageing John Mayer 28 Micropropagation Carlo Leifert, Erica Clark & Catherine Rothery 31 Interface Whole-cell biosensors - bacterial canaries David Rawson 35 Biotech Brewing Harry Epton 10 Notebook So you want to go to university? Colin Wynn 23 Prospects The beer necessities Marc Gillham 17 Spotlight House dust mites, asthma and allergy Matthew Colloff 38 Techniques Computer-assisted molecular modelling Tony Thomas and Bernard Brown 7 Competition 'Make us laugh' 6 Reviews 41

Volume 5 Number 4 March l993 Vitamin A George A.I. Pitt 2 Proteins that digest proteins David Buttle & C. Graham Knight 10 Glucose polymers Susan Wells & Pauline Lowrie 16 More than one way to photosynthesise Alyson Tobin & David Whitehouse 30 If only Mendel had owned a cat! Ian Gill 35 Biotech Mushroom production David Wood 26 Interface Putting cells in their place Martin I. Humphries 7 Landmarks Abzymes and ribozymes - new kinds of Paul Wymer 40 Prospects The pleasures and pains of publishing Helen Plows 14 Spotlight From egg to fly David Ish-Horowicz 28 Techniques Environmental scanning electron microscopy Antony D'Emanuele 23 Photocompetition 6

79 Volume 5 Number 5 May 1993 The human project Liz Evans ..2 The immune system Basiro Davey 15 Cholesterol Richard Bruckdorfer 20 Energy changes in living organisms John Anderson 26 Jungle warfare or russian roulette? Nick Brown 30 Biotech Enzymes at work - the commercial uses of biocatalysts Peter Cheetham 34 Impact Death of a lake Georges Dussart, Jo Robertson and John Bramley 8 Interface Fractures and fertility in females Barry Thorp and Sandra Wilson 11 Notebook How to be fearless with figures! (Part 1) Pam Merrick 24 Prospects Biochemical production horseradish roots, pots and pans Tim Harry 6 Spotlight The mouse Ian Jackson 39 Book Review 40 Index to Volume 5 41

Volume 6 Number 1 September 1993 Is biggest best? Michael Reiss 2 Diving for a living Pat Butler 6 Iron Beatrice Gorinsky 16 Gene therapy Andrew Read 22 Lipocalins Anthony North 31 Impact Rhododendron - space invader Anne GreatRex 25 Interface Oil pollution in the Gulf - nature hits back Naser Sorkhoh 28 Molecule ATP-the 'high-energy' compound that isn't Chris Gayford 12 Prospects A testing time in sports science Dave Reddin 20 Spotlight Maggots and murder John Kennaugh 38 Techniques Light from cancer cells Bernard Brown and Frank Steven 36 Competition Substitutions 15 Reviews 41

Volume 6 Number 2 November 1993 Nutrition for sport Ian Macdonald 2 Goitres and glaciers John Chapman and Ian Grant 14 Enzymes - fast and flexible Dianne Gull and Bernard Brown 26 Giant jumps of little animals Glyn Evans 30 Fossil leaf historians David Beerling 34 Biotech Thermophilic bacteria Trevor Marks 38 Impact Squirrel dynamics Derek W. Yalden 11 Molecule Human serum albumin Alan Quirk 40 Prospects Farming for food production Wynne Jones 18 Spotlight Beadlet sea anemones Mike Carter 7 Techniques Antibodies Anne White 20 Reviews 25

Volume 6 Number 3 January 1994 Cilia Hugh Jones 2 Evolution in pastryland John Allen 7 Haemoglobin Bernard Brown and Dianne Gull 14 From plants to paper Christopher P Wilkins 30 Of babies, boots and booze David Ferguson 35 Biotech Flour milling Graham Brown 11 Impact Salmon farms and the environment Peter Maitland 22 Interface Farmed snails Alan Gardner 39 Prospects Ecologist at work Ralph Tomlinson 25 Spotlight Trypanosomes Derrick Robinson 27 Techniques Ecological sampling Gareth Williams 19

80 Volume 6 Number 4 March 1994 Embryo implantation Jim Bee 2 Runners and railway engines Neil Spurway 11 Biological membranes David Milsom 16 Why do we age? Alan Hipkiss 26 Collagen Karl Kadler 35 Impact Birds, bugs and botany William Wilkinson 33 Interface Biological control James Coupland 7 Notebook How to be fearless with figures! (Part 2 - perfect proportions) Pam Merrick 38 Prospects Prosthetics and orthotics - the secret professions! Shirley Cox-Christie 24 Spotlight Honeybees Josef Stark 14 Techniques Tracking genetically engineered microorganisms Jim Prosser 30 Photocompetition 23

Volume 6 Number 5 May 1994 The control of gene expression Sandy McLennan 2 The pond as an aquatic ecosystem Marjorie Guthrie 6 Genetically engineered plant oils Denis Murphy 16 Behavioural development of the domestic cat John Bradshaw 26 Spaces inside plants John Raven 30 Impact The British crayfish- a threatened species? David Holdich 12 Interface Drugs used in cancer treatment Alan McGown 14 Molecule The dark side of vitamins George Pitt 36 Notebook It's all Greek to me David McLarnon 20 Prospects 'My big toe hurts - a lot!' Joy Dale 22 Techniques Respiratory quotient Rod Little 24 Index to Volume 6 41

Volume 7 Number 1 September 1994 Lactation Sophia Fox 2 Sex in the swamps Anne-Marie Coriat, Mark Barnett & Sebastian Shimeld 7 Sucrose and starch Tom ap Rees 13 Surface epithelial tissue Christopher Potten 23 Do you take sugar? Allan G. Lowe 28 Interface Growth factors Peter Evans 18 Molecule Aspirin Hedley Shirley 38 Notebook How to write biological essays Mike Boyle 40 Prospects Crops for the future Simon Draper 32 Spotlight Southern bigfeet Derek Yalden 10 Techniques Electrophoresis Paul Maylor 35

Volume 7 Number 2 November 1994 Platelets, clots and thrombosis Robert Wallis 2 Moderating fertility Olivia Judson 10 Soil management Geoff Hayward 16 Cytokines Fran Balkwill 23 Animals in action John Cheverton 31 Biotech Modelling microorganisms with computers CarlSchaschke 28 Interface Choosing the sex of your cattle David Cran 36 Molecule Galactose Victor Schwarz 19 Prospects Life as a patent agent Jamie Allan 14 Spotlight Blood-sucking insects Mike Lehane 7 Techniques The BOD test for water purity David Nelson 39

81 Volume 7 Number 3 January 1995 How bacteria cause disease Harry Smith 2 Insecticidal nematodes Mike Wilson 7 Doc, it's me circulation Tony Freemont 19 Determinedly male Keith Dudley 28 Plant breeding Norman Simmonds 32 Biotech Pharmaceuticals from transgenic sheep Bruce Whitelaw 25 Interface Leukaemia and ionising radiation Sarah Darby & Eve Roman 11 Notebook Osmosis and water retention in plants Hilary Laver 14 Prospects Health visiting - a friend dropping in? Gail James 23 Spotlight Candida albicans – an opportunist among fungi Richard Barton 35 Techniques Membrane patch clamping Anthony Wareham 38

Volume 7 Number 4 March 1995 Measuring time with a biological clock Elfed Morgan 2 Symbiosis - mutual benefit or exploitation? Angela Douglas 8 Human health and disease - a radical look Barry Halliwell 21 HIV andAIDS David W Denning 30 Modern genetics Claire Pickering & John Beringer 34 Biotech Immortal cells and cancer Caroline MacDonald 6 Interface Turfgrass science Bill Adams 12 Molecule Metabolism and toxicity of ethanol Timothy I. Peters 16 Notebook Biological statistics (part 1) Wilbert Garvin 38 Prospects Careers in dentistry Helen Owen 26 Spotlight The piddock Jan & Robert Knight 28 Photocompetition 15

Volume 7 Number 5 May 1995 What the nose knows Steve Van Toller 2 Water, water everywhere Alastair Fitter 6 A breath of fresh air Clive Page & John Moxham 22 Protein structure Andy Brass 28 How climate affects plant distribution Tim Rich 34 Biotech Biotechnology of the potato Amar Kumar and Brian Forster 31 Interface Maggots and wound healing John Kennaugh 26 Molecule Caffeine - our daily drink Alan Dickson 19 Prospects Seeking tomorrow's medicine Penny Boyland 14 Spotlight Listeria – chiller killer? Gail James 10 Techniques Genetic profiling in forensic science Peter Martin 38

