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§ 160.151–7 [Amended] they appear and adding, in their place, documentation we used in preparing 3. Amend § 160.151–7 by removing the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code, as amended this finding is available for public the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code’’ wherever by Resolution MSC.293(87),’’. inspection, by appointment, during they appear and adding, in their place, normal business hours by contacting the § 160.151–57 [Amended] the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code, as amended U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, by Resolution MSC.293(87),’’. 11. Amend § 160.151–57 by removing Ecological Services Field Office, 2321 the words ‘‘IMO Revised W. Royal Palm Road, Suite 103, § 160.151–15 [Amended] recommendation on testing’’ wherever Phoenix, AZ 85021; telephone (602) 4. Amend § 160.151–15 by removing they appear and adding, in their place, 242–0210; facsimile (602) 242–2513. If the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code’’ wherever the words ‘‘IMO Revised you use a telecommunications device they appear and adding, in their place, recommendation on testing, as amended for the deaf (TDD), please call the the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code, as amended by Resolution MSC.295(87),’’. Federal Information Relay Service by Resolution MSC.293(87),’’. Dated: September 22, 2011. (FIRS) at (800) 877–8339. Please submit § 160.151–17 [Amended] J.G. Lantz, any new information, comments, or Director of Commercial Regulations and questions concerning this finding to the 5. Amend § 160.151–17 by removing above street address. the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code’’ wherever Standards, U.S. Coast Guard. they appear and adding, in their place, [FR Doc. 2011–25032 Filed 10–7–11; 8:45 am] FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code, as amended BILLING CODE P Steve Spangle, Field Supervisor, U.S. by Resolution MSC.293(87),’’. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Ecological Services Field Office, 2321 § 160.151–21 [Amended] DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR W. Royal Palm Road, Suite 103, 6. Amend § 160.151–21 as follows: Phoenix, AZ 85021; telephone (602) a. Remove the words ‘‘IMO LSA Fish and Wildlife Service 242–0210; facsimile (602) 242–2513. If Code’’ wherever they appear and add, in you use a telecommunications device their place, the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code, 50 CFR Part 17 for the deaf (TDD), please call the Federal Information Relay Service as amended by Resolution [Docket No. FWS–R2–ES–2011–0081; MSC.293(87),’’; and MO92210–0–0008] (FIRS) at (800) 877–8339. b. In paragraph (f), remove the words SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: ‘‘IMO Revised recommendation on Endangered and Threatened Wildlife testing’’ and add, in their place, the and ; 12-Month Finding on a Background words ‘‘IMO Revised recommendation Petition To List gonzalezii, Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act (16 on testing, as amended by Resolution hypoxylus, and U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) requires that, for MSC.295(87),’’. piscaticus as Endangered or any petition to revise the Federal Lists Threatened of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife § 160.151–27 [Amended] and Plants that contain substantial 7. Amend § 160.151–27 by removing AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, scientific or commercial information the words ‘‘IMO Revised Interior. indicating that listing a species may be recommendation on testing’’ wherever ACTION: Notice of 12-month petition warranted, we make a finding within 12 they appear and adding, in their place, finding. months of the date of receipt of the the words ‘‘IMO Revised petition. In this finding, we will SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and recommendation on testing, as amended determine that the petitioned action is: by Resolution MSC.295(87),’’. Wildlife Service (Service), announce a 12-month finding on a petition to list (a) Not warranted, (b) warranted, or (c) § 160.151–29 [Amended] (Santa Rita warranted, but immediate proposal of a regulation implementing the petitioned 8. Amend § 160.151–29 as follows: yellowshow), Astragalus hypoxylus a. In the introductory text, remove the (Huachuca milk-vetch), and Erigeron action is precluded by other pending words ‘‘IMO LSA Code’’ and add, in piscaticus (Fish Creek fleabane) as proposals to determine whether species their place, the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code, endangered or threatened with critical are endangered or threatened, and as amended by Resolution habitat under the Endangered Species expeditious progress is being made to MSC.293(87),’’; and Act of 1973, as amended (Act). After add or remove qualified species from b. In the introductory text, remove the review of the best scientific and the Lists of Endangered and Threatened words ‘‘IMO Revised recommendation commercial information available, we Wildlife and Plants. Section 4(b)(3)(C) of on testing’’ and add, in their place, the find that listing Amoreuxia gonzalezii, the Act requires that we treat a petition words ‘‘IMO Revised recommendation Astragalus hypoxylus, and Erigeron for which the requested action is found on testing, as amended by Resolution piscaticus is not warranted at this time. to be warranted but precluded as though MSC.295(87),’’. However, we ask the public to submit to resubmitted on the date of such finding, us any new information that becomes that is, requiring a subsequent finding to § 160.151–31 [Amended] available concerning the threats to be made within 12 months. We must 9. Amend § 160.151–31 by removing Amoreuxia gonzalezii, Astragalus publish these 12-month findings in the the words ‘‘IMO Revised hypoxylus, and Erigeron piscaticus or Federal Register. recommendation on testing’’ wherever their habitats at any time. Previous Federal Actions they appear and adding, in their place, DATES: The finding announced in this the words ‘‘IMO Revised Amoreuxia gonzalezii, Astragalus document was made on October 11, hypoxylus, and Erigeron piscaticus were recommendation on testing, as amended 2011. by Resolution MSC.295(87),’’. formerly Category 2 candidate species, ADDRESSES: This finding is available on which are taxa for which information in § 160.151–33 [Amended] the Internet at http:// our possession indicated that proposing 10. Amend § 160.151–33 by removing www.regulations.gov at Docket Number to list was possibly appropriate, but for the words ‘‘IMO LSA Code’’ wherever FWS–R2–ES–2011–0081. Supporting which persuasive data on biological

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vulnerability and threats were not part 424) set forth procedures for adding thickened starchy to woody rootstock, available to support a proposed listing species to, removing species from, or erect stems to 50 centimeters (cm) (20 rule (58 FR 51144; September 30, 1993). reclassifying species on the Federal inches (in)) in height, and long-petioled The designation of Category 2 candidate Lists of Endangered and Threatened (long-stalked) leaves that are deeply species was discontinued in 1996; Wildlife and Plants. Under section parted into five to seven spathulate therefore, these species are not currently 4(a)(1) of the Act, a species may be (spoon-shaped) lobes (Poppendieck considered candidates. determined to be endangered or 1981, p. 24). The inflorescences On June 25, 2007, we received a threatened based on any of the (clusters of flowers) are few-flowered formal petition dated June 18, 2007, following five factors: terminal cymes (branched flower from Forest Guardians (now WildEarth (A) The present or threatened clusters) with salmon- to yellow-colored Guardians), requesting that we do the destruction, modification, or flowers with maroon marks at the base following: (1) Consider for listing all full curtailment of its habitat or range; of the upper and lower petals (Hodgson species in our Southwest Region ranked (B) Overutilization for commercial, 1994, p. 3). The densely silky hair of the as G1 or G1G2 by the organization recreational, scientific, or educational ovary is one of two main characteristics NatureServe, except those that are purposes; that separate this species from its more currently listed, proposed for listing, or (C) Disease or predation; common relative A. palmatifida candidates; and (2) list each species (D) The inadequacy of existing (Hodgson 1994, p. 4). The second under the Act as either endangered or regulatory mechanisms; or characteristic separating the two species threatened and designate critical (E) Other natural or manmade factors is the mature fruit. The capsule in A. habitat. The petitioners presented two affecting its continued existence. gonzalezii is ellipsoid and the seeds tables that collectively listed 475 In making these findings, information spherical; in A. palmatifida, the species for consideration and requested pertaining to each species in relation to capsules are ovoid with reniform that the Service incorporate all analyses, the five factors provided in section (kidney-shaped) seeds (Hodgson 1993, references, and documentation provided 4(a)(1) of the Act is discussed below. In p. 27). Recent molecular work by Fulton by NatureServe in its online database considering what factors might (2011, pers. comm.) verifies that A. http://www.natureserve.org/ into the constitute threats to a species, we must gonzalezii is a valid taxon, and we petition. The petition clearly identified look beyond the exposure of the species consider the species a listable entity. itself as a petition and included the to a particular factor to