DOCSLIB.ORG

DRAFT Tucannon River and Pataha Creek TMDL Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DRAFT Tucannon River and Pataha Creek TMDL Study Tucannon River and Pataha Creek Temperature Total Maximum Daily Load Water Quality Improvement Report and Implementation Plan April 2010 - DRAFT Publication No. 10-10-019 Publication and Contact Information This report is available on the Department of Ecology’s website at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/1010019.html For more information contact: Jon Jones Water Quality Program N. 4601 Monroe Spokane, WA 99205-1295 Phone: 509-329-3400 Washington State Department of Ecology Eastern Regional Office Water Quality Program 4601 N. Monroe St. Spokane, WA 99205-1295 Phone: 509-329-3481 Washington State Department of Ecology - www.ecy.wa.gov/ o Headquarters, Olympia 360-407-6000 o Northwest Regional Office, Bellevue 425-649-7000 o Southwest Regional Office, Olympia 360-407-6300 o Central Regional Office, Yakima 509-575-2490 o Eastern Regional Office, Spokane 509-329-3400 Cover photo: Cover photo of Tucannon River taken by HDR, 2005 Project Codes and 1996 303(d) Water body ID Numbers Data for this project are available at Ecology’s Environmental Information Management (EIM) website at www.ecy.wa.gov/eim/index.htm. Search User Study ID, TUWS35TM. Study Tracker Code (Environmental Assessment Program) is 07-062. TMDL Study Code (Water Quality Program) is TUWS35TM. Numbers: WA-35-2010 Any use of product or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the author or the Department of Ecology. To ask about the availability of this document in a format for the visually impaired, call the Water Quality Program at 360-407-6404. Persons with hearing loss can call 711 for Washington Relay Service. Persons with a speech disability can call 877-833-6341. Tucannon River & Pataha Creek Temperature Total Maximum Daily Load Water Quality Improvement Report and Implementation Plan by Dustin Bilhimer Donovan Gray Jon Jones Water Quality Program Eastern Regional Office Washington State Department of Ecology Olympia, Washington 98504 This page is purposely left blank Table of Contents Page List of Figures and Tables................................................................................................................v Figures .................................................................................................................................................... v Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... ix What is a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) .............................................................................1 Federal Clean Water Act requirements .................................................................................................. 1 TMDL process overview ........................................................................................................................ 2 Elements the Clean Water Act requires in a TMDL .............................................................................. 2 Streamlined approach to TMDL development ....................................................................................... 2 Who should participate in this TMDL? .................................................................................................. 3 Why Ecology is Conducting a TMDL Project in this Watershed ....................................................5 Impairments addressed by this TMDL ................................................................................................... 5 Water Quality Standards and Beneficial Uses .................................................................................9 Watershed Description ...................................................................................................................11 TMDL Analysis .............................................................................................................................13 Loading capacity .................................................................................................................................. 13 Load and Wasteload Allocations ...................................................................................................15 Wasteload allocations ........................................................................................................................... 15 Load allocations ................................................................................................................................... 17 Seasonal Variation .........................................................................................................................21 Reserve capacity for future growth ...................................................................................................... 21 Margin of Safety ............................................................................................................................21 Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................21 Implementation Plan ......................................................................................................................23 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Recommended actions .......................................................................................................................... 23 Reasonable Assurance ...................................................................................................................39 Monitoring .....................................................................................................................................39 Funding Opportunities ...................................................................................................................40 Tucannon River & Pataha Creek Temperature TMDL Water Quality Improvement Report Page iii - DRAFT Summary of Public Involvement Methods ....................................................................................41 Next steps ............................................................................................................................................. 