Volume 8 Number 1 September 1995 Pacemakers - natural and artificial Allister Grant 2 Biology of sea turtles John Davenport 6 Cracking the genetic code Donna Wilcox &Mike Grant 14 Lactic acid Tony Trowbridge 20 Connective tissues Doreen Ashhurst 27 Biotech Vaccine production in plants George Lomonossoff 31 Impact Oestrogenic chemicals in rivers and streams John Sumpter 12 Notebook How to be fearless with figures! (Part 3 - Means to an end) Pam Merrick 39 Prospects Lecturing - a university challenge Bernard Brown 25 Spotlight Vampires Derek Yalden 37 Techniques Preparing microscope slides John Kennaugh 34

82 Volume 8 Number 2 November 1995 Tuberculosis Sean I. G. Kavanagh and David W Denning 2 Snake venom and muscle paralysis Victor Schwarz 7 Queen Victoria's gene Bill Potts 18 All the better to see you with Janet Marsden 30 Nitrogen in plant cells Tony Miller 34 Impact Roads to ruin? Ralph Tomlinson 38 Biotech Growth hormones Adrian Britt 15 Notebook pH and buffers Allan Lowe 24 Prospects 'What's happened to my UCAS form? John Dalingwater 22 Spotlight Otters Charles Heap 12 Techniques Ultrasound and its uses in medicine Gordon Hosker 27

Volume 8 Number 3 January 1996 The physiology of muscle Chris Fry 2 Disease-resistant roses John Mottley 11 Making eyes Veronica van Heyningen 14 How mitochondria respond to hormones Jim McCormack 21 Biological taxonomy Max Walters 34 Biotech Food biotechnology Liam and Katherine O'Hare 25 Impact Japanese knotweed - a cultivated coloniser Max Wade, Lois Child and Naoki Adachi 31 Molecule Chlorophyll Richard Gregory 28 Notebook Water Allan Lowe 38 Prospects Speech therapy Barbara McLennan 17 Techniques Forensic analysis of mitochondrial DNA Gillian Tully 7

Volume 8 Number 4 March 1996 painting Mike Leggett 2 No visible means of support Clive Lloyd 6 Mountaineering Peter W Barry 19 Synapses Cathy McCrohan 26 Human evolution Paul Arnold 30 Impact Alien flatworms Hugh Jones 11 Interface Bird strikes - managing the hazard Callum Thomas 39 Molecule Ozone - a danger to health Anoop Chauhan 16 Notebook Writing skills Bernard Lamb 14 Prospects Research students Sheila Francis 24 Spotlight Hydra Alan McCormick 36

Volume 8 Number 5 May 1996 Understanding division Dianne Gull 2 Isolation on islands Laurence Cook 7 Lake enrichment and Windermere charr Malcolm Elliott & Colin Reynolds 17 Nitrogen excretion in animals Neil Hazon 27 Quillwort quirks Robbin C Moran 32 Biotech Fungi in fermenters Geoffrey Robson 35 Impact The earthworm and the farmer Johanna Hlirst 12 Molecule Nitric oxide - NO can do! Richard Bruckdorfer 38 Notebook Ecological projects Phil Bradfield 24 Prospects Science technician - discoverer or dogsbody? Paul Warr 21 Techniques High performance liquid chromatography Paul Maylor 15 Index Volume 8 41

83 Volume 9 Number 1 September 1996 Countercurrent exchange mechanisms John Davenport 2 Sex in bacteria? Pat M. Goodwin 10 Fats of the land Louise Allen 17 Acne Bill Cunliffe 29 Death in the brain Nancy I. Rothwell 36 Biotech A future for plastic plants? Simon Turner 7 Spotlight The guppy Peter Burgess 14 Molecule Uric acid - life-saver and liability Bernard Brown 22 Impact Water pollution monitoring Cory Jones 25 Interface DNA fingerprinting of birds of prey David Parkin 33 Prospects Metrology - what's that? Bett Barrett 40

Volume 9 Number 2 November 1996 Life in extremes Rob Robson 2 Opening a global window: carbon cycling in the atmosphere Peter D. Moore 10 Water channels in the cell membrane Martin Steward 18 Genetics and health: a family affair Martin Richards 26 Don't blame the metabolism Andrew Prentice 33 Techniques Antibodies to detect predators and their prey Bill Symondson 7 Spotlight The naked mole rat - an insect-like mammal Chris Faulkes 15 Biotech Transgenic pigs - human organ factories? Emanuele Cozzi and David White 23 Molecule Glycoproteins Tony Merry 30 Interface Getting from A to B Carole Paley 37 Prospects The biology subject librarian Nigel Kimber 40

Volume 9 Number 3 January 1997 Suicidal tendencies of animal cells Catherine Waters 2 Yeast: from genetic analysis to genome sequence Mick F. Tuite 10 A new look at dietary carbohydrates John Cummings 16 The pancreas: an enzyme factory Maynard Case and Dianne Gull 24 Why don't plants wear sunhats? Giles Johnson 32 Notebook Biological statistics - part 2 Wilbert Garvin 7 Prospects Crop protection people Steve Dale 14 Interface Zoos - the modern Noah's Ark Caroline Lees 21 Techniques Insect pheromones and crop protection Andy Evans 29 Molecule Keratin Michael Philpott 36 Spotlight Woodlice David Bilton 39

Volume 9 Number 4 March 1997

Globins, genes and globinopathies Mike Grant 2 Ecosystems: energy spendthrifts, nutrient misers Cory Jones 9 A jab in time Peter Beverley 17 The ribosome as an RNA enzyme Michael Cannon 24 Air pollution and asthma Peter Barnes 32 Techniques Endoscopy - the inside story Allister Grant 6 Notebook Biological statistics - part 3 Wilbert Garvin 15 Spotlight Wild garlic James Napier 21 Interface Contact lenses and corneal physiology Nathan Efron 29 Molecule Glutamine Kathleen Rowsell 38 Prospects From immunology to Tomorrow's World Carl Schaschke & Julie Clayton 40

84 Volume 9 Number 5 May 1997 Soil animals: the missing link Richard Bardgett 2 Blood group antigens: human genetic diversity at the molecular level Mike Tanner 10 Global warming and the Arctic Terry Callaghan 18 Eating disorders: myths and misconceptions Pat Hartley 25 Taxonomy: the naming game revisited Dave Roberts 31 Biotech Filamentous fungi as cellular factories David Archer 7 Techniques Blood pressure Emma Baker 14 Impact The genetic threat of farmed salmon Tom Cross 22 Prospects Biomedical research David Harnden 28 Interface The worm in the root! Howard Atkinson 36 Molecule Sweet molecules Gordon Birch 39

Volume 10 Number 1 September 1997 Genetically engineered bacteria Christopher Thomas 2 A user’s guide to the Carbon cycle Duncan Hull 10 Obesity: a weighty problem Keith Frayn 17 An aspirin a day David I. Pacini 25 The biology of milk Isabel Forsyth 32 Impact The dangers of sunlight Alyson Tobin 7 Interface Smoking Anne Charlton 14 Molecule Melatonin - hormone of darkness David Minors 39 Notebook Of hydrogen bondage Bernard Brown 36 Prospects Diagnostic radiography Gillian Crofts 30 Techniques ECGs - getting to the heart of the matter Howard Marshall 21

Volume 10 Number 2 November 1997 The little nitrogen factories Robbin C Moran 2 Of mice and men: studies of molecular evolution John Brookfield 10 Plantsand climate change Amanda Bamford 18 Click here: biology on the Internet Peter Redfern and Rob Beattie 26 Getting to grips with hand development Gillian A. Wallis 33 Biotech Insulin from yeast Thomas Kjeldsen and Asser S. Andersen 30 Impact Skylarks in decline Mike Everett 7 Interface Decaff Alan Crozier 40 Molecule Pyrethroid insecticides Keith Chamberlain 23 Notebook Why life chose carbon Lucy Banham and Bernard Brown 15 Prospects Careers in science communication Dianne Stilwell 38

Volume 10 Number 3 January 1998 Fast tissue culture Mark Hanley-Browne 2 Fragile X syndrome Angela Flannery 12 The biology of ageing Gordon I. Lithgow 18 A future for the forest? Steve Howard 25 AIDS update Alan J. Cann 33 Impact Escherichia coli Ol57 Carol Phillips 9 Interface Hair growth and balding Mike Philpott 37 Molecule Paracetamol - painkiller turned killer John Emsley 15 Notebook Glucose catabolism Jack Salway 22 Prospects Veterinary medicine Andrew Burdett 31 Spotlight Helicobacter pylori and stomach ulcers Nicky High 40

