Essentials

of 16PF ® Assessment

Heather E. P.Cattell James M. Schuerger

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Essentials of 16PF® Assessment Essentials of Psychological Assessment Series Series Editors, Alan S. Kaufman and Nadeen L. Kaufman

Essentials of WAIS-III® Assessment Essentials of Individual Achievement by Alan S. Kaufman and Elizabeth O. Assessment Lichtenberger by Douglas K. Smith Essentials of CAS Assessment Essentials of TAT and Other Storytelling by Jack A. Naglieri Techniques Assessment by Hedwig Teglasi Essentials of Forensic Psychological Assessment by Marc J. Ackerman Essentials of WJ III® Tests of Achievement Assessment Essentials of Bayley Scales of Infant by Nancy Mather, Barbara J. Wendling, and Development-II Assessment Richard W. Woodcock by Maureen M. Black and Kathleen Matula Essentials of WJ III® Cognitive Abilities ® Essentials of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Assessment Assessment by Fredrick A. Schrank, Dawn P. Flanagan, by Naomi Quenk Richard W. Woodcock, and Jennifer T. Essentials of WISC-III® and WPPSI-R® Mascolo Assessment Essentials of WMS®-III Assessment by Alan S. Kaufman and Elizabeth O. by Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, Alan S. Lichtenberger Kaufman, and Zona Lai Essentials of Rorschach® Assessment Essentials of MMPI-A™ Assessment by Tara Rose, Nancy Kaser-Boyd, and by Robert P. Archer and Radhika Michael P. Maloney Krishnamurthy Essentials of Career Interest Assessment Essentials of Neuropsychological Assessment by Jeffrey P. Prince and Lisa J. Heiser by Nancy Hebben and William Millberg Essentials of Cross-Battery Assessment Essentials of Behavioral Assessment by Dawn P. Flanagan and Samuel O. Ortiz by Michael C. Ramsay, Cecil R. Reynolds, Essentials of Cognitive Assessment with KAIT and R.W. Kamphaus and Other Kaufman Measures Essentials of Million Inventories Assessment, by Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, Debra Second Edition Broadbooks, and Alan S. Kaufman by Stephen N. Strack Essentials of Nonverbal Assessment Essentials PAI® Assessment by Steve McCallum, Bruce Bracken, and by Leslie C. Morey John Wasserman Essentials 16 PF® Assessment Essentials of MMPI-2® Assessment by Heather E. Cattell and James M. by David S. Nichols Schuerger Essentials of NEPSY® Assessment Essentials WPPSI-III® Assessment by Sally L. Kemp, Ursula Kirk, and Marit by Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger and Alan S. Korkman Kaufman Essentials

of 16PF ® Assessment

Heather E. P.Cattell James M. Schuerger

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright© 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appro- priate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8700, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accu- racy and completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, included but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the sub- ject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our website at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Cattell, Heather E.P. Essentials of 16PF assessment / Heather Cattell, James M. Schuerger. p. cm. — (Essentials of psychological assessment series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-23424-9 (pbk.) 1. Sixteen Factor Questionnaire. I. Schuerger, James M. II. Title. III. Series. BF698.8.S5C265 2003 155.2'83—dc2 2003045081 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 The authors wish to dedicate this book to the memory of Alberta Karen Cattell (1916-1996)

Although she was first a gifted and enthusiastic mathematician, Karen gradually became the worlds’ foremost 16PF supporter. No one knew it better than she did—from item content to factor structure to early research in Czechoslovakia. Her enthusiasm was contagious, and she was generous in sharing her knowledge and in her encouragement of others. She enjoyed giving in-depth 16PF profile interpretations to those who showed a personal interest. As a friend, mentor, and colleague, she was kind, tactful, considerate, affirmative, and loyal. She drew people out, empowering them to give their best, even in difficult times. She passionately supported the people around her and their feelings and interests. She is greatly missed.

CONTENTS

Series Preface xi

One Overview 1

Tw o How to Administer and Score the 16PF Questionnaire 19

Three The 16PF Questionnaire Scales 27

Four How to Interpret the 16PF Questionnaire 159

Five Strengths and Weaknesses of the 16PF Questionnaire 191

Six Clinical, Counseling, and Consulting Applications 197

Seven Career and Organizational Applications 221

Eight Illustrative Case Reports 249 Appendix 281 References 285 Annotated Bibliography 295 Index 297 About the Authors 307 Acknowledgments 307

ix

SERIES PREFACE

n the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, we have attempted to provide the reader with books that will deliver key practical information Iin the most efficient and accessible style. The series features instruments in a variety of domains, such as cognition, personality, education, and neuro- . For the experienced clinician, books in the series will offer a concise, yet thorough way to master utilization of the continuously evolving supply of new and revised instruments, as well as a convenient method for keeping up to date on the tried-and-true measures. The novice will find here a prioritized assembly of all the information and techniques that must be at one’s fingertips to begin the complicated process of individual psychological assessment. Wherever feasible, visual shortcuts to highlight key points are utilized alongside systematic, step-by-step guidelines. Chapters are focused and suc- cinct. Topics are targeted for an easy understanding of the essentials of administration, scoring, interpretation, and clinical application. Theory and research are continually woven into the fabric of each book, but always to enhance clinical interference, never to sidetrack or overwhelm. We have long been advocates of “intelligent” testing — the notion that a profile of test scores is meaningless unless it is brought to life by the clinical observations and astute detective work of knowledgeable examiners. Test profiles must be used to make a difference in a child’s or adult’s life, or why bother to test? We want this series to help our readers become the best intelligent testers they can be. In Essentials of 16PF ® Assessment, the authors present a foundation of basic information for beginners as well as in-depth information for the experienced practitioner. The goal in writing this text was always to provide sufficient

xi xii SERIES PREFACE explanation so that a person with no 16PF experience could, after careful study, make sense of a set of scores. The text draws upon the authors’ own considerable research, teaching, and applied experience with the test, as well as that of many other authors. Detailed information is provided on all of the scales measured by the 16PF Questionnaire, as well as some information about scale interactions, a range of case studies, and information about how to use the test in career counseling, employee selection and development, and clinical and counseling applications.

Alan S. Kaufman, PhD, and Nadeen L. Kaufman, EdD, Series Editors Yale University School of Medicine One

OVERVIEW

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT he 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF®) is a comprehensive measure of normal-range personality that is widely used in settings in Twhich an in-depth, integrated picture of the whole person is needed. Key information about the test is provided in Rapid Reference 1.1. The his- tory of the development of the 16PF Questionnaire spans almost the entire history of objective personality measurement. Instead of being developed to measure preconceived dimensions of interest to a particular author for a par- ticular purpose, the 16PF Questionnaire originated from the unique per- spective of an empirical quest to try to discover the basic structural elements of personality via scientific research sampling of the whole domain of human personality. In addition to leading to the discovery of the 16 personality fac- tors for which the test is named, the research identified the broad dimensions currently called the Big Five factors of personality. Because of its scientific origin, the test has a long history of empirical research, is embedded in a well- established theory of individual differences, and has proven useful in under- standing a wide variety of important behaviors. These features provide a rich source of interpretation for the test user. That the 16PF Questionnaire originated from scientific inquiry was no accident; its author, Raymond B. Cattell, was the product of a strong scien- tific and analytical background. His grandfather, father, and brother were inventors and engineers. As a young man, he witnessed the astounding results of pioneering scientific research—electricity, radios, telephones, auto- mobiles, and airplanes. These influences inspired his decision to pursue undergraduate and master’s degrees in the physical sciences at the University of London in the 1920s.

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