41 References ......................................................................................................................................43 Appendix A. Glossary, Acronyms, and Abbreviations ............................................................ A-45 Appendix B. Response to Public Comments ............................................................................B-51 Appendix C: Overview of Stream Heating Processes ..............................................................C-53 Appendix D: Data Summaries ................................................................................................. D-67 Appendix E: Ecology Study Results and Discussion ............................................................... E-99 Appendix F: Model Calibration and Assumptions ................................................................. F-117 Appendix G: System Potential Shade and Load Allocations ................................................. G-125 Appendix H: Planned Implementation Actions ..................................................................... H-137 Appendix I: Implementation Responsibilities Tracking Sheet ............................................... I-139 Tucannon River & Pataha Creek Temperature TMDL Water Quality Improvement Report Page iv - DRAFT List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1. Map of the Tucannon/Pataha watershed ........................................................................11 Figure 2. Shade modeling process steps. ..................................................................................... 13 Figure 3. 7-day average daily maximum stream temperature for Pataha Creek and Pomeroy STP effluent. ................................................................................................. 15 Figure 4. Percent shade deficit load allocations for Tucannon River and Pataha Creek and the TMDL compliance area. ................................................................................. 18 Figure 5. Areas of groundwater/surface water interactions and daily maximum stream temperatures during July 13, 2005. .............................................................................. 19 Figure 6. Priority restoration and protection zones for the Tucannon/Pataha watershed. ........... 33 Tables Table 1. 303(d) listed water bodies for temperature addressed in this TMDL ............................... 6 Table 2. Aquatic life uses in the Tucannon River subbasin ............................................................ 9 Table 3. Shade model input parameters. ....................................................................................... 14 Table 4. Wasteload allocations for permitted discharges to Pataha Creek and Tucannon River. 15 Table 5. Values used to develop the Pomeroy treatment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tucannon River Watershed Initial Assessment
    DRAFT INITIAL WATERSHED ASSESSMENT TUCANNON RIVER WATERSHED Part of Water Resources Inventory Area 35 Open file Report 95-04 Prepared by: John Covert, Jim Lyerla, and Mark Ader Washington Department of Ecology, Eastern Regional Office Water Resources Program N. 4601 Monroe Street, Suite 202 Spokane, Washington 99205-1295 and edited by: Montgomery Water Group, Inc. 620 Kirkland Way, Suite 202 Kirkland, Washington 98083-2517 Adolfson Associates, Inc. 5309 Shilshole Avenue NW Seattle, Washington 98107 Hong West & Associates, Inc. 19730 64th Avenue West Lynnwood, Washington 98036-0106 R2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 15250 NE 95th Redmond, Washington 98052 February 10, 1995 Table of Contents Tucannon River Watershed Assessment Initial Watershed Assessment Tucannon River Watershed ............................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Watershed Description ................................................................................................................ 1 Area Description ..................................................................................................................... 1 Land Use ................................................................................................................................. 2 Climate and Precipitation Trends............................................................................................ 2 Hydrogeology.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 4.0 Tucannon Subbasin Aquatic Assessment
    4.0 Tucannon Subbasin Aquatic Assessment 4.1 Selection of Focal Species Four aquatic species were chosen as focal for Tucannon Subbasin Planning: steelhead/rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss; spring and fall Chinook Onchorynchus tshawytcha; bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. The criteria used to select focal species were the aspects of the Tucannon Subbasin ecosystem that the life histories represent; the Endangered Species Act (ESA) status; the cultural importance of the species and whether or not there was enough knowledge of the life history of the species to do an effective assessment. Those species of which too little was known to be included as focal at this time could be included as “species of interest” (see section 4.7). The WDFW suggested the above species as focal for the subbasin. These were then presented to the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT), the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR), The Columbia County Conservation District Board, the citizens advisory group, subbasin planning team and other interested agencies and entities. Consensus was achieved on their selection. Tucannon summer steelhead, spring/fall chinook and bull trout life histories intersect a broad range of the aquatic ecosystem. Spatially, the life histories of these four species cover the entire subbasin from the mouth to the headwaters. These species also occupy all levels of the water column including slack water, swift water and the hyporheic zone. Not only are they present but also the ability of these species to thrive is dependent on being able to successfully occupy these areas. Temporally, these species are present (or were assumed to be present in the past) at one lifestage or another throughout much of the watershed in all seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Hunting Prospects: District 3