evaluate whether Habitat and Biology appropriate identification information, the species may respond to the factor in as required in 50 CFR 424.14(a). We a way that causes actual impacts to the Amoreuxia gonzalezii is the farthest acknowledged the receipt of the petition species. If there is exposure to a factor north-occurring species within this in a letter to WildEarth Guardians dated and the species responds negatively, the tropical and sub-tropical genus found July 11, 2007. factor may be a threat, and during the primarily in South America (the On December 16, 2009, we made a 90- status review, we attempt to determine primary center of diversification), day finding (74 FR 66866) that the how significant a threat it is. The threat Central America, and Mexico petition presented substantial scientific is significant if it drives, or contributes (Poppendieck 1981, p. 24). Northern Mexico is the secondary center of information indicating that listing 67 of to, the risk of extinction of the species diversification for the genus and the 475 species may be warranted; such that the species warrants listing as contains the majority of documented Amoreuxia gonzalezii, Astragalus endangered or threatened as those terms locations of A. gonzalezii (Hodgson hypoxylus, and Erigeron piscaticus were are defined by the Act. However, the in that group of 67 species. For 1994, p. 5). In Mexico, A. gonzalezii is identification of factors that could Amoreuxia gonzalezii, the petition found in tropical areas in foothills impact a species negatively may not be listed urban and mining development thornscrub and tropical deciduous sufficient to compel a finding that the and herbivory as threats to the species forest. Rainfall amounts range from 28 species warrants listing. The and its habitat, along with competition cm per year (11 in) near the coast information must include evidence from nonnative species. For Astragalus (thornscrub) to 60 cm (24 in) in tropical sufficient to suggest that the potential hypoxylus, the petition listed deciduous forest. Freezes are very threat has the capacity (i.e., it should be degradation of habitat from livestock uncommon, and the bulk of rainfall of sufficient magnitude and extent) to grazing and impacts from recreation, as occurs from July through mid- affect the species’ status such that it well as indirect effects to , which September. The plants in these meets the definition of endangered or may be the primary pollinator of this vegetation communities are rainfall threatened under the Act. species. For Erigeron piscaticus, the sensitive; in other words, the shrubs and petition listed recreational impacts, Evaluation of the Status of Each of the trees leaf out only when the rains begin, poor watershed conditions, flooding, Three Species and drop their leaves when the rainy season ends, usually in October and small population size as threats to For each of the three species, we (Yetman and Van Devender 2002, pp. 9– the species and its habitat. The 90-day provide a description of the species and finding initiated a status review for 12). Geology of collection sites varies its life-history and habitat, an evaluation from granitic, to quartz, to shale with these three plants (74 FR 66866; of threats for that species, and our December 16, 2009). This notice quartz nodules and intrusives (molten finding that the petitioned action is igneous rock that is forced into cracks constitutes the 12-month finding on the warranted or not for that species. June 18, 2007, petition to list Amoreuxia or between other layers of rocks). In the gonzalezii, Astragalus hypoxylus, and Species Information for Amoreuxia state of Sonora in Mexico, A. gonzalezii Erigeron piscaticus as endangered or gonzalezii has been collected from the vicinity of ´ threatened. Alamos, Choquincahui, El Oasis, Species Description Guirocoba, Magdalena, Moctezuma, Evaluation of the Status of Each of the Amoreuxia gonzalezii is an Onavas, Santa Ana, To´nichi, and Three Plant Species herbaceous perennial (plant living 3 or Yocogigua, as well as the Curea- Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) more years) in the family Guadalupe Tayopa area. In the state of and implementing regulations (50 CFR (Lipstick tree). The plant has a Sinaloa in Mexico, the plant was

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described from near Choix in the north. seeds were collected by Garden staff with the thornscrub and tropical The specimens were found on both from one population in Sonora, Mexico deciduous forest plant communities, shallow and steep hill slopes at at an unknown date prior to 1991. In which are more humid, and where elevations from 160 to775 meters (m) greenhouse trials, the Garden had many plant species grow in response to (525 to 2542 feet (ft)). variable low rates of success, from 0 to summer rainfall. In the United States, Amoreuxia 43 percent, in germinating 4-year-old Amoreuxia gonzalezii has been collected from the Five-Factor Evaluation for seed stored both at room temperature gonzalezii Devil’s Cashbox area in the Santa Rita and in a freezer facility. Viability of the Mountains and Thomas Canyon in the seed bank and germination success in In making this finding, information Baboquivari Mountains (Southwest the wild is unknown, though Hodgson pertaining to Amoreuxia gonzalezii in Environmental Information Network did report finding 10 seedlings in 1991 relation to the five factors provided in 2011). Both locations are in in the Devil’s Cashbox area (Southwest section 4(a)(1) of the Act is discussed southeastern Arizona. We believe that Environmental Information Network below. the Arizona locations represent the 2011). In a greenhouse experiment, 4 Factor A. The Present or Threatened northernmost distribution of this plants produced 7 fruits with a total of Destruction, Modification, or species. The Santa Rita A. gonzalezii 232 seeds (Hodgson 1994, p. 7). Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range plants are on lands administered by the Assuming this may be optimum fruiting Coronado National Forest, Nogales potential given ample water and Potential factors that may affect the Ranger District. The plants occur in the greenhouse care, the small population habitat or range of Amoreuxia gonzalezii foothills at an elevation of 1,311 to sizes from known populations (4to 24 are discussed in this section, including: 1,402 m (4,300 to 4,599 ft) on steep individuals) may produce few seeds in (1) Nonnative, invasive species; (2) fire; limestone slopes and ridgetops. The typical years. There are no monitoring (3) development; (4) mining; (5) habitat is described as the transition plots or current research in any of the watershed degradation; (6) drought; and zone between Upper Sonoran populations in Arizona and Mexico. (7) climate change. desertscrub and grassland (NatureServe Nonnative, Invasive Species 2010). The collection from the granitic Abundance Baboquivari Mountains was from the There are virtually no population Throughout the Sonoran Desert sandy bank of a small drainage on estimates for any locations in Mexico, ecosystem, invasions of the introduced private land at 1,280 to 1,371 m (4,198 although Hodgson (1994, p. 7) reported Pennisetum ciliare (buffelgrass), Bromus to 4,497 ft) elevation. This site was that one population in Mexico in 1988 rubens (red brome), Eragrostis described as an oak woodland and had ‘‘well over two dozen’’ individuals. lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass), grassland (Southwest Environmental The information is not much better for Schismus barbatus (Mediterranean Information Network 2011). the Arizona populations. Population grass), and Pennisetum setaceum Very little is known about the biology estimates for the Santa Rita population (crimson fountaingrass) have altered of this species. Amoreuxia gonzalezii ranged from 14 individuals in 1988 nutrient regimes; species composition has a drought avoidance adaptation and (Southwest Environmental Information and structure; and fire frequency, only produces stems, leaves, flowers, Network, 2011), to 4 individuals in 1989 duration, intensity, and magnitude and fruits following monsoon rains; it (Hodgson 1989, p. 2), and 25 (Brooks and Pyke 2001, p. 5). Although remains dormant under the ground the individuals in 1991 (Southwest most of these species were intentionally remainder of the year (Coronado Environmental Information Network, introduced as forage for livestock, National Forest 1991, p. 3). Flowering 2011). Hodgson (1994, p. 7) reports erosion control, or as ornamentals, each occurs from July through September; fewer than 24 individuals from 2 micro- is now considered invasive and a threat flowers remain open only in the populations in the Santa Rita to this ecosystem. Species such as P. morning hours, closing by 11:00 a.m. Mountains. There were an estimated six ciliare are expected to increase their (Hodgson 1994, p.7). The species is an to eight individuals in the Thomas range even with continued and obligate outcrosser (needs pollen from Canyon population (Toolin 2011, pers. predicted drought events (Ward et al. another individual to successfully comm.) in the 1990s. Thomas Canyon 2006, p. 724). It is generally thought that produce seed) and may be pollinated by was surveyed in 2011 and 30 plants invasion by exotic annual grasses will unknown species of bees (Hodgson were found (M. Baker 2011, pers. continue unchecked in the Sonoran 1994, p. 7). Fruits develop in late July comm.). Desert ecosystem in the future, reducing and August, maturing in September to In summary, there is very little native biodiversity through direct mid-October (Hodgson 1994, p. 7). Both ecological information available competition and alteration of nutrient flower and fruit production is regarding