85 Volume 10 Number 4 March 1998 Gene therapy: genes as medicines Julian Hanak 2 Whooping cough: down but not out Ruth Matthews 11 Insect life histories Richard Askew 18 An A-level biologist's guide to the World Wide Web Pete Spark 26 Protein folding and protein folding diseases Chris Smith 32 Impact Reds vs greys - squirrel competition Jenny Bryce 30 Interface Chronic myeloid leukaemia Norman Allen 40 Molecule DNA polymerase - keeping you cloned J. Julian Blow 15 Prospects A career in prosthetics and orthotics Glyn Heath 38 Spotlight Salmonella Patricia Watson 6 Techniques Fieldwork sampling – animals Cory Jones 23

Volume 10 Number 5 May 1998 Mating and sperm competition Tim Birkhead 2 The biological aspects of Down’s syndrome Susan Dewhurst 11 Restoration ecology John Handley 18 Meningitis Simon Kroll 26 Predator-prey relationships Alan G. Clamp 31 Biotech Enzymes -'catalytic converters' Don Blenford 29 Interface Facial reconstruction Richard Neave 16 Molecule Prions Frank Owen 38 Prospects Occupational therapy Jackie Taylor 36 Spotlight The European swift Jane Pickering 23 Techniques Fieldwork sampling – plants Cory Jones 6 Index to Volume 10 41

Volume 11 Number 1 September 1998 Dinosaur DNA? Terry Brown 2 Gas laws David E. Evans 14 Tails of love and war Andre Gilburn and Melanie Hunt 30 What is cancer? Fran Balkwill 38 Bioethics Biotechnology in the dairy Ben Mepham 24 Biotech Tissue engineering Paul Kemp 11 Impact Life and death in the compost heap Jeremy Burgess 20 Interface Fungal infections Ruth Ashbee and Glyn Evans 27 Molecule Urea - a three-star molecule Bernard Brown 34 Prospects Life as a medical student Sarah Honess 36 Spotlight Sheep ticks and human disease Tracey Mawby 6 What is ... ? PCR (polymerase chain reaction) Bernard Brown 18

Volume 11 Number 2 November 1998 Red blood cells David Milsom 2 Dance of the Wendy Bickmore 11 Electric fish: animals with a sixth sense Gunther Zupanc & Jonathan Banks 23 Brief lives in big cities Laurence Cook 32 Bioethics Menopause - the end of fertility? John Bastin 15 Biotech Gamma-linolenic acid Olga Sayanova 19 Interface Skeletal muscle - is bigger always better? Joanne Mills 36 Molecule Telomerase - secret of a long life? Bernard Brown 28 Notebook Doctor-scientist communication Julian Davis 40 Spotlight The greater horseshoe bat Roger D. Ransome 5 What is ... ? ELISA Bernard Brown 30

86 Volume 11 Number 3 January 1999 An RNA world Peter Stockley 2 Butterflies or bitterflies? Jonathan Hughes 18 Prenatal diagnosis Bill Newman 29 Out of control: unlocking the genetic secrets of cancer Jane Itzhaki 36 Bioethics Human cloning Ruth Chadwick 7 Biotech Lactic acid bacteria Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council 10 Interface Bioremediation Angela Jones 22 Notebook DNA in a spin Bernard Brown 15 Prospects Physiotherapy Dawn Edge 40 Spotlight Lampreys and biomedical research John Youson 25 What is ... ? Antibodies Bernard Brown 34

Volume 11 Number 4 March 1999 To divide or not to divide? Paul Nurse 2 Ancient DNA and the Russian tsars Keri Brown 10 Biodiversity and ecosystems Richard Bardgett 18 The Autonomic Nervous System David J. Pacini 30 Bioethics Human cloning - why ban it? John Harris 8 Biotech Microbial proteins working for man Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council 6 Images of Biology Viewing the living brain in three dimensions 37 Impact Antler moths Malcolm Edmunds 28 Interface Poultry farming Barry Hughes and Bryan Jones 14 Prospects Feet first Mike Ingle 26 Techniques Cervical smear testing Mina Desai 38 What is ... ? Knockout mouse David Ray 24

Volume 11 Number 5 May 1999 Microorganisms in agriculture Peter Chenn 2 Exams examined Mike Bailey 14 Computers, DNA and evolution Paul Higgs 24 Vital vitamins Carl Schaschke 32 Biotech Plants you can't eat Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council 39 Images of Biology Strawberry pips - seeds or fruit? 42 Impact Good companions Caroline Graham 11 Interface Contraception in deer Rory Putman 21 Molecule Antibiotics Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council 18 Spotlight The ecology of newt populations Richard Griffiths 6 Techniques Hens that lay golden eggs? Helen Sang 36 Upgrade Effective revision Bill Indge 30 Index to Volume 11 41

Volume 12 Number 1 September 1999 Starch: not so sticky! Brenda Winning & Steven Smith 2 Xenotransplants Ian Hutchinson 14 Sexually transmitted infections Stephen Higgins 22 Lymphocytes: the heart of the immune system Allister Grant 32 Biotech Finding and improving antibiotics Jeremy Cherfas 36 Bioethics The end of life Robin Downie 39 Images of Biology Industrial application of gene transfer 42 Interface Broccoli ... and super broccoli Richard Mithen 18 Molecule Serotonin - the brain's mood modulator Guy Kennett 28 Spotlight Dictyostelium - the super-model! Jeff Williams 11 Upgrade Why is ecology so difficult? Bill Indge 6 What is ... ? Antisense technology Bernard Brown 26

87 Volume 12 Number 2 November 1999 The evolution of infectious diseases Alan Clamp 2 From warts to cancer Margaret Stanley 8 Does carbo-loading work? Clyde Williams 22 Save those woods! Chris Terrell-Nield 31 Bioethics The ethics of xenotransplantation Ian Hutchinson 36 Biotech Proteins under pressure CarI Schaschke 25 Images of biology Colour coding 42 Impact Antibiotic resistance Jeremy Cherfas 28 Interface Animal diets Jim McNab 16 Molecule Thyroxine Graham Williams 19 Spotlight The maidenhair tree Fiona Cotter and Liz Sheffield 13 Upgrade Following instructions Bill Indge 39 What is ... ? A receptor Melissa Westwood 6

Volume 12 Number 3 January 2000 Genetically modified plants Nigel G. Halford 2 Science centres in tomorrow's museums Susan Bulleid 14 Why are boneslike skis? Richard Bonser 25 New cells for old brains Gunther Zupanc 28 Images of Biology Ciliates 42 Impact For peat's sake Bill Carlile 19 Interface Reedbeds Caroline Graham 8 Molecule Creatine - performance enhancer Joseph Clark 23 Prospects The Natural History Museum Lucy Harris 35 Spotlight Mammoths Derek Yalden 39 Upgrade A few words Bill Indge 12 What is … ? A Pacinian corpuscle Bill Bailey 33

Volume 12 Number 4 March 2000 The placenta John Aplin 2 Sending plants round the bend Carol Wagstaff 14 Growth hormone: the elixir of youth? Steve Shalet 26 The ecological niche Ralph Tomlinson 31 Bioethics Genetic screening - controlling the future Sheila McLean 36 Images of biology An open-and-shut case 42 Impact Town rats Gai Murphy 39 Interface Genes by mouth Bernard Brown 11 Molecule Tyrosine Heather McPherson 29 Prospects Environment Agency Ecologist Karen Williams 23 Spotlight How many mammals in Britain? Derek Yalden 18 Upgrade Dealing with data Bill Indge 6

Volume 12 Number 5 May 2000 Homeostasis Nancy Rothwell 2 Maple syrup urine disease Charlotte Phillips 15 Gene structure and expression Richard Reece 22 Make a move: how the brain controls our movements Jonathan Brotchie 28 Bioethics Embryos and genetic testing Janice Wood-Harper 6 Biotech Enzyme technology Giles Denny 26 Images of biology Confocal laser-microscopy 42 Interface Minerals and bioavailability Linda Harvey and Susan Fairweather-Tait 38 Molecule Salt - the origin of hypertension Hugh de Wardener 35 Prospects Science journalism Edwin Colyer 33 Techniques Blood pressure Desmond Fitzgerald 9 Upgrade An examiner’s ABC of physiology Bill Indge 18 Index toVolume 12 41

88 Volume 13 Number 1 September 2000 A fair exchange: tissue fluid formation and reabsorption Dianne Gull 2 High tension: cell specialisation and transport in plants Simon Turner 14 Glycogen storage disease Ed Wraith 22 Platelets: vital elements in haemostasis Richard Farndale 32 Biotech The shellfish gene Simon McQueen-Mason 19 Images of Biology The grass is always greener… 42 Impact Ethanol: Brazils green fuel Carl Schaschke 27 Interface Designing a sports drink Ron Maughan 11 Prospects Life as a junior hospital doctor Nik Johnson 39 Techniques Light microscopy Ron Butler 36 Upgrade AS: a word at the start Bill Indge 6 What is … ? Variation Roland Ennos 30