    2020 PAUL WIK, District Wildlife Biologist MARK VEKASY, Assistant District Wildlife Biologist DISTRICT 3 HUNTING PROSPECTS Asotin, Garfield, Columbia, and Walla Walla counties 38 | Page TABLE OF CONTENTS BE AWARE OF FIRE CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 5 DISTRICT 3 GENERAL OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 5 ELK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8 General Information, Management Goals, and Population Status ........................................................................ 8 Which GMU Should Elk Hunters Hunt? ............................................................................................................ 11 A Brief Description of Each GMU ..................................................................................................................... 11 What to Expect During the 2019 Season ............................................................................................................ 15 How to Find Elk .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Elk Areas ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Touchet Endemic Summer Steelhead HGMP to NOAA Fisheries in 2010 for a Section 10(A)(1)(A) Permit
    WDFW Touchet River Endemic Stock Summer Steelhead - Touchet River Release HATCHERY AND GENETIC MANAGEMENT PLAN (HGMP) Hatchery Program: Mid-Columbia Summer Steelhead –Touchet River Stock: Lyons Ferry Hatchery Complex Species or Touchet River Endemic Summer Steelhead Hatchery Stock: Agency/Operator: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Watershed and Region: Touchet River / Walla Walla River / Mid- Columbia Basin, Washington State Date Submitted: April 20, 2002; November 29, 2010 Date Last Updated: November 6, 2015 WDFW - Touchet River Endemic Stock HGMP 1 Executive Summary ESA Permit Status: In 2010 the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) submitted a Hatchery Genetic Management Plan (HGMP) for the Lyons Ferry Hatchery (LFH) Touchet River Endemic Summer Steelhead 50,000 release of yearling smolts into the Touchet River program. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) are now re-submitting an HGMP for this yearling program to update the description of the current program. Both the Touchet River Endemic Summer Steelhead (O. Mykiss), Mid-Columbia ESU summer steelhead population, listed as threatened under the ESA as part of the Mid-Columbia River ESU (March 25, 1999; FR 64 No. 57: 14517-14528) and Wallowa Stock summer steelhead (O. Mykiss), (not ESA-listed) are currently produced at WDFW’s LFH and released into the Touchet River. This document covers only the Tucannon Endemic Steelhead program. The proposed hatchery program may slowly phase out the Wallowa stock from the Touchet River in the future. This will depend on the performance of the Touchet River endemic steelhead stock, and decisions reached with the co-managers for full implementation.
    [Show full text]
  • CTUIR Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and Lower
    Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and the Lower Columbia River by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Jennifer Karson Engum, Ph.D. Cultural Resources Protection Program Report prepared for CTUIR Board of Trustees Fish and Wildlife Commission Cultural Resources Committee CAYUSE, UMATILLAANDWALLA WALLA TRIBES November 16, 2020 CONFEDERATED TRIBES of the Umatilla Indian Reservation 46411 Timíne Way PENDLETON, OREGON TREATY JUNE 9, 1855 REDACTED FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and the Lower Columbia River by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Prepared by Jennifer Karson Engum, Ph.D. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Department of Natural Resources Cultural Resources Protection Program 46411 Timíne Way Pendleton, Oregon 97801 Prepared for CTUIR Board of Trustees Fish and Wildlife Commission Cultural Resources Committee November 16, 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Umatilla (Imatalamłáma), Cayuse (Weyíiletpu), and Walla Walla (Walúulapam) peoples, who comprise the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR), have traveled throughout the west, including to the lower Columbia and Willamette Rivers and to Willamette Falls, to exercise their reserved treaty rights to hunt, fish, and gather the traditional subsistence resources known as the First Foods. They have been doing so since time immemorial, an important indigenous concept which describes a time continuum that spans from ancient times to present day. In post- contact years, interactions expanded to include explorers, traders and missionaries, who brought with them new opportunities for trade and intermarriage as well as the devastating circumstances brought by disease, warfare, and the reservation era. Through cultural adaptation and uninterrupted treaty rights, the CTUIR never ceased to continue to travel to the lower Columbia and Willamette River and falls for seasonal traditional practice and for other purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Umatilla National Forest