Amoreuxia gonzalezii. The and disturbance regimes (Franklin and dependent on the quantity of summer species is found in Mexico, and the Molina-Freaner 2010, p. 1671). precipitation. Amoreuxia gonzalezii also United States, where the Arizona Although exotic grasses are reported reproduces vegetatively (asexually) from locations seem to represent the to threaten Amoreuxia gonzalezii thick, tuberous or woody roots northernmost locations for this species. (Hodgson 1989, p. 3), no exotic grasses (Hodgson 2001, p. 94). The best available scientific information were noted within the Devil’s Cashbox In 1987 and 1988, staff from the does not indicate that this species was habitat during field surveys in May 2011 Desert Botanical Garden (Garden) more widespread or that known (Service 2011a, p. 1). We have reviewed collected 142 seeds from the Devil’s populations have been extirpated. Both the best available scientific information Cashbox area as part of the Center for populations in Arizona seem to support on exotic plants in or near populations Plant Conservation National Collection a few individuals that are widely of A. gonzalezii in Thomas Canyon and program for conserving rare plants and scattered over appropriate habitat. The in Mexico. In order to verify the their seeds. The Garden’s purpose was species’ growth is tied to the summer identification and location of plants, to determine viability of stored seed and rains (monsoon), and in the fall, the specimens are collected, pressed and increase the number of plants in their plants become dormant. It seems likely placed on sheets that are stored in living collection (Desert Botanical that this species is more abundant in herbaria. The labels on herbarium sheets Garden 1991, p. 1). An additional 72 Mexico, and may be more closely tied often note associated plant species that

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are found in association with the not a threat to the continued existence Drought collected specimen. There are no exotic of A. gonzalezii, nor is it likely to Amoreuxia gonzalezii is dependent species noted as associates on any of the become so. upon monsoon rains both for growth 12 specimen herbarium sheets located at Mining and the production of flowers and fruits the Arizona State University, University (Hodgson 1989, p. 3). Hodgson (2001, p. of Arizona, or the Sonoran University NatureServe (2010) reports mining as 94) states that, ‘‘With little precipitation, Herbarium collections, nor were any a threat to this species, perhaps due to few fruits are produced from very exotics noted in the Devil’s Cashbox and the proximity of two active mining depauperate plants.’’ The Thomas Sonora A. gonzalezii habitat claims to the south of the Devil’s Canyon location experienced less than descriptions in Hodgson 1994 (pp. 5–6). Cashbox plants (Ahern 2011, pers. average monsoon precipitation in 27 of Therefore, the best available information comm.). There are currently no known 49 recorded years (July to August, does not provide evidence that direct impacts of active or proposed period of record for average was 1961– nonnative invasive species are a threat mines on any known population of 2010, Kit Peak Weather Station, WRCC to the continued existence of A. Amoreuxia gonzalezii in the United 2011). Similarly, the Devil’s Cashbox gonzalezii or are likely to become so. States; these impacts are unknown for area has had less than average monsoon Fire populations in Mexico. Hodgson (2001, precipitation during 33 of 63 recorded There has been no scientific study on p. 93) notes that A. gonzalezii tubers years (period of record for average was the impacts of fire on Amoreuxia were collected frequently by native 1946–2010, Tumacacori National gonzalezii. This species is present peoples from ‘‘a graphite mine site’’ in Historic Park (NHP) Weather Station, aboveground in July through October, Mexico, implying no negative impact on WRCC 2011). In both locations, and is dormant the remainder of the the plant from this particular mine. It is monsoon patterns varied yearly, with year. Because fires in Arizona usually unknown if the mine was active or periods of below-average precipitation burn in the premonsoon season (May– inactive at the times of harvesting. In never exceeding 7 consecutive years June), it seems unlikely that fire would summary, based upon our review of the (Tumacacori NHP 1998–2004), thus affect this species (Alford et al. 2005, p. best available information, we conclude giving A. gonzalezii periods of recovery. 453). In addition, the plant has a large that mining is not a threat to the The climate pattern in the vicinity of ´ starchy root, which is protected continued existence of A. gonzalezii, Alamos at the southern end of the underground. It is possible that the root nor is it likely to become so. Amoreuxia gonzalezii range in Sonora is would be protected from surface fire, very similar to Arizona, with the ´ allowing the plant to resprout after fire. Watershed Degradation Alamos-El Veranito weather station reporting below-average monsoon In summary, given the limited available Improper livestock grazing can lead to precipitation in 14 of 28 recorded years information about the effect of fire on A. habitat degradation and watershed (July to August, period of record for gonzalezii, we have determined that fire degradation. Overgrazing removes the average was 1977–2009, Comisio´n is not a threat to the continued existence vegetative cover which can lead to Nacional del Agua (CNA), 2011). At the of A. gonzalezii, or is likely to become erosion. The Santa Rita population is so. near center of A. gonzalezii’s Sonora located within the Agua Caliente range, the Carbo Weather station Development grazing allotment on the Nogales Ranger reported below average monsoon The Santa Rita Amoreuxia gonzalezii District. Degradation of habitat due to precipitation in 30 of 50 recorded years, population is located below the livestock grazing was noted as a threat 10 of which were consecutive from Smithsonian Fred Whipple Observatory, by NatureServe (2010) to Amoreuxia 1960–1969 (July to August, period of located on Mt. Hopkins. There is a gonzalezii, although this was not record for average was 1960–2009, CNA, visitor center for the observatory located evident in a 2011 visit to the Devil’s 2011). at the base of Mt. Hopkins, and Hodgson Cashbox area (Service 2011a, p. 1). The It is not known whether Amoreuxia (1989, p. 4) noted that during the area that was assessed during that visit gonzalezii is drought-tolerant, but the construction of the visitor center, had no signs of livestock trailing, or sign observation that plants are still present disturbance came very close to some A. of livestock. The Forest Service reports in sites that have experienced reduced gonzalezii plants on the Devil’s Cashbox that this allotment, comprised of one summer precipitation leads us to ridge, but none of the plants were pasture, is permitted for a 110 cow-calf conclude that the species is at least harmed during construction. Hodgson operation (Lockwood 2011, pers. adapted to drought conditions. A. (1994, p. 9) noted that communication comm.). The grazing season is May to gonzalezii has fleshy underground is vital among researchers, land November, but only 40 cows are tubers, which can store food and water, managers, and potential developers in presently grazing due to drought and that is an adaptation for dealing regards to development near conditions (Lockwood 2011, pers. with drought. The best available populations of A. gonzalezii. Available comm.). The ridges where the plants are information does not indicate that information does not indicate any other located are quite steep, and it is unlikely drought is a threat to the continued development planned for this area, and that cattle graze in these locations. The existence of A. gonzalezii, and the plant the area is fairly remote. In addition, the status of livestock grazing with regard to may have some adaptations for dealing population is on National Forest land, the Thomas Canyon population is with drought; therefore, we conclude where development is not likely to unknown, and no information is that drought is not a threat to this occur. There is also no information available regarding livestock grazing species, or is likely to become so. indicating any development near the near Amoreuxia populations in Mexico. Thomas canyon site, nor any After reviewing the best available Climate Change development near Amoreuxia scientific information, we have ‘‘Climate’’ refers to an area’s long-term populations in Mexico. We have determined that watershed degradation average weather statistics (typically for evaluated and determined, on the basis as a result of livestock grazing is not a at least 20- or 30-year periods), of the best available scientific and threat to the continued existence of this including the mean and variation of commercial data, that development is species, nor is it likely to become so. surface variables such as temperature,