Volume 13 Number 2 November 2000 Heart disease and cholesterol Nuala O’Connell, Gerry Ottewill & Graham Mills 2 The forest decline mystery: is acid rain the killer Amanda Bamford 10 Bacteria can count Nicky High 28 Cataracts: the most common cause of blindness Jane Ashworth 36 Images of Biology X-ray microanalysis 42 Interface Male contraception Eric Chantler 6 Molecule Ironing out malnutrition Nigel Robinson 19 Spotlight The social life of foxes Phil Baker & Stephen Harris 16 Techniques Transmission electron microscopy Ron Butler 32 Upgrade The nitrogen cycle Bill Indge 25 What is … ? Describing the normal distribution Roland Ennos 40

Volume 13 Number 3 January 2001 Ladybirds Richard Preziosi 2 Making the connection Cathy McCrohan 10 Artificial livers Carl Schaschke 22 The adaptations of cereals Mitch Crook 30 Bioethics Experimental animal research Iain Purchase 26 Biotech Enzymes from fungi Geoff Robson and Marilyn Wiebe 19 Images of biology Beauty and the beast? 42 Interface Measuring female hormones in saliva Tony Forde 37 Notebook Working your way along the words Bernard Brown 34 Prospects A zoologist in the health service Alan Curry 14 Techniques Scanning electron microscopy Ron Butler 6 What is … ? Estimating the mean and standard deviation Roland Ennos 40

Volume 13 Number 4 March 2001 Tailor-made proteins Neil Bulleid 2 Schistosomes Paul Hagan 16 Insect metamorphosis Rory Akam 29 Basement membranes: more matrix than membrane! Mike Grant 36 Biotech The ‘super-egg’ Peter Surai 9 Images of Biology TEMs 42 Impact New ways with willow Caroline Graham 21 Interface The activated sludge process Alan Warren 25 Notebook Logarithms and life Bernard Brown 13 Prospects Why become a scientist? Sir John Arbuthnott 40 What is … ? the variability of samples Roland Ennos 34

89 Volume 13 Number 5 May 2001 The pancreas and pancreatitis Austin Elliott 2 An examiner’s ABC of AS biology Bill Indge 10 A worm’s life Alan Gemmill 20 Leprosy Jo Colston 32 Biotech Detecting environmental pollutants Lesley Torrance 38 Images of Biology A microscopic light show 42 Impact The wolf (Canis lupus) Derek Yalden 24 Interface Chemical signals in marine invertebrates Matt Bentley & Tony Clare 7 Prospects Watching grass grow Colin Birch, Titus Barthram & Julia Fisher 29 Spotlight Bracken Jo Wynn 16 What is … ? Descriptive statistics Roland Ennos 36 Index to Volume 13 41

Volume 14 Number 1 September 2001 Menopause – design fault or by design Helen Shaw 2 Fish predation Chris Goldspink 10 New medicines for the developing world Win Gutteridge 22 Tuberculosis David Gull 30 Biotech Testing for oestrogens in food Heather Lee 15 Interface HIV and AIDS update David Denning 37 Prospects Going places – via UCAS Cliff Bray 34 Spotlight Beavers and their habitats Bryony Coles 27 Upgrade Diarrhoea, digestion and dehydration Bill Indge 7 What is ? Polymorphism Bill Bailey 19 Images What’s in the trunk? Simon Turner 42

Volume 14 Number 2 November 2001 Plant succession Richard Bardgett 2 The liver in health and disease Rebecca Jones 14 Fingerprinting wildlife Trevor Beebee 26 Dammed snails Xing-jian Xu and Georges Dussart 34 Impact Rats, ‘super-rats’ and the environment Robert Smith 31 Molecule Caffeine Peter Rogers 22 Prospects Children’s nursing Pat Rose 19 Spotlight The cheetah: losing the race? Bill Bailey 7 Techniques X-ray microscopy Joanna Abraham-Peskir 38 Upgrade A bit of a problem Bill Indge 11 Images The greatest grow on earth Georgi Terziyski 42

Volume 14 Number 3 February 2002 Ticks, tricks and treatments Wynne Weston-Davies 2 Bird ringing Rory Akam 14 Imaging the human body Ian Parkin 24 Unravelling the mysteries of human ageing Tom Kirkwood 33 Impact Salmon farming Michael Weber 29 Interface Probing the secret world of microbes Ken Killham 6 Spotlight Sea slugs Malcolm Edmunds 20 Techniques Correlation Roland Ennos 38 Upgrade Experiments Bill Indge 11 Images Marvellous mammals Caroline Bowsher 42

90 Volume 14 Number 4 April 2002 Lungs and the control of breathing Jim Blanchflower 2 Rumen microbiology Colin Stewart 14 Medicine: past achievements and future changes John Lee 27 The cell cycle and mitosis Jeremy Hyams 37 Bioethics Made-to-measure drugs? Richard Ashcroft 34 Impact British butterflies in decline Richard Fox 10 Interface Opportunistic infections in AIDS Alan Curry 21 Molecule Nitric Oxide Peter Stanley 18 Spotlight Dung beetles: nature’s recyclers Daegan Inward and Claire Wilsher 31 Techniques Regression Roland Ennos 25 Upgrade So you want a grade A Bill Indge 7

Volume 15 Number 1 September 2002 Enzymes Tim Cawston 2 Genetic manipulation of plants Caroline Bowsher 10 Making proteins work (1) Mike Grant 22 Malaria Stephen Phillips 29 Interface Campylobacter jejuni: a bug’s life Anthony Moran and Martina Prendergast 26 Molecule Aspirin Peter Stanley 19 Prospects A career in health visiting Kath Johnson 35 Techniques Haemocytometers and dilution plating Pauline Lowrie 14 Upgrade Learning your notes Bill Indge 6 What is ? Immunotherapy John Bonner 39 Images The trouble with trees Simon Turner 42

Volume 15 Number 2 November 2002 Hormonal manipulation by athletes Jim Blanchflower 2 Growing plants in the perfect environment David Lawlor 12 Making proteins work (11) Mike Grant 24 Diabetes Graham Mills & Nuala O’Connell 30 Biotech Tissue engineering Tim Hardingham 17 Impact Invasion of the Chinese mitten crab Matt Bentley & Tony Clare 6 Interface Enzyme replacement therapy Ed Wraith 36 Notebook Stuck with structures? Dianne Gull 28 Prospects Horsing around Lisa Grant 21 Techniques Recombinant protein production in milk Romi Pena and Bruce Whitelaw 39 What is? A gene Patrick Lewis and Mike Grant 9 Images Trypamosomes 42

Volume 15 Number 3 February 2003 The other side of Eden John Bastin 2 Collapsing crops Mitch Crook 16 Transfer RNA Ray O’Keefe 26 Fat burns in the flame of carbohydrate Mike Grant 37 Impact Blue-green algal blooms David Sigee 33 Molecule Leptin Peter Stanley 30 Notebook Bioinformatics Terri Attwood 13 Prospects Pharmacology Jim Blanchflower 21 Upgrade Application and communication Bill Indge 8 What is? Koch’s postulates Nicky High 24 Images Illuminating cancer cells 42

91 Volume 15 Number 4 April 2003 Bioinformatics: what use is it? Terri Attwood 2 Spermatogenesis Eric Chantler 10 Mechanisms of meiosis Lynn Burnet 20 Biosensors: picking up the vibes Pankaj Vadgama 32 Bioethics The badgers/bovine TB debate Martin Hancox 25 Biotech The microbiology of cheese Alan Williams 37 Interface Maggots and murder John Kennaugh 15 Techniques The Hardy-Weinberg principle Laurence Cook 7 Upgrade Getting your own back Bill Indge 18 What is? What is a kinase? Mike Grant 28 Images Open wide! 42

Volume 16 Number 1 September 2003 Infertility and bioethics Simon Woods and Max Elstein 2 Climate change and biodiversity Hefin Jones 10 Cancer: what is it and how is it treated? Gordon Jayson 26 Gas exchange in the lungs Dianne Gull 36 Biotech Agro-biotech Mercedes Larrú 21 Molecule Fetal haemoglobin Dianne Gull 15 Prospects Working in the wild Frances Pearson 31 Spotlight Killer on the loose? Rebecca Taylor and Liz Sheffield 7 Upgrade Preparing for the end! Bill Indge 18 Images Something fishy Cathy McCrohan 42

