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“Transnacionalismo Político: Activismo Político Mapuche En Barcelona”

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“Transnacionalismo Político: Activismo Político Mapuche En Barcelona” Trabajo de Fin de Máster Máster en Antropología: Investigación Avanzada e Intervención Social Departamento de Antropología Social y Cultural Facultad de Filosofía y Letras “Transnacionalismo político: Activismo Político Mapuche en Barcelona” Karla Nahuelpan Sánchez [email protected] Tutora: Miranda Lubbers Julio 2018 Transnacionalismo político: Activismo Político Mapuche en Barcelona En memoria a Nicolás Nahuelpan Riveros, quien me enseñó a siempre sentirme orgullosa de ser Mapuche. Tío, ahora vuela por el aire igual que el cóndor. 2 Transnacionalismo político: Activismo Político Mapuche en Barcelona AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Colectivo Trawun, por su buena disposición a ayudarme a realizar esta investigación; a mi familia, que a pesar de la distancia siempre me entregaron su apoyo incondicional para este proyecto; a mis amigos, en especial a Katherine, Raphael, Jorge, Alexander, Valentina y Francisco, quienes a pesar del poco tiempo que nos conocemos se transformaron en mi familia acá en Barcelona; a mis compañeros de máster, quienes fueron un apoyo fundamental en el sentido académico y moral durante mi estancia en este continente; a Miranda por sus comentarios de aliento y por confiar en mi investigación y, finalmente, a Conicyt por darme la oportunidad de poder realizar mis estudios de Máster en Barcelona. 3 Transnacionalismo político: Activismo Político Mapuche en Barcelona RESUMEN La mayoría de los estudios relacionados a migración mapuche están enfocados en los procesos históricos de migración Chile-Argentina (y viceversa) y también la migración campo-ciudad. Sin embargo, siempre ha habido un gran número de mapuche que viven fuera del país. En la actualidad –debido al contexto político de este pueblo indígena en Chile y en Argentina- muchas personas de origen mapuche se están organizando políticamente en colectivos o agrupaciones. Uno de estos colectivos se encuentra en Barcelona: El Colectivo Trawun. El objetivo general de este trabajo final de Máster es analizar el rol de este colectivo en el activismo mapuche transnacional así como en la reproducción de la identidad política- cultural de los jóvenes que lo integran. Para poder desarrollar el objetivo recién mencionado, se presentan los siguientes objetivos específicos: (1) describir los objetivos, funcionamiento, y composición del Colectivo Trawun; (2) identificar el rol que cumple este colectivo en el campo transnacional del activismo mapuche, (3) identificar el rol que cumple el Colectivo Trawun en la reproducción de la identidad de los jóvenes que lo integran. Como hipótesis de investigación, se podría afirmar que la formación del Colectivo Trawun a permitido la reproducción de una identidad de activista político transnacional en la ciudad de Barcelona, lo cual además a generado una reconfiguración de las identidades de los participantes de dicho colectivo, esto llevándose a cabo a través de diversas manifestaciones político-culturales que realizan como colectivo para la visibilización del conflicto mapuche en Barcelona. Para el presente estudio se realizó observación participante en las reuniones y actividades del Colectivo Trawun de la ciudad de Barcelona, y se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad (tipo historia de vida) con jóvenes migrantes mapuche asociados a este colectivo para entender sus razones de migración y sus motivaciones para integrar este colectivo. Palabras clave. Transnacionalismo político – Identidad – Redes Sociales – Mapuche 4 Transnacionalismo político: Activismo Político Mapuche en Barcelona Tabla de contenido 1. Presentación ................................................................................................................... 6 2. Contextualización .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Mapuche: gente de la tierra ................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Conflicto Mapuche ................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.1. Conquista española ................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2. Independencia de Chile y posterior ocupación de la Araucanía ...................................... 13 2.2.3. El conflicto mapuche y la recuperación de tierras ancestrales ........................................ 14 2.3. Procesos migratorios ........................................................................................................... 18 2.4. Objetivos ................................................................................................................................ 20 2.5. Interrogantes e hipótesis ..................................................................................................... 20 3. Marco Teórico y Analítico ............................................................................................ 21 3.1. Transnacionalismo Político ....................................................................................................... 21 3.2. Identidad ...................................................................................................................................... 25 4. Metodología ................................................................................................................... 28 4.1. Posicionamiento y aspectos éticos ................................................................................... 30 5. Resultados ..................................................................................................................... 31 5.1. Transnacionalismo político: actores y prácticas ............................................................. 31 5.1.1. Colectivo Trawun .................................................................................................................... 32 5.1.2. Actividades político-culturales reivindicativas ..................................................................... 36 5.1.3. Redes Sociales Trasnacionales ........................................................................................... 42 5.2. Rol del Colectivo TraWun en el campo transnacional político ...................................... 45 5.2.1 Activismo Político .................................................................................................................... 45 5.2.2 Lazos con partidos políticos y el Estado chileno ............................................................... 48 5.3. Procesos migratorios - redefiniciones identitarias ......................................................... 51 5.3.1. En búsqueda de una identidad ............................................................................................. 51 5.3.2. Identidad Transnacional Política .......................................................................................... 54 6. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 57 7. Referencias .................................................................................................................... 60 7.1. Libros y Artículos .................................................................................................................. 60 7.2. En Línea .................................................................................................................................. 65 8. Anexos ............................................................................................................................ 67 8.1. Guion de entrevista ............................................................................................................... 67 8.2. Consentimiento informado .................................................................................................. 70 5 Transnacionalismo político: Activismo Político Mapuche en Barcelona 1. Presentación El presente escrito es producto de la investigación realizada en el contexto del Trabajo de Fin de Máster (TFM) en Antropología: Investigación Avanzada e Intervención Social, Máster cursado en los años 2017-2018 en la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, en donde la especialidad elegida es la de “Espacios y Relaciones Transnacionales”. Este TFM busca analizar y visibilizar un fenómeno en específico, el cual es el transnacionalismo. El fenómeno de las migraciones internacionales tiene muchas aristas de investigación, fenómeno que además genera cambios sociales globalizadores. En este sentido, cabe destacar que al presente trabajo de investigación se añadirá una perspectiva política-cultural al enfocarse en los procesos de activismo político y de las redefiniciones de identidades políticas de un grupo indígena migrado al extranjero en específico: los mapuche en Barcelona. Es así que la antropología cumple un rol fundamental en estos estudios, analizando cómo los procesos migratorios influyen en las redefiniciones y reconfiguraciones identitarias de sujetos o comunidades, cómo estos procesos generan la conformación de comunidades transnacionales y que estas a su vez juegan un rol político, social y cultural tanto en los países de residencia como en los de origen. Mi motivación radica tanto en lo personal como en lo profesional. El ser mapuche no es algo que yo haya elegido, pero sí es algo de lo que me siento orgullosa y es algo que cada vez que tengo oportunidad lo recalco como una de las cosas más importantes de mi vida. Afortunadamente vengo de una
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