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precipitation, and wind; ‘‘climate change across the different approaches described above, in evaluating the status change’’ refers to a change in the mean (Prinn et al. 2011, pp. 527, 529). of a species, the Service uses the best or variability of climate properties that All models (not just those involving scientific and commercial data persists for an extended period climate change) have some uncertainty available, and this includes (typically decades or longer), whether associated with projections due to consideration of direct and indirect due to natural processes or human assumptions used, data available, and effects of climate change. As is the case activity (Intergovernmental Panel on features of the models; with regard to with all potential threats, if a species is Climate Change (IPCC) 2007a, p. 78). climate change this includes factors currently affected or is expected to be Although changes in climate occur such as assumptions related to affected by one or more climate-related continuously over geological time, emissions scenarios, internal climate impacts, this does not necessarily mean changes are now occurring at an variability and differences among the species is an endangered or accelerated rate. For example, at models. Despite this, however, under all threatened species as defined under the continental, regional and ocean basin global models and emissions scenarios, Act. If a species is listed as endangered the overall projected trajectory of scales, recent observed changes in long- or threatened, this knowledge regarding surface air temperature is one of term trends include: a substantial its vulnerability to, and impacts from, increased warming compared to current climate-associated changes in increase in precipitation in eastern parts conditions (Meehl et al. 2007, p. 762; environmental conditions can be used of North American and South America, Prinn et al. 2011, p. 527). Climate to help devise appropriate strategies for northern Europe, and northern and models, emissions scenarios, and its recovery. central Asia, and an increase in intense associated assumptions, data, and While projections from global climate tropical cyclone activity in the North analytical techniques will continue to model simulations are informative and Atlantic since about 1970 (IPCC 2007a, be refined, as will interpretations of in some cases are the only or the best p. 30); and an increase in annual projections, as more information scientific information available, various ° average temperature of more than 2 F becomes available. For instance, some downscaling methods are being used to (1.1°C) across the U.S. since 1960 changes in conditions are occurring provide higher-resolution projections (Global Climate Change Impacts in the more rapidly than initially projected, that are more relevant to the spatial United States (GCCIUS) 2009, p. 27). such as melting of Arctic sea ice scales used to assess impacts to a given Examples of observed changes in the (Comiso et al. 2008, p. 1; Polyak et al. species (see Glick et al, 2011, pp. 58– physical environment include: an 2010, p. 1797), and since 2000, the 61). increase in global average sea level, and observed emissions of greenhouse gases, Regional landscapes can be examined declines in mountain glaciers and which are a key influence on climate by analyzing climate models that average snow cover in both the northern change, have been occurring at the mid- operate at small spatial scales; however, and southern hemispheres (IPCC 2007a, to higher levels of the various emissions this approach involves some p. 30); substantial and accelerating scenarios developed in the late 1990s uncertainty. The uncertainty arises due reductions in Arctic sea-ice (e.g., and used by the IPCC for making to various factors related to difficulty in Comiso et al. 2008, p. 1), and a variety projections (e.g., Raupach et al. 2007, applying climate modeling to a smaller of changes in ecosystem processes, the Figure 1, p. 10289; Manning et al. 2010, scale or unknown information, distribution of species, and the timing of Figure 1, p. 377; Pielke et al. 2008, including regional weather patterns, seasonal events (e.g., GCCIUS 2009, pp. entire). Also, the best scientific and local physiographic conditions, and 79–88). commercial data available indicates that fine-scale weather factors. Also, climate models do not model biological The IPCC used Atmosphere-Ocean average global surface air temperature is responses, such as life stages of General Circulation Models and various increasing and several climate-related individual species, generation time of greenhouse gas emissions scenarios to changes are occurring and will continue for many decades even if emissions are species, and species’ reactions to make projections of climate change stabilized soon (e.g. Meehl et al. 2007, changing carbon dioxide levels not globally and for broad regions through pp. 822–829; Church et al. 2010, pp. being included in the models. Most the 21st century (Meehl et al. 2007, p. 411–412; Gillett et al. 2011, entire). climate models do not incorporate a 753; Randall et al. 2007, pp. 596–599), Changes in climate can have a variety variety of plant-related factors that and reported these projections using a of direct and indirect impacts on could be informative in determining framework for characterizing certainty species, and can exacerbate the effects how climate change could affect plant (Solomon et al. 2007, pp. 22–23). of other threats. Rather than assessing species (e.g., effect of elevated carbon Examples include: (1) It is virtually ‘‘climate change’’ as a single threat in dioxide on plant water-use efficiency, certain there will be warmer and more and of itself, we examine the potential the physiological effects on species of frequent hot days and nights over most consequences to species and their exceeding the assumed (modeled) of the earth’s land areas; (2) it is very habitats that arise from changes in bioclimatic limit, the life stage at which likely there will be increased frequency environmental conditions associated the limit affects the species (seedling of warm spells and heat waves over with various aspects of climate change. versus adult), the lifespan of the species, most land areas, and the frequency of For example, climate-related changes to and the movement of other organisms heavy precipitation events will increase habitats, predator-prey relationships, into the species’ range) (Shafer et al. over most areas; and (3) it is likely that disease and disease vectors, or 2001, p. 207). increases will occur in the incidence of conditions that exceed the physiological For southern Arizona, the most extreme high sea level (excludes tolerances of a species, occurring current downscaled climate projections tsunamis), intense tropical cyclone individually or in combination, may are available with 1⁄8 degree resolution activity, and the area affected by affect the status of a species. (approximately 12 km x 12 km) from the droughts (IPCC 2007b, p. 8, Table Vulnerability to climate change impacts Coupled Model Intercomparision SPM.2). More recent analyses using a is a function of sensitivity to those Project (Maurer et al. 2007, entire). A different global model and comparing changes, exposure to those changes, and West-Wide Climate Risk Assessment other emissions scenarios resulted in adaptive capacity (IPCC 2007, p. 89; (Bureau of Reclamation 2011) has been similar projections of global temperature Glick et al 2011, pp. 19–22). As completed, but the focus of this study

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was downscaled surface water severity across western North America Factor B. Overutilization for projections for major river systems in (Brooks and Pyke 2002, p. 3; IPCC 2002, Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or the West. As such, it is less useful for p. 32; Walther et al. 2002, p. 391). Educational Purposes predicting upland effects from future Elevated levels of carbon dioxide lead to Hodgson (2001, p. 91) notes that roots, climate change scenarios, although increased invasive annual plant young leaves, fruits, and seeds of stream flow is highly correlated with biomass, invasive seed production, and Amoreuxia gonzalezii are edible. She precipitation and temperature, which pest outbreaks (Smith et al. 2000, pp. says that, historically, the plant had also affect upland ecosystems. 80–81; IPCC 2002, pp. 18, 32; Ziska et been collected in great amounts and was Downscaled climate projections al. 2005, p. 1328) and will put ‘‘once an important food source to represent a consensus of multiple additional stressors on rare plants various southwestern people.’’ For climate models, but climate models already suffering from the effects of example, the Onavas Pimas Tribe alone are not able to account for the elevated temperatures and drought. historically harvested this species myriad of biological processes that may In summary, climate change is frequently, although more recently, affect a species that only inhabits a affecting and will affect temperature and harvest is only incidental (Hodgson narrow range, as local effects may precipitation events in the future. We 2001, p. 92). The tubers are collected reduce or amplify the large-scale expect that Amoreuxia gonzalezii may and roasted by the Seri Indians on patterns that are projected over the be negatively affected by climate change Tiburon Island, and by residents of Baja larger spatial resolution of the global with respect to drought or alteration in California. Evidently, the tubers of this climate models (Ray et al. 2010, p. 24). summer precipitation. However, we species can be broken up and new In summary, global and regional climate believe that A. gonzalezii is adapted to models can play an important role in arid conditions, and the species has plants will grow from the tuber pieces. characterizing general changes to survived previous periods of low In 1959, the noted anthropologist Homer climate, which is a major determinant of summer rainfall in Arizona. Although Aschmann (Hodgson 2001, p. 94) species distributions, so that the we believe climate change will impact observed with the similar and sympatric potential impacts on natural systems plants in the future, the best available species that can be assessed (Shafer et al. 2001, p. information does not allow us to ‘‘when the larger aboriginal population 213). However, they are less able to determine the magnitude and scope of [native peoples of