Volume 16 Number 2 November 2003 The kidney Nick Ashton 2 D-Glucose Mike Grant 15 Speciation Paul Craze 24 What’s your poison? Cathy McCrohan 33 Impact Conserving Britain’s biodiversity Fred Rumsey 38 Notebook Musing on measurements Bernard Brown 30 Spotlight The future of red squirrels in Britain Derek Yalden 8 Upgrade Evaluation: judging the worth Bill Indge 12 What is? What is a stem cell? Stephen Ball 21 Images Small stone 42

Volume 16 Number 3 February 2004 The biology of milk Isabel Forsyth 2 Genetics and ecology Alison Thomas 14 Schistosomiasis: a parasite’s perspective Ann Lackie 21 Beating the bloodsuckers Jacqueline McDermott and Richard Grencis 31 Bioethics The national DNA database Adrian Linacre 7 Impact Tiger conservation Stephanie Wehnelt 36 What is? The polymerase chain reaction Emma Gillaspy 10 Prospects A career in medical illustration Keith Bellamy 18 Upgrade From marks to grades Bill Indge 27 Images PET rat Hammatsu Photonics 42

Volume 16 Number 4 April 2004 The united colours of biology Pamela Maitland 2 Let there be light Linda Garrett 12 Honeybees: workers rule OK? Mike Hounsome 23 Exploring proteins Richard Reece 32 Bioethics DNA families Martin Richards 8 Interface Down on the farm: the decline in farmland birds Jarrod Sneyd 17 Prospects Life as a student nurse Richard Carroll 21 Impact Insecticides and conservation of hedgerows David Glen 28 Upgrade Number crunching Bill Indge 38 Images Transport along the intracellular highway Krysten Palmer 42

92

Volume 17 Number 1 September 2004 Human fertilisation John Parrington 2 Marathon runners: born or bred? Jo Bowtell 10 Fungi: friends or foes? Jenny Bartholomew 24 Cave dwellers: living without light Paul Wood 38 Interface Genetic fingerprinting and giant panda paternity Phill Watts 6 Prospects What it’s like to do research Barbara Leyland 14 What is? Inflammation Dianne Gull 18 Bioethics Genetics and human behaviour Tor Lezemore 21 Upgrade Promises, promises Bill Indge 30 Spotlight Chlamydia Stephen Higgins 34 Images Smokey brushes Liz Sheffield and Mike Morris 42

Volume 17 Number 2 November 2004 Temperature regulation Bill Bailey 2 Evolution of parental care Per T Smiseth 13 Lysosomes: the cell’s recycling centres Bryan Winchester 21 Tropical rainforest regeneration Caroline Pannell 34 Interface Controlling Kariba weed Jon Miller and Liz Sheffield 39 Techniques Remodelling the eye Mike Grant 9 Bioethics Birds, bees and superweeds John Bryant 24 Spotlight It’s a frog’s life! Georgina Drury and Andrew Gray 17 Prospects A biomedical scientist in the NHS Howard Carter 30 Upgrade Percentages Bill Indge 28 Images Plant Scaffolding Holly Griffiths 42

Volume 17 Number 3 February 2005 Skin, scabs and scars Sarah Herrick 2 Lysosomes and their versatile but potentially fatal membranes Bryan Winchester 14 Batesian mimicry in your own backyard Yvonne Golding 25 How plants know their place Harry Smith 33 Interface Onions: sweet not smelly! Meriel Jones 7 Upgrade Size does matter! Bill Indge 10 Prospects Dentistry Ian Hancock 18 Spotlight The slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum Cornelius Weijer 21 What is? Lactose intolerance Mike Grant 28 Impact Viral plagues Tom Barrett and Paul Jepson 37 Images Fluorescent fibroblasts Lorene Langeberg 42

Volume 17 Number 4 April 2005 Optimality: elephant seals, blackcaps and a pheasant’s tail Clive Saunders 2 Cell signalling via the P in protein Mike Grant 13 Bird Vision Henry McGhie 24 Hair Growth in mammals: adaptation to the seasons Isabel Forsyth 37 Molecule Urea: a product of excess dietary protein Peter Stanley 6 Spotlight Wild boars Martin Goulding 9 Interface Conservation biocontrol Helen Roy 17 What is? Biomimetics Richard Bonser 21 Techniques Laser treatment for visual defects Jane Ashworth 30 Upgrade Before you start writing Bill Indge 34 Images Unlovely ladybirds Helen Roy 42

Volume 18 Number 1 September 2005 Fight for your life! Jacqueline McDermott & Richard Grencis 2 Ecology and nature conservation James Fenton 11 Coronary heart disease: the number one killer Cathy Holt 21 How trees lift water Roland Ennos 33 Impact Rats and Antiguan racer snakes Karen Varnham 7

93 Techniques The power behind an electron microscopist Karl Kadler and Tobias Starborg 16 Upgrade Reading the small print Bill Indge 26 Interface Arrival of the harlequin ladybird in Britain Michael Majerus & Helen Roy 29 Molecule Statins: changing cardiovascular medicine Jim Shepherd 38 Images of Biologists Nancy Rothwell FRS 42

Volume 18 Number 2 November 2005 Energy saving in animal movement R McNeill Alexander 2 Drosophila: the past, present and future of genetics Matthew Cobb 10 A chromosomal rearrangement: all in the balance Kate Mathieson 25 The heart Holly Shiels 34 Molecule Lactic acid: who needs it? Peter Stanley 6 Impact Managing moorland Derek Yalden 14 Biotech Artificial arteries Michael Murphy & Cay Kielty 19 Upgrade An A to Z of coursework: part 1 Bill Indge 21 Interface Hide and seek: trypanosomes and the immune system Claire Bithell 30 Spotlight Zebrafish: the supermodel Adam Hurlsone 38 Images of Biologists Alastair Fitter 42

Volume 18 Number 3 February 2006 Electric rhythym: rhythmic activity in nervous systems Catherine McCrohan 2 Crop protection: herbicides and weed control John Reade 10 The autonomic nervous system David Pacini 21 Acute liver failure Mike Grant & Allister Grant 30 Bioethics New cells for old Michael Gross 6 Interface Earthworms Kevin Butt 14 Upgrade An A to Z of coursework: part 2 Bill Indge 18 Spotlight Spiders: sexual cannibals John Prenter 26 What is…? Acidosis Nick Ashton 35 Prospects A crime scene investigator in the police force Susan Fowler 38 Images Vital vultures Linda Wright 42

Volume 18 Number 4 April 2006 The beat goes on: cilia and flagella Benjamin Fairfax 2 Obesity: size matters! Ruth Gull 10 Chasing the superbugs Gayle C Ferguson 21 Mendel’s legacy Maggy Fostier 34 Molecule Uric acid: life-saver and liability Bernard Brown 7 Bioethics Pharmacogenetics: clinical strategies and ethical implications Claire Bithell 15 Spotlight Honey badger: friend or foe? Tobie Wharton 18 Upgrade An A to Z of coursework: part 3 Bill Indge 28 Prospects Carry on studying Ben Goldblum 31 Interface Monoclonals as medicines Alison Paterson 38 Images of Biologists Alice Baynes 42

Volume 19 Number 1 September 2006 Enzymes: fast and flexible Dianne Gull 2 Microbes and nutrient cycling Richard Bardgett 16 Will there ever be a malaria vaccine? Frances Pearson 24 Visions of the deep Ron Douglas 36 Spotlight Locusts: God’s wrath or revelation? Dmitri Logunov 6 Notebook Stuck with structures? Dianne Gull 10 Molecule Glucose and glucose-containing carbohydrates Mike Grant 12 Bioethics Deafness, deaf people and genetics Tyron Woolfe and Alys Young 21 Upgrade What is it all about? Bill Indge 29 What is…? Neuroscience Stuart Allan 32 Images of Biologists Phil Manning 42

Volume 19 Number 2 November 2006 Intestinal worms: can they keep you healthy? Helen Faulkner and Andrew White 2

94 Glucose centre stage Mike Grant 14 Food, crop protection and the environment Roderick Robinson 21 Manipulation of reproduction in farm animals Margaret Parry 34 Interface Probing pain Anthony Jones and George Georgiou 7 What is…? Anaphylatic shock David Gull 11 Upgrade Selection Bill Indge 18 Impact Giant panda conservation Gareth Davey 26 Molecule The role of ATP in cells Tessa Worgan 30 Prospects The diverse microbiologist Sara Gull 39 Images Have the Harlequins waved goodbye? Andrew Gray 42

Volume 19 Number 3 February 2007 Adolescence: hormones rule OK? Melissa Westwood 2 Venous disease Michael Murphy 15 Keeping pace: cardiac muscle and heartbeat Dianne Gull 21 Colour vision and colour blindness Jim Bowmaker 28 Impact New dawn for the redwood Liz Sheffield 38 Molecule Designer starches Caroline Bowsher 18 Prospects Audiology: diagnosing hearing loss Richard Baker 25 Spotlight Campylobacter…..on the run! Rachel Crossley 7 Techniques Light microscopy Ron Butler 34 Upgrade Drawing graphs Bill Indge 10 Images Wake up to African sleeping sickness Sam Griffiths 42