    Umatilla - 2001 Monitoring Report Umatilla National Forest FOREST SUPERVISOR OFFICE 2517 SW Hailey Avenue Pendleton, Oregon 97801 (541) 278-3716 Jeff D. Blackwood, Forest Supervisor ---------- HEPPNER RANGER DISTRICT P.O. Box 7 Heppner, Oregon 97836 (541) 676-9187 Andrei Rykoff, District Ranger NORTH FORK JOHN DAY RANGER DISTRICT P.O. Box 158 Ukiah, Oregon 97880 (541) 427-3231 Craig Smith-Dixon, District Ranger POMEROY RANGER DISTRICT 71 West Main Pomeroy, Washington 99347 (509) 843-1891 Monte Fujishin, District Ranger WALLA WALLA RANGER DISTRICT 1415 West Rose Street Walla Walla, Washington 99362 (509) 522-6290 Mary Gibson, District Ranger U-1 Umatilla - 2001 Monitoring Report U-2 Umatilla - 2001 Monitoring Report SECTION U Table of Contents Page MONITORING ITEMS NOT REPORTED THIS YEAR.....................................................................U- 4 FOREST PLAN AMENDMENTS FOR FY2001................................................................................U- 4 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED ACTIONS ..................................................................................U- 5 FOREST PLAN MONITORING ITEMS Item 3 Water Quantity .........................................................................................................U-10 Item 4 Water Quality............................................................................................................U-12 Item 5 Stream Temperature ................................................................................................U-15 Item 6 Stream Sedimentation..............................................................................................U-20
    [Show full text]
  • Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program 2016 Annual Report
    STATE OF WASHINGTON August 2017 Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program 2016 Annual Report by Michael P. Gallinat and Lance A. Ross Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Fish Program FPA 17-03 Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program 2016 Annual Report by Michael P. Gallinat Lance A. Ross Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Fish Program/Science Division 600 Capitol Way North Olympia, Washington 98501-1091 Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lower Snake River Compensation Plan Office 1387 S. Vinnell Way, Suite 343 Boise, Idaho 83709 Cooperative Agreement: F16AC00033 August 2017 Acknowledgments The Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program is the result of efforts by many individuals within the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) and from other agencies. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ace Trump, Lyons Ferry Hatchery Complex Manager and Hatchery Specialists Steve Jones, Dan Pounds, Scott Breslin, Doug Maxey, and Dick Rogers for their cooperation with hatchery sampling, providing information regarding hatchery operations and hatchery records, and their input on evaluation and research activities. We also thank all additional hatchery personnel who provide the day-to-day care of the spring Chinook and for their assistance with hatchery spawning, sampling, and record keeping. We thank Lynn Anderson and the Coded-Wire Tag Lab staff for their assistance in coded-wire tag verification. We also thank Lance Campbell and Andrew Claiborne for providing scale ages, and Meghan Baker and Elizabeth Bamberger for information on fish health during the year. Special thanks go to David Bramwell for help formatting this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 1 Introduction and Background
    Final Plan August 2007 Section 1 Introduction and Background Watershed planning provides a method to help balance competing demands upon water resources. Given a limited resource and a range of potentially competing demands for water, it has historically been difficult for citizens, businesses and public agencies to make water-resource management decisions without some controversy. The State of Washington’s Watershed Planning program offers a tool that is designed to allow for local guidance in identifying, prioritizing and developing solutions to water resource management issues within the state’s watersheds. This document presents the local Watershed Management Plan for Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) 35 along the Middle Snake River. 1.1 Overview of Watershed Planning 1.1.1 Planning Objectives & Scope Watershed planning in WRIA 35 provides a method to help achieve a balance among competing water resource demands. Water demands for commercial, industrial, residential and agricultural activities (e.g. out of stream uses) have to be balanced with Tribal cultural and instream fish habitat needs. Demands such as irrigated agriculture, recreation, fishing and hunting provides an important economic base for the WRIA. Critical habitat for fish species listed under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) as well as a diversity of non-listed fish and wildlife are also dependent upon water resources. The WRIA’s surface water resources also offer recreational opportunities and natural beauty for residents and visitors. 1.1.2 Legal Basis for Watershed Planning In 1998, the Washington State Legislature passed the Watershed Management Act (Chapter 90.82 Revised Code of Washington [RCW]; Engrossed Substitute House Bill [ESHB] 2514) to provide a framework for citizens, interest groups, and government organizations to join together to develop a management plan for water resources in each of the State’s major watersheds as described in Chapter 173-200 WAC.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Most Probable Stressors to Aquatic Life in the Touchet River, Washington
    EPA/600/R-08/145 | January 2010 | www.epa.gov/ncea Identification of Most Probable Stressors to Aquatic Life in the Touchet River, Washington National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460 EPA/600/R-08/145 January 2010 Identification of Most Probable Stressors to Aquatic Life in the Touchet River, Washington National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 NOTICE The Washington State Department of Ecology and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development jointly prepared this report. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ABSTRACT The Washington State Department of Ecology (WSDE) currently practices “single-entry” total maximum daily load (TMDL) studies. A single-entry TMDL addresses multiple water quality impairments concurrently, which can reduce sampling costs, organize sampling group efforts, and provide an objective framework for basing management decisions in the regulatory process. The Touchet River, a subwatershed of the Walla Walla River in eastern Washington State, was listed for fecal coliform bacteria, temperature, and pH water quality impairments and slated for a single-entry TMDL. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)’s Stressor Identification procedures were used to identify and prioritize factors causing biological impairment and to develop effective restoration plans for this river. Six sites were sampled along the Touchet River over a two-year period; parameters measured included WSDE benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage metrics and physical habitat measures; chemical analysis of pesticides and other pollutants; and in-situ temperature and pH measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program 2017 Annual Report