Mexico] exploited assess local impacts to species with a the potential effects on a local scale to more regularly the flats where they limited range, such as the three plants A. gonzalezii, and therefore, we grow, a larger yield of roots may have discussed in this finding. conclude that climate change is not a been maintained,’’ implying that local Climate change is likely to affect the threat to the continued existence of this peoples who relied on Amoreuxia for long-term survival and distribution of species, nor is it likely to become so. food may have enhanced populations by native species, such as Amoreuxia disturbing the soil and cutting roots. He Summary of Factor A gonzalezii, through changes in stated that areas that were visited more temperature and precipitation. Hot In conclusion, based on our review of regularly looked as if they had been extremes, heat waves, and heavy the best available scientific and plowed; the more disturbance, the more precipitation will increase in frequency, commercial information, we have A. palmatifida grew. Both A. with the Southwest experiencing the determined that nonnative invasive palmatifida and A. gonzalezii were greatest temperature increase in the species, fire, development, mining, and historically, and continue to be, used by continental United States (Karl et al. watershed degradation are not threats to native peoples in a similar fashion, 2009, pp. 28, 129). In the southwestern Amoreuxia gonzalezii. Nonnative although we are unaware of this type of United States, average temperatures invasive species are not present in or harvesting in Arizona. In summary, A. increased approximately 1.5 °F (0.8 °C) near A. gonzalezii populations; gonzalezii plants and roots have been compared to a 1960 to 1979 baseline therefore, they are not a threat to the used historically in parts of Mexico. (Karl et al. 2009, p. 129). By the end of species. The best available information There is no information regarding the this century, temperatures are expected does not indicate that fire, development, current use of this species in Mexico, or to warm a total of 4 to 10 °F (2 to 5 °C) mining, or watershed degradation are its use in Arizona. Therefore, based on in the Southwest (Karl et al. 2009, p. threats to the species. Drought may our review of the best available 129). influence the population structure of A. information, we have determined that Annual mean precipitation levels are gonzalezii, but we conclude that collection of the plants or the roots is expected to decrease in western North drought is not a threat to the species not a threat to A. gonzalezii, or is likely America and especially the because the species has some to become so. southwestern States by midcentury adaptations for living in arid Amoreuxia gonzalezii is not a plant of (IPCC 2007, p. 8; Seager et al. 2007, p. environments and has survived periods horticultural interest. There is no 1181). The levels of aridity of recent of reduced summer precipitation. We documentation of any instances where drought conditions and perhaps those of acknowledge that climate change, A. gonzalezii was collected from the the 1950s drought years will become the particularly the predictions of less wild other than as voucher specimens to new climatology for the southwestern frequent, but perhaps more intense, document occurrences (http:// United States (Seager et al. 2007, p. summer precipitation, and increasing ag.arizona.edu/herbarium) or seed 1181). As mentioned previously, temperatures in the Southwest, will collection for the purposes of southern Arizona is currently affect individuals populations of A. conserving the species. Therefore, based experiencing drought conditions, and gonzalezii. However, the species is on the best available information, we there has been a decline in winter adapted to arid conditions, and have determined that collection is not a precipitation over the last 34 years. therefore we have determined that threat to the continued existence of the Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide climate change is not a threat to A. species, or is likely to become so. are expected to double before the end of gonzalezii. Thus, the present or the 21st century, which may increase threatened destruction, modification, or Factor C. Disease or Predation the dominance of invasive grasses curtailment of its habitat or range is not There is no information indicating leading to increased fire frequency and a threat to A. gonzalezii. that disease affects Amoreuxia

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gonzalezii. However, A. gonzalezii is Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing actions must not result in loss of species very palatable to cattle and other Regulatory Mechanisms viability or create significant trends ungulates (Hodgson 2001, p. 94). While Amoreuxia gonzalezii is not protected toward the need for Federal listing. A. some of the known locations in Arizona by Arizona Native Plant Law (Arizona gonzalezii receives these protective occur on steep limestone cliffs largely Revised Statutes, Chapter 7 1993, measures through NEPA on Coronado precluding cattle herbivory, plants in entire). It does not appear under any of National Forest land. other locations are more susceptible. the law’s four categories of protection, In summary, Amoreuxia gonzalezii Hodgson (1989, p. 2) noted finding although previously it was given populations in the Coronado National Amoreuxia plants in the Devil’s consideration to be included for Forest are protected by their status as Cashbox area with inflorescences protection within the ‘‘Salvage sensitive species. We believe that the (flowers) eaten. She was unable to Restricted Protected Native Plants’’ requirement to consider the species’ ascertain if these plants were A. (Hodgson 1994, p. 9), a level of long-term viability in the NEPA gonzalezii, or the more common A. protection that Hodgson considered planning process provides adequate palmatifida because the plants had no inadequate. It was, however, never protection for the populations of A. gonzalezii in the Coronado National fruit (Hodgson 1989, p. 2). She also placed on this list (Hodgson 2011, pers. Forest. Any one factor in our analysis noted 13 missing plants from the Devil’s comm.). This means that the may constitute a threat; however, it is Cashbox area just weeks after a previous populations that occur on private land the combined analysis of all the site visit in 1990 (Hodgson 1989, p. 7). in Arizona have no protections. However, regardless of any protection potential threats to the species that It is unknown how susceptible determine whether a species warrants populations in Mexico are to grazing under the Arizona Native Plant Law, our five-factor analysis suggests that A. listing as an endangered or threatened pressure. During a 1988 visit to a gonzalezii populations are not subject to species under the Act. In this case, there population of A. gonzalezii outside of negative impacts at such a level that is no indication of actions or potential Moctezuma, Sonora, Hodgson (1989, p. would place the species at risk. threats to the species on private land or 2) noted that most plants had been Evidence of this can be found in the in Mexico that rise to a level such that browsed or grazed. Grazing precludes Thomas Canyon population, which is listing is warranted. As such, we sexual reproduction and, if it occurs on on private property, and remains intact, conclude that the best available a frequent basis, may lead to reduced as evidenced by surveys completed this information indicates that A. gonzalezii seed production (Hodgson 1994, p. 9). year. Although A. palmatifida and A. is not threatened by inadequate existing However, A. gonzalezii also reproduces wrightii are on the list of protected regulatory mechanisms. asexually; hence, the populations are animals and plants for Mexico, A. Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade not totally dependent on seed gonzalezii is not listed and therefore Factors Affecting Its Continued production for reproduction (Hodgson receives no management considerations Existence 2001, p. 94). Our review of the best within its Mexican range (SEMARNAT available information did not produce 2008). Even so, we have determined that Amoreuxia gonzalezii has been any evidence that the long-term viability populations in Mexico are not subject to classified as the global rank of G1, of A. gonzalezii populations in Arizona negative impacts at a level that would Critically Imperiled, by NatureServe and Mexico has been affected by place the species overall at risk. (2010) due to the small number of small grazing, and therefore, we conclude that Amoreuxia gonzalezii is considered populations globally, palatability to grazing is not a threat to this species. by the Forest Service to be a ‘‘sensitive cattle, and threat of exotic annual species’’ in the Coronado National grasses. Even though there are only 2 It has been suggested that javelinas Forest. A sensitive species is defined as occurrences in the United States, there (hoofed mammals in the peccary family) one not yet warranting listing as seem to be at least 12 occurrences in dig up the roots of Amoreuxia endangered or threatened, but which is Mexico. There have been no systematic gonzalezii and that this may constitute sufficiently rare that its future survival surveys in Mexico, and very few a threat to the species (NatureServe is of concern (Forest Service Manual population estimates. 