Volume 19 Number 4 April 2007 Bioremediation: using bacteria to clean up our industrial backyard Michael Kertesz 2 Training killers: Dendritic cells Jon Miller 14 Human muscle: structure and function Andrew Carter 25 Looking out for danger: how white blood cells protect us Jacqueline McDermott & Richard Grencis 34 Bioethics Genetic testing some ethical issues Victoria Nowak 10 Impact MRSA: a hospital superbug Mat Upton 30 Prospects Learning to lead Simon Blosse 18 Techniques Transmission electron microscopy Ron Butler 6 Upgrade What is coming up this time? Bill Indge 38 What is….? Developmental biology Denis Headon 21 Images of Biologist Bill Bailey 42

Volume 20 Number 1 September 2007 Aquaculture Dai Roberts 2 AIDS Oliver Pybus 10 Deforestation and insect-borne diseases Dietmar Steverding 21 Mosquitoes James G Logan 34 Bioethics Clinical trials Claire Bithell 7 Notebook Photosynthesis..most hated topic? Dianne Gull 13 Prospects Career in medical writing Kate Rhodes 31 Spotlight Cacti Amanda Bamford 26 Techniques Scanning electron microscopy Ron Butler 38 What is? Cell suicide Georgina Drury 17 Images of Biologist Helen Dawe 42

Volume 20 Number 2 November 2007 Asbestos and the lung Richard Barraclough 2 Aching joints and breaking bones Victoria Nowak 10 George Ratcliffe 21 Rice is more than nice Mitch Crook 29 Bioethics Rice, risk and regulations John Bryant 17 Impact Tropical rainforests: conservation or preservation? Nick Brown 33 Interface Fleas: circus artistes or mass murderers? Dmitri Logunov 25 Upgrade Who is who in A-level examinations? Bill Indge 14 What is? Ana Cerdeño-Tárraga 38

95 Spotlight Jumping spiders Dmitri Logunov 6 Images Giant spider crabs Bill Bailey 42

Volume 20 Number 3 February 2008 More than meets the eye Anna Prince 2 Biofuels: how green is green? Carl Schaschke 10 The lake ecosystem David Sigee 21 Species and species formation Laurence Cook 36 Geckos and mussels stick together Amanda Kelly 40 Bioethics Liver transplantation and ethical issues James Neuberger 26 Impact What’s wrong with aluminium Keith White 17 Molecule The alphabet soup of vitamins Carl Schaschke 31 Upgrade Getting in and out Bill Indge 14 What is? A mutation Andrew Read 6 Images of Biologist Sean Edwards 42

Volume 20 Number 4 April 2008 The : it’s a man thing Mark Jobling 2 Cell differentiation: how tissues arise Kathryn Hentges 10 Genetics of sickle-cell anaemia Maggy Fostier and Mike Grant 14 The accidental discovery of a feathered giant dinosaur Christopher Ford 18 Hot plants Abigail Rumsey 24 The engineering of crop plants Philip John 30 Itching to solve a problem Robert Quinn 37 Bioethics Human-animal embryos Duncan Wilson 21 Molecule Acetyl CoA: a central metabolite Mike Grant 38 Prospects Being a junior doctor Hamed and Iqbal Khan 34 Upgrade Effective revision Bill Indge 28 What is? Refractory period Cathy Mc Crohan 7 Images of Biologist Amy Barker 42

Volume 21 Number 1 September 2008 The cerebral cortex: our imprint of the world Roosa Tikkanen 2 Cholera Dennis Linton 14 What happens when proteins lose their shape? Neil Bulleid 21 Meningitis David Gull 30 How Science Works Who’s a pretty boy? Bill Indge 7 What is? Tertiary structure Dianne Gull 10 Upgrade The biology of test tubes Bill Indge 18 Spotlight Sheep don’t all look the same Ann Lackie 26 Interface A case of diabetes Mike and Allister Grant 34 Impact Florida’s fern foes Liz Sheffield and Roderick Robinson 38 Images of Biologist James Logan 42

Volume 21 Number 2 November 2008 Bridging the gap: how nerve cells communicate Richard Prince 2 Biological Clock: telling the time in the Arctic Karl-Arne Stokkan 14 Asthma Sarah Herrick 21 Diabetes: mellitus and the promise of new therapies Karen Cosgrove 34 Upgrade Specifications and contracts Bill Indge 7 How Science Works On the trail of a snail….in Uganda Claire Standley 10 Molecule Water, life and hydrogen bonding Seishi Shimizu 18 How Science Works A twist in the tail Helen Dawe 26 Interface Conservation: preserving diversity Jennifer Rowntree 30 Spotlight Black squirrels Alison Thomas 39 Images CELLpics David Archer and Matthew Gratian 42

96 Volume 21 Number 3 February 2009 How to clone a gene Ray Boot-Handford 2 Tuberculosis: fighting the Great White Plague Catherine Merrick 14 Bird Flu Nim Pathy 21 Evolution in New Zealand Caroline Graham and Martina Jones 33 How Science Works How petal cell shape influence pollinators Beverley Glover 8 What is? A Pacinian corpuscle David Pacini 11 Prospects Working with animals, in the field and in the laboratory Laura Lennox 18 Bioethics Stem cells, sex and superman John Bryant 26 Upgrade It’s only words Bill Indge 30 Molecule Insulin: from a crude extract to recombinant human protein David Tomlinson 38 Images Xerophytes Liz Sheffield 42

Volume 21 Number 4 April 2009 Building a sustainable planet Louise Dommett 2 Vitamin supplements: too much of a good thing? Carl Schaschke 13 The secret life of ticks Dmitri Logunov 21 How biological membranes achieve selective transport Blanche Schwappach 32 Interface Can studies of animal development lead to a breakthrough in cancer treatment Keith Brennan 7 What is? A gene Jan-Peter Daniels 10 Upgrade Choosing a revision guide Bill Indge 18 How science works Chloroplasts: biosynthetic powerhouses Caroline Bowsher 25 Impact Alien invader: the signal crayfish Rachel Walton 28 Prospects The work of a herbarium curator Ruth Clark 37 Images The ghost orchid 42

Volume 22 Number 1 September 2009 Vaccination against cancer; how protecting ourselves Simon Powis 2 from infection can also prevent cancer Small RNA, big impact Ray O’Keefe 10 Protein misfolding diseases Mick F Tuite & Gemma Staniforth 20 DNA and the secret lives of bats Gareth Jones 32 Spotlight Listeria Frances Medaney 6 What is? A chromosomal mutation Dianne Gull 14 Upgrade The luck of the draw: chance, probability and statistics Bill Indge 25 Bioethics Embryonic stem cells: a medical dream? Kathryn Silk, Tim Davies & Paul Fairchild 28 Interface Exploitation of seaweeds Michael Guiry 36 Prospects Not a biologist! Jonathan Rubery 40 Images Blue-ringed octopus Bill Bailey 42

Volume 22 Number 2 November 2009 Grasslands Bill Bailey 2 The end of tumour recurrence Alexa Jeanes 10 The evolution garden Simon Hiscock 12 Enzymes: nature’s catalytic machines Nigel Scrutton & Derren Heyes 22 Using parasites to protect ourselves Kathryn Else & Marcus Svensson 34 Bioethics GM mosquitoes: the malaria solution? Abigail Rumsey 6 Upgrade It’s a plot! Bill Indge 16 IPages The fluid mosaic model for membranes: the key points Catherine Haworth 20 Spotlight Dinosaur hunting Phil Manning 26 How Science Works Cell-matrix interactions:a tale of the unexpected Mike Grant 29 What is? The human microbiome:the microbes that inhabit our bodies Michael Kertesz 38 Images of Biologists Jacky Taylor 42

Volume 22 Number 3 February 2010 Medical imaging: seeing inside the human body Alvin Kwan 2 How Science Works The Statin Story Nicky Fitzgerald 7 Interface Million Ponds project will help rare UK wildlife Ruth Welters 10 Upgrade Getting to grips with ecology Bill Indge 14

97 The anatomy of digestion Dianne Gull 18 Spotlight Nature’s recycling squad Dimitri Logunov 22 Prospects Museum education: a different kind of teaching Susan Bulleid 26 The key to Ebola virus infection James Keeble 29 Hardwiring T cells to battle infection Olamide Rominiyi 30 Superbugs: Clostridium difficile Matt Smith 35 What is...? Endocytosis Philip Woodman 38 Images of biologists Mike Grant 42

