Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015
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CONSENSUS STATEMENT Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015 Tamara Hew-Butler, DPM, PhD,* Mitchell H. Rosner, MD,† Sandra Fowkes-Godek, PhD, ATC,‡ Jonathan P. Dugas, PhD,§ Martin D. Hoffman, MD,¶ Douglas P. Lewis, MD, Ronald J. Maughan, PhD,** Kevin C. Miller, PhD, ATC,†† Scott J. Montain, PhD,k ‡‡ Nancy J. Rehrer, PhD,§§ William O. Roberts, MD, MSc,¶¶ Ian R. Rogers, MBBS, Arthur J. Siegel, MD,*** Kristin J. Stuempfle, PhD,††† James M. Winger, MD,‡‡‡kk and Joseph G. Verbalis, MD§§§ training, exercise physiology, sports medicine, water/sodium Key Words: EAH, exercise-associated collapse, hydration metabolism, and body fluid homeostasis. The primary goal of (Clin J Sport Med 2015;25:303–320) the panel was to review the existing data on EAH and update the 2008 Consensus Statement.1 This document serves to replace the second International EAH Consensus Development Conference Statement and launch an educational campaign INTRODUCTION designed to address the morbidity and mortality associated The third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatre- with a preventable and treatable fluid imbalance. mia (EAH) Consensus Development Conference convened in The following statement is a summary of the data Carlsbad, California in February 2015 with a panel of 17 synthesized by the 2015 EAH Consensus Panel and represents international experts. The delegates represented 4 countries and fi an evolution of the most current knowledge on EAH. This 9 medical and scienti c sub-specialties pertaining to athletic document will summarize the most current information on the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Submitted for publication April 30, 2015; accepted May 10, 2015. From the *Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Mich- EAH for medical personnel, athletes, athletic trainers, and the igan; †Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, greater public. The EAH Consensus Panel strove to clearly Charlottesville, Virginia; ‡Department of Sports Medicine, West Chester articulate what we agreed upon, did not agree upon, and did not University, West Chester, Pennsylvania; §The Vitality Group, Chicago, know, including minority viewpoints that were supported by Illinois; ¶Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VA Northern California Health Care System and University of California clinical experience and experimental data. Further updates will Davis, Sacramento, California; Family Medicine Residency Program, be necessary to both: (1) remain current with our understanding Via Christi Hospitals Wichita, Inc,k Wichita, Kansas; **Department of and (2) critically assess the effectiveness of our present Sport and Exercise Nutrition, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, recommendations. Suggestions for future research and educa- United Kingdom; ††Athletic Training Program, Central Michigan Uni- tional strategies to reduce the incidence and prevalence of EAH versity, Mount Pleasant, Michigan; ‡‡Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Na- are provided at the end of the document as well as areas of tick, Massachusetts; §§School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise controversy that remain in this topic. Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; ¶¶Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Min- neapolis, Minnesota; Department of Emergency Medicine, St John of God Murdoch Hospitalkk and University of Notre Dame, Perth, Western CONSENSUS METHODOLOGY Australia; ***Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard Medical The third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatre- School, Boston, Massachusetts; †††Health Sciences Department, Gettys- burg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; ‡‡‡Department of Family Med- mia Consensus Development Conference utilized National icine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Institutes of Health guidelines, amended for a more holistic Illinois; and §§§Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, George- approach to fit the needs of both the group and the topic. town University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia. Twenty-two individuals (17 accepted) were invited to partic- R.J.M. has received research funding and consulting fees from the food and ipate in the consensus conference who: (1) have made beverage industry. He is currently Chair of the Science Advisory Board of fi the European Hydration Institute. The remaining authors report no scienti c and/or clinical contributions to the topic of water conflicts of interest. and sodium homeostasis and/or hyponatremia and (2) repre- Corresponding Author: Tamara Hew-Butler, DPM, PhD, School