2010). The Service (2011a, p. 1) saw no (FSM) 2670). The management of Information on a species’ rarity is evidence of this during the 2011 site sensitive species is described in FSM relevant to the conservation status of a visit, and there is no information 2670, and the management objectives species. Generally speaking, a species available on how often javelina dig up are to develop and implement that has a geographically restricted the plants, or on what the long-term management practices to ensure that range is likely to be more susceptible to effects are to the populations. In species do not become endangered or environmental threats (e.g., fire, flood, addition, if the plants respond to threatened because of Forest Service drought, human land use), should they digging by producing more plants, actions; maintain viable populations of occur, than a species that is not rare, javelinas rooting in the soil may all native and desired nonnative because one fire or flood could affect a promote asexual reproduction. wildlife, fish, and plant species in larger total percentage of the range of a Therefore, after review of the best habitats distributed throughout their rare species than of a widespread available information, we conclude that geographic range on National Forest species. However, there is no available javelina digging up the plants and eating System lands; and develop and information in this case to evaluate the roots of A. gonzalezii is not a threat implement management objectives for whether any environmental threats are to the species. populations or habitat of sensitive currently acting upon this potentially species or both. rare species in a negative way, or are Based on the best available In addition, the Forest Service has to reasonably likely to act on it in the information, we have determined that consider the effects of their actions on future. The fact that a rare species is disease and predation are not threats to the viability of sensitive species through potentially vulnerable to stochastic the continued existence of Amoreuxia the National Environmental Policy Act processes does not necessarily mean gonzalezii, nor are they likely to become (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et. seq.) process. that it is reasonably likely to experience, so. As defined by Forest Service policy, or have its status affected by, a given

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stochastic process within timescales applied at a local scale does not suggest historical range, and no further analysis that are meaningful under the Act. that climate change is likely to threaten of the historical range is required. A species that has always been rare, the species. Regarding other factors In determining whether Amoreuxia yet continues to survive, could be well- potentially affecting A. gonzalezii, gonzalezii is endangered or threatened equipped to continue to exist into the including nonnative, invasive species; in a significant portion of its range, we future. Many naturally rare species have fire; development; mining; and considered status first to determine if persisted for long periods within small watershed degradation, the best any threats or potential threats acting geographic areas, and many naturally available scientific information provides individually or collectively endanger or rare species exhibit traits that allow no evidence indicating that they are threaten the species in a portion of its them to persist despite their small currently threatening the species or current range. We evaluated the current population sizes. Consequently, the fact likely to do so in the future. Similarly, range of A. gonzalezii to determine if that a species is rare does not there is no evidence that overutilization, there is any apparent geographic necessarily indicate that it may be in disease, or predation are affecting this concentration of the primary stressors danger of extinction in the foreseeable species. In addition, we have potentially affecting the species future. determined that small population size is including nonnative, invasive plants; The best available information also not a threat to the species because provides no evidence that effects often fire; development; mining; watershed the species appears to be naturally rare degradation; and drought. We have associated with small populations that and there are no potential threats acting were not naturally rare, such as analyzed the stressors to the degree on the species above historical levels. possible, and determined that they are inbreeding depression or genetic drift, Further, because we have determined essentially uniform throughout the may be occurring in A. gonzalezii there are no threats on the species, and species’ range. We also found the populations. There is also no evidence none likely, existing regulatory stressors are not of sufficient that potential effects to the species or its mechanisms are adequate. habitat may be more significant than Based on our review of the best imminence, intensity, magnitude, or historically present such that a naturally available scientific and commercial geographically concentrated such that it rare species, such as A. gonzalezii, information pertaining to the five warrants evaluating whether a portion would be at risk. Therefore, we factors, we find that the potential threats of the range is significant under the Act. conclude that overall rarity and small are not of sufficient imminence, We do not find that A. gonzalezii is in population size are not a threat to A. intensity, or magnitude to indicate that danger of extinction now, nor is likely gonzalezii, nor are they likely to become Amoreuxia gonzalezii is in danger of to become endangered within the so. extinction (endangered) or likely to foreseeable future, throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Finding for Amoreuxia gonzalezii become endangered within the foreseeable future (threatened), Therefore, listing A. gonzalezii as an As required by the Act, we evaluated throughout all of its range. endangered or threatened species under the five factors in assessing whether the Act is not warranted at this time. Significant Portion of the Range Amoreuxia gonzalezii is endangered or We request that you submit any new threatened throughout all or a Having determined that Amoreuxia information concerning the distribution significant portion of its range. We gonzalezii is not in danger of extinction, and status of, or threats to, Amoreuxia examined the best scientific and or likely to become so, throughout all of gonzalezii to our U.S. Fish and Wildlife commercial information available its range, we must next consider Service Office (see ADDRESSES section) regarding the past, present, and future whether there are any significant whenever it becomes available. New threats faced by A. gonzalezii. We portions of the range where A. information will help us monitor A. reviewed the petition, information gonzalezii is in danger of extinction or gonzalezii and encourage its available in our files, other available is likely to become endangered in the conservation. If an emergency situation published and unpublished foreseeable future. develops for A. gonzalezii, or any other information, and we consulted with The Act defines an endangered species, we will act to provide recognized species experts. species as one ‘‘in danger of extinction immediate protection. There are no obvious threats to throughout all or a significant portion of Amoreuxia gonzalezii or its habitat. The its range,’’ and a threatened species as Species Information for Astragalus species has been used historically as a one ‘‘likely to become an endangered hypoxylus food source by indigenous people, but species within the foreseeable future Species Description we have no information that collection throughout all or a significant portion of and use of the plants and tubers are its range.’’ The term ‘‘significant portion Barneby (1964, pp. 1028–1029) and currently a threat to the species or likely of its range’’ is not defined by the Warren et al. (1991, pp. 3–4) describe to become so. Long-term drought and statute. For the purposes of this finding, Astragalus hypoxylus as an herbaceous reduced summer rainfall will likely a portion of a species’ range is perennial, in the (Pea) family. affect individual plants and ‘‘significant’’ if it is part of the current The species forms a compact mat of populations. However, the plants are range of the species, and it provides a stems that typically lay flat against the tolerant of moderate disturbance, and crucial contribution to the ground, although the outer ends of the the species is adapted to arid condition, representation, resiliency, or stems may turn up. The mat can be up as evidenced by the plants’ survival redundancy of the species. For the to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The species during recent periods of reduced contribution to be crucial, it must be at forms a tap root that is dense and summer rainfall. Based on the limited a level such that, without that portion, fibrous. The alternate leaves are information available, we conclude that the species would be in danger of compound with 11 to 13 ovate leaflets drought is not threat to this species or extinction. We also considered the that are each 2 to 4.5 millimeters (mm) likely to become so. Climate change will historical range of the species, and have (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The leaflets are likely affect the status of A. gonzalezii determined that the current range is no bicolored; the undersides are gray with in the future; however, the limited different from the historical range. sparse tiny hairs; the tops of the leaflets information available that can be Therefore, there has been no loss of the are yellowish-green, smooth, and