Volume 22 Number 4 April 2010 From genes to colour vision Robert Lucas 2 Interface Papillomavirus: a cancer causing virus M.Saveria Campo & S. Graham 7 How skeletal muscles work: from molecules to movement David Jones 10 Upgrade A word a day Bill Indge 16 iPages Immunology Catherine Haworth 20 Food for thought Neil Bulleid 22 How Science Works Pitcher Plants A.Ridgway & L. Sheffield 26 Prospects A career as a patent attorney Paul Banford 31 Alzheimer’s disease David Gull 34 Molecule DNA polymerase: replication and application Amanda Kelly 38 Images of Biology The Death Apple 42

Volume 23 Number 1 September 2010 Fishing Nikolai Braun 2 How Science Works Using Genetics to fight Schistosomiasis Claire Standley 7 What is Endroplasmic reticulum Ron Butler 12 In the beat of a heart Mark Fowler 15 iPages Photosynthesis Catherine Haworth 20 Prospects Environmental Health Practitioner David Bradley 26 Upgrade Time to read Bill Indge 30 Mucus – a slippery slope for worms Sumaira Hasnain 34 Biothetics Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis And designer babies Jennifer Walker 39 Images of Biology Brain on fire Beatrice Gittens & Nadisha Subramaniam 42

Volume 23 Number 2 November 2010 Infectious diseases Matthew Baylis 2 Spotlight Piranha: the true story Iain Matthews 7 How Science Works Stomach Ulcers: doctors got it wrong Nicky High 10 Upgrade Maths! Bill Indge 13 Metals in Protein Nigel Robinson 16 Ipages Respiration Catherine Haworth 20 Interface The curious water bear Ian Kinchin 22 Evolution at a snail’s pace Simit Patel 26 What is? Monoclonal antibody therapy Peter Wood 30 Sickle cell anaemia Kate Ryan 34 Interface Tracking the migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon Barry Bendall 38 Images of Biology The plastic pituitary gland Michaela Savva 42

98 Volume 23 Number 3 February 2011

In praise of the fruit fly Kevin O’Dell 2 What is? Neuroscience Lauren Summers 6 Ladybird, Ladybird, fly away home Remy Poland & Helen Roy 10 Prospects Working in a clinical genetics laboratory Jess Gabriel 16 iPages Enzymes Catherine Haworth 20 Biothetics Research on human tissues Duncan Wilson 22 Upgrade Do as you are told! Bill Indge 30 Coral reefs: ecosystems at risk from Climate change Mia Hoogenboom 33 Interface Flies, worms and human brain disease Catherine McCrohan 38 Images of biologists Ann Canfield 42

Volume 23 Number 4 April 2011

Rubisco – the world’s most important Enzyme. John Ellis 2 Interface Protein immobilisation Jenni Tilley 6 HSW Junk DNA and molecular evolution Jenaid Rees 11 Picking a needle from a haystack Neil Bulleid 15 iPages How to plan for exam success Alan Clamp 20 Stem Cells: new cells for old Rachel Oldershaw 22 Upgrade Been there, done that Bill Indge 27 The DNA-damage response Mike Grant 30 Spotlight Rats and hero rats Dianne Gull 34 What is..? Hardy-Weinberg (without tears) Andrew Read 38 Images of biologists – Duped! Various 42

Volume 24 Number 1 Sept. 2011

Holy Smoke Joseph Robertson 2 What is…? A Chromosome Terry Allen 5 Parkinson’s disease Nicolas Mallet & David Dupret 9 HSW Viagra: a rousing tale of discovery Katherine Hinchcliffe 14 Spotlight Utricularia: nature’s fastest carnivorous plant. Matthew Miller 18 Upgrade Diversity and data Bill Indge 23 Controlling the cell cycle Christopher J McInerny 26 Outside the Box Making a stink Susan Bulleid 30 Interface Heart attacks: clots and balloons Mamas Mamas 34 Can molecular biology cure cancer? Andrew Gilmore 38 Images of biology Spider web support

Volume 24 Number 2 November. 2011

Control of enzyme activity Nicholas Price 2 Bioethics Clinical Trials Laura Calvert 7 Spotlight Mountain Hares Derek Yalden 11 Dealing with variation Roland Ennos 16 What is PCR? Ben Evans & Laura Emery 20 The war against Viruses Lucy Robinson 22 Upgrade Does water climb trees? Bill Indge 27 Interface Following the thread: DNA in forensic Science Mark Jobling 34 Deciphering the human genome: Jess Gabriel 38

99 Images of biology Inside and outside cells 42

Volume 24 Number 3, February 2012 Nature’s chemistry toolkit Anne Osbourn 2 Interface Reflexes: not just a knee-jerk reaction Catherine McCrohan 6 Prospects So you want to study medicine Ann Canfield 10 Upgrade Banned! Bill Indge 13 Plastids Ron Butler & Liz Sheffield 16 The Plastid Family 20 Blame your parents Kevin O’Dell 26 What is? A biochemist Gemma Garrett 30 The 1000 Genomes Project Yali Xue & Chris Tyler-Smith 34 How Science Works Thalidomide: rise, fall and resurrection Niki Fitzgerald 39 Images of biology Lion’s share diminishing

Volume 24 Number 4, April 2012 Gene Therapy - Are we nearly there yet? Andrew Read 2 Impact Insecticidal Cotton – a GM success story Veronica Mitchell 6 What is? Microbiology Nicky High 10 Bioethics The HeLa Story: science, cells and ethics Sarah Chan 14 Is it a snake? Is it a worm? No it’s a caecilian! Emma Sherratt 17 An animal tree of life Max Drakeley & Emma Sherratt 20 The chi-squared test Roland Ennos 24 Upgrade Revision Rules Bill Indge 27 Spotlight The grey wolf Susan Bulleid 30 Interface Wildlife Forensics Alison Thomas 34 Stroke David Gull 38 Images of Biology The biggest cactus in the world 42

Volume 25, Number 1, September 2012 Reflections on biology 2012-09-19 Dame Nancy Rothwell 2 How Science Works Shedding light on plant cell biology Anne Osterrieder 6 Glucose: getting the balance right Heather Melrose 10 Upgrade Spit and Specifications Bill Indge 14 Spotlight Great Crested Newts dragons of the deep Laurence Jarvis 18 Hijacking hormones to regulate Fertility: IVF and contraceptives Rebecca Lee Jones 23 Impact Soil and Climate change Richard Bardgett 32 Organ transplantation Steve Jervis Outside the box Bone in blood vessels Gareth Hyde 38 Images of biology Roadside Raptor Jonny Miller

Volume 25, Number 2, November 2012 The Jeklyy and Hyde nature of Adrienne Edkins & 2 Antibodies William Cushley Impact The modern zoo – conservation centre Susan Bullied 6 Carrying out t-tests Roland Ennos 10 Bioethics Genetically modified crops Mary Williams 14 Spotlight Sloths – life in the slow lane Rebecca Cliffe 19 Upgrade Mark schemes and unit tests Bill Indge 24 Bacterial resistance wars Emily Furlong & Jennifer Martin 27 HSW A living experiment – outsiders Restore the balance Christine Griffiths 30 Prospects Research the administration Caroline Aylott 35

100 Evolution – making sense of biology John Ellis 38 Images of Biology In-flight meal Tom Jowitt 42

Volume 25, Number 3, February 2013

Genetic Variation in small populations Kevin O’Dell 2

What is? Physiology Prem Kumar 7 HSW Pigeon Sav Nat Benj Pettit 12 Animal Courtship Susan Bulleid 16 Male Courtship display Susan Bulleid 20 Ricin Mike Lord 22 Prospects Police Forensic Investigator Simon Flanagan 26 The ups and downs of hormones Laura Campbell 30 Upgrade Examiners don’t like secs Bill Indge 36 Spotlight Papaya genetic engineering success Rachel Webster 39 Images of biology Spiky safety Jonny Miller 42

Volume 25, Number 4, April 2013

Macrophages: more than just big eaters M. Little and Kathryn Else 2 HSW Television advertising & childhood obesity Amber Dyson 7 Programmed to death Shannon Harper 10 Outside the Box Detecting Cancer Patrick Murphy 14 Interface Friendly bacteria: fact or fiction Mark Travis 17 Tropisms Liz Sheffield 20 Unlocking the potential of adult stem Matthew Dalby 22 Spotlight The Svalbard rock ptarmigan Jonathan Codd 26 Putting antibodies to work Linda Rolfe 30 Upgrade Strategies Bill Indge 35 Prospects Clinical drug trial co-ordinator Sarah Jones 38 Images of Biology Catnip,