of Health sented a specific group (eg, nephrology, endurance medicine, Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4482 ([email protected]). etc.) or had unique topical expertise (eg, cystic fibrosis, Copyright © 2015 Hew-Butler T, Rosner MH, Fowkes-Godek S, Dugas JP, fl Hoffman MD, Lewis DP, Maughan RJ, Miller KC, Rehrer NJ, Roberts WO, muscle cramps, uid balance, etc.). The present document is Rogers IR, Siegel AJ, StuempfleKJ,WingerJM,VerbalisJG,Allrights intended to serve as the scientific record of the conference reserved. with intent to widely disseminate this information to achieve Clin J Sport Med Volume 25, Number 4, July 2015 www.cjsportmed.com | 303 Hew-Butler et al Clin J Sport Med Volume 25, Number 4, July 2015 maximum impact on both current health care practice and closed session and guiding the panel’s deliberations. Using future medical research. the previous 2 EAH consensus statements as a starting point, The methodology governing the conduct of this con- each work-group was asked to: (1) incorporate new data into sensus development conference is summarized below: each assigned section and (2) update any outdated informa- tion. All recommendations were graded based on clinical 1. A broad based expert panel was assembled. Panel members strength, using the grading scale described by the American included researchers and clinicians in endocrinology (J.G.V.), College of Chest Physicians (Table 1).2 Particular emphasis nephrology (M.H.R.), emergency medicine (I.R.R.), family was placed on creating more generalized recommendations so medicine (W.O.R., J.M.W., D.P.L.), internal medicine as to prevent and treat EAH across a wider variety of athletic (A.J.S.), physical medicine and rehabilitation (M.D.H.), events, rather than the endurance sports focus of the 2 prior sports medicine (W.O.R., J.M.W., D.P.L.), athletic train- EAH Consensus Statements. ing (S.F.-G., K.C.M.) and exercise physiology (J.P.D., S.F.-G., T.H.-B., M.D.H., R.J.M., S.J.M., N.J.R., K.J.S.). 2. These experts presented data on EAH in a day long public Sponsorship session, followed by open question/answer and discussion The travel (except R.J.M. and I.R.R., who supported periods with the audience. The panel members met the their own travel), hotel and meal expenses for the participants following day in a closed session to prepare the consensus were funded by CrossFit, Inc (Solana Beach, CA). The open statement. conference was also sponsored by CrossFit, Inc. However, no 3. Workgroups were created 3 months prior to the February members from CrossFit, Inc participated in any of the closed 2015 meeting to update the following EAH target areas: discussions or contributed to the development of the consen- epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology, diagnosis, sus guidelines. Furthermore, no members from CrossFit, Inc treatment, and prevention. Each workgroup was asked to had access to the consensus document prior to publication. present updated drafts for discussion during the closed session. 4. A systematic, comprehensive and updated literature review RESULTS AND DISCUSSION was shared by the panel members prior to the February 2015 meeting, using a cloud storage service that was orga- Definition nized into workgroup categories (epidemiology, etiology EAH is used to describe hyponatremia occurring during or up to 24 hours after physical activity. It is defined by and pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and preven- + tion). All panel members had unlimited access to the cloud a serum, plasma or blood sodium concentration ([Na ]) below the normal reference range of the laboratory performing the storage service and could add digital versions of published + manuscripts to the EAH manuscript section at any time. test. For most laboratories, this is a [Na ] less than 135 mmol/L.1 The main determinants of the serum [Na+] are The panel chairperson (MHR) was responsible for the total content of exchangeable body sodium and potassium monitoring the progress of each work group, directing the relative to total body water and thus hyponatremia can result TABLE 1. American College of Chest Physicians Classification Scheme for Grading Evidence and Recommendations Utilized in This Statement2 Methodological Quality of Grade Description Benefits vs Risks and Burdens Supporting Evidence 1A Strong recommendation, high-quality Benefits clearly outweigh risks and RCTs without important limitations evidence burdens or vice versa or overwhelming evidence from observational studies 1B Strong recommendation, moderate- Benefits clearly outweigh risks and RCTs with important limitations or quality evidence burdens or vice versa exceptionally strong evidence from observational studies 1C Strong recommendation, low-quality Benefits clearly outweigh risks and Observational studies