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hairless. The leaflets have a distinct fold fruits maturing approximately 3 weeks underneath native trees. The plants along the midrib. after the onset of flowering (Johnson et began flowering profusely by early The inflorescence is very compact and al. 1992, p. 5). studies on April. Open pollination (plants were left ball-shaped, approximately 1 cm (0.4 in) different species of Astragalus (Karron in the open and pollination occurred in diameter and 1 to 1.5 cm (0.4 to 0.6 1988, p. 332; Sugden 1985, pp. 303–304; naturally) was successful, and the plants in) long and looks somewhat like clover Green and Bohart 1975, pp. 383–384; were producing numerous fruits by flowers. The flowers are approximately Geer et al. 1995, p. 23) reported that April 20. There was no indication of 6 mm (0.2 in) long with petals that are several species in the genera pollinators in the area. Plants that had whitish, with light purple tips. The Bombus, Osmia, and were been previously left in the greenhouse flower stalks are erect above the the primary pollinators. However, there had not produced seed, probably due to vegetative mat. Fruits are small, oval have been no studies on the pollinators a lack of pollinators in the greenhouse. pods 7 to 9 mm (0.3 to 0.35 in) long and for A. hypoxylus. Controlled cross-pollination of two 2 to 2.5 mm (0.1 to 0.16 in) diameter. The pods of Astragalus hypoxylus do plants (two flowers per plant) was The pods are yellowish at the base and not split open when ripe and usually conducted on April 13, which resulted purplish towards the tip when ripe. The fall to the ground near the parent plant. in two fruits per plant (Pritchett-Kozak pods do not split open, but drop whole However, the pods are light and may be 1993, p. 20). Earlier attempts at self- from the plant (Warren et al. 1991, pp. blown to other locations by the wind pollination failed, but the technique 3–4). (Johnson et al. 1992, p. 6). Seedlings are (use of a small paintbrush to transfer the Astragalus hypoxylus most closely often detected in open places away from pollen) may not have been optimal resembles A. parvus (no common name) the parent plants; however, nothing is (Pritchett-Kozak and Ecker 1992, p. 21). and A. nothoxys (sheep milkvetch). known regarding seed dispersal of this The results of the open pollination and Astragalus parvus is only known from species (Falk, 2011, pers. obs.). the controlled cross-pollination Mexico, but A. nothoxys may be found Germination studies of Astragalus experiment likely indicate that with A. hypoxylus (Johnson et al. 1992, hypoxylus were carried out by the Astragalus hypoxylus is an obligate p. 3). There are field characteristics that Desert Botanical Garden (Garden) as outcrosser (Pritchett-Kozak 1993, p. 20). differentiate the two species. A. part of the Center for Plant Conservation In conclusion, there is not a great deal nothoxys has much longer flowering National Collection program for of information on the biology and stalks, and the inflorescence is spread conserving rare plants and their ecology of this species. The pollinators out along the flowering stems, unlike germplasm. Seeds were collected from of the species are unknown; it is the compact, clover-like flowers of A. the Harshaw and Bear Canyon surmised that the plants are obligate hypoxylus. The seed pods of A. populations in 1991 and 1992. During outcrossers, and that pollination takes nothoxyus are longer, narrower, three- the seed collection trips, the biologists place in the field because fruit and sided, and green when fully ripe, while noted that ‘‘plants were frequent along seeds are produced. It is not known how those of A. hypoxylus are oval and disturbed areas (erosion cuts, dirt seed is dispersed. Based on the yellowish-purple when ripe. There has roads)’’ (Pritchett-Kozak and Ecker germination experiments conducted by never been any disagreement in the 1992, p. 20). Two germination tests were the Desert Botanical Garden, the best scientific literature regarding the done in 1992, with germination rates of available information suggests that of this species; thus we 66 and 76 percent (Pritchett-Kozak and plants germinate in response to summer consider A. hypoxylus to be a valid Ecker 1992, p. 20). Tests done in 1991 rainfall. Also, there is some anecdotal taxon and a listable entity. with fresh seed and previously frozen information that these plants occupy seed were used, and the germination Habitat and Biology disturbed areas and may be tolerant of rates were high for both sets of seeds, moderate disturbance. Levin (1987, pp. 170–171) described indicating that freezing does not the habitat that supports Astragalus interfere with seed viability. Distribution, Abundance, and Trends hypoxylus as ‘‘stony openings in pine- Germination took place during an Astragalus hypoxylus was first oak juniper woodland, restricted to average daytime temperature range of 73 collected by J. G. Lemmon in 1882 in limestone derived soils.’’ Van Devender to 86 °F (23 to 30 °C) (Ecker 1991, p. 1). Cochise County, Arizona, at a location (1986, pers. comm.) noted the same type These warm daytime temperatures may described as ‘‘Mahoney’s Ranch, near of habitat, on a south-to-southwest indicate that the seeds germinate in the Ft. Huachuca.’’ (Johnson et al. 1992, p. exposure. Warren et al. (1991, p. 7) summer, in response to summer rainfall, 4). This site description proved to be so observed that A. hypoxylus is found in rather than in the winter. Also, the vague that this area was never able to be open, rocky clearings in woodlands seeds readily germinated in August, located again (Johnson et al. 1992, p. 4). comprised of (Emory indicating that there is no summer The species was not detected again until oak), Q. oblongifolia (Mexican blue oak), dormancy for these seeds (Ecker 1991, 1986, when it was collected in the (alligator juniper), p. 1). Currently, there are approximately Patagonia Mountains, approximately 4.5 and Pinus cembroides (Mexican 14,000 seeds in frozen storage at the kilometers (km) (2.8 miles (mi)) south of pinyon). The ground is characterized by Garden and the National Seed Storage Harshaw on the road to Washington loosely consolidated, gravelly soil Lab in Ft. Collins, Colorado (http:// Camp, in the Coronado National Forest composed of limestone and weathered www.centerforplantconservation.org). (Levin 1987, pp. 170–171). Later in rock. The plants are found at an These seeds are available for re- 1986, botanists visited this same elevation of approximately 1,676 m introduction efforts or augmentation of location and counted approximately 107 (5,500 ft) (Warren et al. 1991, p. 7). This existing populations. plants in the area, again noting that the habitat type is referred to as oak- In 1993, plants produced from plants were ‘‘common in grassy savannah and is relatively common in collected seed were initiating floral openings in oak woodland on relatively the mountains of southeastern Arizona buds in the greenhouse by February 20. steep slopes with coarse sandy soils’’ between elevations of 1,370 to 1,830 m These were plants that were produced (Van Devender 1986, pers. comm.; (4,494 to 6,000 ft) (Brown 1982, p. 59). from previous seedling experiments. On Kennedy 1986, pers. comm.). In 1991, Astragalus hypoxylus produces March 16, the plants were placed Malusa et al. (1992, p. 25) found two flowers in the spring (April-May), with outside on the grounds of the Garden, additional populations in the Patagonia

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Mountains, near the Harshaw site. be referred to as individual populations. individual plants in the Harshaw Approximately 180 plants were found All of these locations are on the Sierra population. These plots were in adjacent canyons. These populations Vista Ranger District of the Coronado established in 1988, but one plot was are within a couple of miles of the National Forest. In addition, suitable abandoned in 1989 because the site was Harshaw site and, for the purposes of habitat on Ft. Huachuca and in Sonora, steep and the survey was causing this finding, will be referred to as the Mexico was searched, but plants were damage to the plants within the Harshaw2 populations. not found (Warren et al. 1991, pp. 5–6; monitoring plot. The remaining plot was In addition, many surveys were Johnson et al. 1992, pp. 4–5; Warren and monitored annually, from 1989–1991 undertaken by staff at the Nature Reichenbacher 1991, p. 26; Fishbein and and in 1993. Another plot was Conservancy and other botanical Warren 1994, pp. 6–7; Malusa 1995, p. established at the Bear Creek population contractors to the Coronado National 1). Therefore, the current distribution in 1989, and data were collected from Forest, and populations of Astragalus encompasses only plants that occur this plot in the same years as the hypoxylus were found in the Huachuca along Harshaw Road in the Patagonia Harshaw plot. All plots were monitored Mountains in Scotia, Bear, and Mountains, in Bear, Scotia, and in late April or May, when the plants Sycamore canyons, and in Collins Sycamore canyons in the Huachuca flower and set fruit. Neither monitoring Canyon in the Canelo Hills (Warren et Mountains, and in Collins Canyon in plot has been evaluated since 1993. al. 1989, p 30; Gori et al. 1990, p. 36; the Canelo Hills. However, some occupied sites were Gori et al. 1991, p. 45; Fishbein and The Nature Conservancy established visited in 1995, in 2010, and in 2011, Warren 1994, pp. 6–7). Populations in monitoring plots for Astragalus and population estimates were made, Bear, Sycamore, and Scotia canyons are hypoxylus in several of the populations although no other data were collected in dispersed over a wide area and (Warren et al. 1991, p. 8). Two plots the monitoring plots. Table 1 presents composed of several sub-populations, were established to monitor growth, population estimates for the known but, for the purposes of this finding, will reproduction, and mortality of locations.