Volume 26, Number 1, September 2013

Snakes Nigel Hand 2 Lung Disease Sarah Herrick 7 Prospects How to apply to Vet School Joyce Wason 12 Interface HIV and AIDS: could stem cell Transplants provide a cure? Veronica Mitchell 15 Reptiles Liz Sheffield 20 HSW Congenital heart disease Katherine Powell 22 Hepatitis C working towards A treatment Rebecca Gray 26 Spotlight Is there hope for the red squirrel Amy-Jane Beer 30 Upgrade All change at A Level Bill Indge 34 Kidneys, function disease and Treatment Rachel Lennon 37 Images of biology You talking to me? Jonny Miller 42

101 Volume 26, Number 2, November 2013

Plants making the most of water Mary Williams 2 Impact Restoration of a polluted ecosystem Robert Mansfield 7 Seagrasses Liz Sheffield 11 HSW Combating bacterial infection Paul Dark 16 Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells Ron Butler 20 Fighting the flab Joseph Robertson 22 Lifestyle and cardiovascular disease Mamas Mamas 27 Interface How alcohol affects the nervous system Oliver Freeman 32 Outside the box Metabolomics Julian Dow 36 Upgrade Ratios Bill Indge 39 Images of Biology If you go down to the woods today Neil Bulleid/Marcel Van Lith 42

Volume 26, Number 3, February 2014

Shedding light on how the brain works Natasha Bray 2 Bioethics The Human Tissue Authority Alan Clamp 6 Where have all the amphibians gone? Roger Downie 10 Prospects All about eyes: a career in optometry Carole Maldonado-Codina 15 The eyes have it Liz Sheffield & Ian Murray 20 Protein Secretion Lydia S Murray & Tom Van Agtmael 22 Upgrade Because Bill Indge 26 What is? Synethetic biology Marshall Stark 30 Why have the flu jab every year? Louise Kearney 34 Spotlight Lizard body language Max Drakeley 38 Images of Biology Playing Possum Jonny Miller 42

Volume 26, Number 4, April 2014

What does your DNA reveal about your? Adrian Linacre 2 HSW Stem Cells: treatments for the future Stephen Richardson 7 Salmonella: a bacterial pathogen that Invades our gut Jen Cavet 11 Prospects Radiotherapy: using high-energy X-rays to treat cancer Lizzie Hambleton 16 Cross Cats Susan Bulleid 20 Treating disease without Recombinant proteins Katharine Cain Gill Holdsworth 22 Interface Tales from the museum Henry McGhie 26 The real green revolution Anne-Marie Carey & Richard Cogdell 30 What is? Biomaterials science Julie Gough 34 Upgrade Time Bill Indge 38 Images of Biology Snap Trap Zahrah Ali, 42 Matthew Hampson, Elizabeth Highfield, Hambing Li Alexander Townsend

Volume 27, Number 1, September 2014

Protein folding principles and problems John Ellis 2 What is? Sports Science Victoria Penpraze 6 Learning from the long dead: Beneath the mummies’ bandages Joyce Tydlesley 10

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HSW Releasing mosquitoes to control mosquitoes Luke Alphey 15 Animals and the human pathogens they carry Max Drakeley 20 MicroRNAs: small players in big diseases Sheila Graham 22 Bioethics Guinea Pigs or good citizens? Ethical issues In human participant research Sarah Chan 26 Mimosa: moving, medicinal and marvellous Jonny Miller 30 Upgrade Watch It Bill Indge 35 Prospects Is pharmacy the career for you? David Allison 38 Images Bad beginnings and untimely ends Pat Monaghan 42

Volume 27, Number 2, November 2014

Conservation genetics of wild ponies Christina Stanley 2 Humans, pollutants and the environment John Craft 7 Bioethics Conservation and human development John Jackson 12 Impact There’s an alien in the garden! Mary Williams 16 Fungal Fruits Elizabeth Sheffield 20 Animal Welfare: how can you tell if an animal Is happy in a zoo? Geoff Hosey 22 Interface Restocking the Wild Susan Bulleid 27 Prospects A Career in nursing, midwifery Shaun Speed 30 Alison Busby Karen Iley Upgrade Rates Bill Indge 34 Bird Courtship Behaviour Chris McInerny 37 Images Killer Tree Liz Sheffield 42

Volume 27, Number 3, February 2015

Does size matter? Chris Finlay 2 Spotlight Toxoplasma gondii: a mind-altering parasite Sheena Cruickshank 7 How are you feeling? Touch signals and touch Receptors Cathy McCrohan 12 Prospects Studying for a Phd Clare Austin 17 Sea Slugs Cathy McCrohan 20 Mucus s’not just slime Michael McKenna 22 Upgrade Percentages and scales Bill Indge 27 Grandma’s secret: a genetic puzzle Kevin O’Dell 31 HSW Exercise and the brain Nancy Rawlings 34 What is? An accredited biology degree Richard Reece 38 Images Awesome adaptations Liz Sheffield 42

Volume 27, Number 4, April 2015

Wildlife DNA detectives Lucy Webster 2 Interface Dentistry Vince Bissell 7 The 1918 flu: Bethany Butcher 11 Spotlight Antarctic reindeer Robyn Gill 16 You are what you eat Max Drakeley 20 What is Pharmacology Richard Prince 22 Edible and poisonous mushrooms Chris McInerny 26 Upgrade Exam Tips Bill Indge 30 How we see Ian Murray 33 Prospects Becoming a biology teacher Yvonne Lowe 38

103 Images of biology Killer Plant Jessica Granweiler, Alexandra Hall, William Hirst, Jospeh Horton , Jasper Hughes

Volume 28, Number 1, September 2015

The changing Arctic: Terry Callaghan, 2 Local and global implications Margareta Johansson Upgrade Ambitious? Act now! Martin Rowland 8 Will you be cheering in August 2017? The wood-wide web Liz Sheffield 11 It came from the forest: Connor Bamford 12 The past, present and future of Ebola Outside Using honey bees to save elephants Lucy King 16 the box Arctic ecology during a Terry Callaghan, 20 changing climate Margareta Johansson Cystic fibrosis: a sticky situation Laurie Smith, Alex Horsley 22 What is…? Molecular biology Sue Crosthwaite 26 Spotlight Lemon sharks in the Bahamas CJ Crooks, Jill Brooks 30 What’s a guy gotta do? Oliver Wearing 34 Sexual selection and spiders Prospects Love science, hate labs? Victoria Ellis 39 There’s a job for that! Wildebeest Migration Grant Hopcraft, 42 Daniel Rosengren

Volume 28, Number 2, November 2015

Mind the gap: Helena Bailes 2 How nerve cells communicate Upgrade Not so Hardy-Weinberg Kim Stafford, 6 Suzanne Foulds Carrying capacity Johnny Miller 9 Chimpanzee conservation Alaina Macri 10 What is…? The cytoskeleton Rebecca Bridgewater 15 Cilia and flagella Catherine McCrohan 20 Interface Conservation of the southern Katie Hunter 22 sea otter Outside Animal silks: Beth Mortimer 26 the box Denatured super proteins Bacterial biofilms: Strength in union Clare Miller 30 Cholera toxin: A deadly cellular hitchhiker Martin Pool 33 Impact The return of the wolf? Jo Foo 38 How does your garden grow? Liz Sheffield 42

Volume 28, Number 3, February 2016

The heart and circulation Holly Shiels 2 Interface The bacterial world within us Eleanor Bickerton 7 Upgrade Keep on graphting Kim Stafford, 10 Suzanne Foulds Old drugs as new medicines Donald Ward 15 Speciation Johnny Miller 19 High and mighty pines Liz Sheffield 20 Outside The clocks in your body Max Drakeley 22 the box Ion channels, action potentials Catherine McCrohan 26 and disease Prospects Careers in the television industry: Natural History Sam Pearson 30

104 The kidney filtration barrier Michael Randles 34 What is…? MicroRNA: minute molecules Kate Timms 39 making a splash Cool chicks Katherine Herborn 42

Volume 28, Number 4, April 2016

Why do we choose the mates Prishita Maheshwari-Aplin, we choose? Tucker Gilman 2 Stabilising selection Johnny Miller 5 What is…? An allergy Mark Roberts, 6 Sheena Crushank Fruit flies in biological research Andreas Prokop 10 How to misinform using Stephanie Shoop 15 medical research Keratins Catherine McCrohan 20 Prospects A career in ecosystem services Peter Warman 22 Upgrade Pedigree charts Kim Stafford 26 Suzanne Foulds Disruptive selection Johnny Miller 29 What the (Tasmanian) devil Kevin O’Dell 30 is going on? Bioethics The invention of the Carsten Timmermann 34 randomised controlled trial Interface Hidden underground networks Emily Shofield 37 Convenient feeding station Edith Adamson et al. 42

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