    STATE OF WASHINGTON September 2018 Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program 2017 Annual Report by Michael P. Gallinat and Lance A. Ross Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Fish Program FPA 18-08 Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program 2017 Annual Report by Michael P. Gallinat Lance A. Ross Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Fish Program/Science Division 600 Capitol Way North Olympia, Washington 98501-1091 Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lower Snake River Compensation Plan Office 1387 S. Vinnell Way, Suite 343 Boise, Idaho 83709 Cooperative Agreement: F16AC00033 September 2018 Acknowledgments The Tucannon River Spring Chinook Salmon Hatchery Evaluation Program is the result of efforts by many individuals within the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) and from other agencies. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ace Trump, Lyons Ferry Hatchery Complex Manager and Hatchery Specialists Steve Jones, Dan Pounds, Scott Breslin, Doug Maxey, and Dick Rogers for their cooperation with hatchery sampling, providing information regarding hatchery operations and hatchery records, and their input on evaluation and research activities. We also thank all additional hatchery personnel who provide the day-to-day care of the spring Chinook and for their assistance with hatchery spawning, sampling, and record keeping. We thank Lynn Anderson and the Coded-Wire Tag Lab staff for their assistance in coded-wire tag verification. We also thank Lance Campbell and Andrew Claiborne for providing scale ages, and Kelly Britt for information on fish health during the year. Special thanks go to David Bramwell for help formatting this report.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Northern Blue Mountains
    This document was transcribed from a photocopy of an original located in the Supervisor’s Office Silviculture Library Archives. To the greatest extent possible, this version is an exact duplicate of the original text. HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN BLUE MOUNTAINS by Gerald J. Tucker 1940 HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN BLUE MOUNTAINS (UMATILLA16) PAGE 1 This document was transcribed from a photocopy of an original located in the Supervisor’s Office Silviculture Library Archives. To the greatest extent possible, this version is an exact duplicate of the original text. HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN BLUE MOUNTAINS -- Table of Contents – Chapters Pages FOREWARD I GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN BLUE MOUNTAINS .......................................... 5 Coal deposits, Indian Legend concerning their geological views II THE COMING OF LEWIS AND CLARK................................................................ 11 Location of Indian tribes, The prophecy of Wa-tum-nah III THE NEZ PERCE AND CAPTAIN B. L. E. BONNEVILLE .................................... 16 The Indian search for religion, the coming of Marcus Whitman and Spalding IV EARLY INDIAN TRAILS........................................................................................ 19 The Old Oregon Trail, The legend of the Grizzly Bear Rock, Chief Joseph's summer trail V THE TREATY OF 1855 ......................................................................................... 24 Early trappers - Hudson Bay Co., “Fifty-four Forty or fight,” Indian Gardens VI EARLY PIONEER ACCOUNTS ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tucannon and Touchet River Endemic Broodstock Development Hatchery
    Tucannon and Touchet River Endemic Broodstock Development Hatchery Program Review 2000‐2012 Joseph D. Bumgarner Mark L. Schuck Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Snake River Lab 401 South Cottonwood Dayton, WA 99328 This program is a cooperative effort of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Nez Perce Tribe and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The program is funded by the Bonneville Power Administration and administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan. INTRODUCTION and BACKGROUND This paper provides background information, program development history and an assessment of program performance for the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife’s (WDFW) Tucannon and Touchet rivers endemic stock summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hatchery program. The coverage period is from program initiation in 2000 to the present (spring of 2012). A precipitous decline in numbers of Snake River steelhead and other anadromous fish between 1962 and the mid 1970s alarmed management agencies such as the WDFW. The rapid decline in steelhead and a commensurate loss of recreational opportunity for Washington’s residents spurred Washington to partner with other State and Federal management agencies, where they negotiated with federal agencies such as the Corps of Engineers (COE) to mitigate for adult fish losses to anadromous populations and lost resident fishing opportunity caused by construction and operation of the four lower Snake River power dams. The Lyons Ferry and Wallowa stock steelhead programs were initiated early on to achieve mitigation goals and have been described in other LSRCP summary documents. Snake River and Mid‐Columbia summer steelhead populations were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1997.
    [Show full text]