TABLE 1—POPULATION COUNTS AND ESTIMATES FOR ASTRAGALUS HYPOXYLUS

Population Estimated number of individuals (year of discovery) (year)

Harshaw (1986) ...... 100–200 (1986) ** plants in both monitoring plots ...... 109 (1988) ** * plants in remaining monitoring plot ...... 112 (1989) * 70 (1990) * 139 (1991) * 114 (1993) * 22 (2011) Bear Canyon (1988) ...... 110 (1989) * * plants in the monitoring plot ...... 60 (1990) * 85 (1991) * 61 (1993) * 154 (1995) * 0 (2010) * Bear Canyon (1990) ...... 50 (1990) (plants found outside the monitoring plot and in other areas of Bear 346 (1995) Canyon). 100 (2010) Scotia Canyon (1990) ...... 600–700 (1990) 1058 (1995) 500–600 (2010) Harshaw2 (1991) ...... 180 (1991) 0 (2011) Sycamore Canyon (1993) ...... 320 (1993) 70–80 (1994) (not all sub-populations visited) 65–80 (1994) (not all sub-populations visited) 12 (1995) (not all sub-populations visited) Canelo Hills (1993) ...... No estimate given in 1993; presence of ‘‘small population’’ was noted.

Based on the surveys and monitoring (Service 2011b, pp. 1–4). During this It is possible that the plants near the data, there have been some declines in visit, 5 healthy plants, which had road were getting additional moisture the numbers of individuals found in the flowered, were found in the cutbank of due to their downslope location and monitoring plots and in additional the road, and 14 additional plants were their proximity to the road. Additional occupied locations. The Harshaw found nearby, slightly north of the road. searches were conducted near the population appeared relatively stable The area where the original Harshaw described locations for the Harshaw2 throughout the monitoring period, with monitoring plot was thought to have populations, but no plants were found. some fluctuations in the overall been was searched thoroughly and only Given the 18-year gap in monitoring or numbers. For the period 1991–1993, three plants were found. These plants visiting this site, we are unable to survivorship was 40 percent, with 64 were very small compared to those near determine the long-term trend for this recruits in 1993, which represented 56 and in the cutbank of the road. The population. percent of the population in the plot. It entire site was described as very dry, The situation is similar for the Bear is unfortunate that the Harshaw site as and the native grasses ‘‘crunched Canyon monitoring plot. Overall not visited again until May 2011 beneath our feet’’ (Service 2011b, p. 2). numbers fluctuated, but as of 1995,

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there were more plants in the plot than that year were seedlings (Falk and entire). The same is true for the there had been when the plot was Warren 1994, p. 36). Coincidentally, populations scattered along Forest established. Fifteen years passed before 1992 was an El Nin˜ o year, with above- Service Road 61, near Sycamore Canyon the next visit, which occurred in average precipitation for southern and in Scotia Canyon. In 2010, neither October 2010 (Service 2010, p. 1). This Arizona. of these populations showed evidence is not the ideal time of year for a visit, There are some observations from the of trampling or associated effects from but the plants are usually visible if there monitoring efforts that may shed light recreational activities. has been summer rainfall. In this case, on the ecology of this species. The only population that has been based on the growth of the perennial Population size and flower production identified as being impacted by grasses in the surrounding area, it appear to fluctuate greatly from year to recreational activity has been the upper seemed as if there had been summer year. There seems to be a correlation Bear Canyon population. This precipitation (Falk 2011, pers. obs.). No with winter rainfall. That is, when population has been impacted by an plants were found in the monitoring winter precipitation is good, the plants informal parking lot near the turnoff to plot, but there were plants to the east are larger and they produce more Wakefield Camp, which allows for and south of the plot. The plants were flowers and fruit (Warren et al. 1991, access to Bear Creek, and is a very widely scattered over the area. There p. 9; Johnson et al. 1992, pp. 7–8). popular area for dispersed camping and was no evidence of flowering or fruits. Astragalus hypoxylus has a taproot, and hiking (Warren et al. 1991, p. 10; Gori Additional surveys were conducted individual plants may be dormant (no et al. 1991, p. 45). In 2000, the Forest that day (Service 2010, p. 1) along above-ground biomass visible) during Service blocked off the informal parking Forest Service Road 61, near Sycamore dry years, but produce growth again area, created a formal parking in a less Canyon. Plants were scattered in several when there is rain (Falk 2011, pers. sensitive area, and restricted access to different locations adjacent to the road, obs.). Consequently, the reduction in the Bear Creek riparian area (Frederick including some areas that had been numbers across almost all of the 2011, pers. comm.). This site has not recently disturbed by vehicle traffic. populations may be in response to the been evaluated to determine if these The majority of the plants observed on-going drought in southern Arizona. changes reduced the impacts from were healthy. Many of these plants Winter rainfall has been declining recreational activity on Astragalus looked like juveniles produced during steadily for the last 34 years, and most hypoxylus. At any rate, this population the summer of 2010. The last site visited noticeably in the period from 1998 to is relatively small (50 plants were was Scotia Canyon (Service 2010, p. 1). the present (McPhee et al. 2004, p. 2). estimated at the time of discovery in Many plants were observed below the Although the correlation between 1990) (Gori et al. 1991, p. 45) and uppermost pond on the former Peterson population size and climate is not a represents less than 10 percent of the ranch property (now part of the formal test of this hypothesis, the sharp current population. In conclusion, Coronado National Forest) and decline noted for most of these recreational impacts may have affected immediately downslope of that. Some of populations may be the result of only one of the sub-populations in the the largest plants were in the roadbed, prolonged drought. entire range of the species, and associated with eroded portions of the corrective actions were taken to reduce road. The observations of these plants Five-Factor Evaluation for Astragalus the impacts. Review of the best available growing in disturbed areas (road cuts hypoxylus scientific information revealed no and eroded banks) may indicate that In making this finding, information further evidence that recreation is this species is adapted to and may pertaining to Astragalus hypoxylus in negatively affecting other A. hypoxylus tolerate moderate disturbance. We were relation to the five factors provided in populations; therefore, we determined unable to determine long-term trends for section 4(a)(1) of the Act is discussed that recreation is not a threat to the these populations based on inconsistent below. continued existence of the species, nor monitoring efforts. is it likely to become so. Another type of disturbance to the Factor A. The Present or Threatened plant’s habitat is fire. There is no Destruction, Modification, or Livestock Grazing information on the plant’s adaptation to Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range All of the Astragalus hypoxylus fire, but the habitat where the species Potential factors that may affect the populations occur with Forest Service grows is subject to fire on a periodic habitat or range of Astragalus hypoxylus grazing allotments. The Harshaw basis (Kaib et al. 1996, p. 261). The are discussed in this section, including: populations are within the Bender observation that Astragalus hypoxylus is (1) Recreation; (2) watershed allotment, and all of the other tolerant of moderate disturbance may degradation resulting from improper populations are located within the Lone indicate that the species is fire adapted, livestock grazing; (3) nonnative invasive Mountain allotment. The following and may need periodic fire to reduce species; (4) fuel wood harvesting; (5) information is from the Service’s competition from grasses and remove fire; (6) road maintenance; (7) drought; biological opinion on the Continuation overstory vegetation that may increase and (8) climate change. of Livestock Grazing on the Coronado understory competition and shading. National Forest (2–21–98–F–399–R1) Some of the fluctuation in population Recreation and additional details can be found in size may be attributable to variation in All known populations of this species that document. The Bender allotment is climate. During dry years, there was occur on the Sierra Vista Ranger 1,287 hectares (ha) (3,180 acres (ac)) and increased mortality of plants, and larger District, on the Coronado National supports a 14-cow-and-calf operation. plants died in association with Forest. There is no special management Grazing is allowed year-round and there consecutive dry years (Johnson et al. for the populations on Forest Service is only one pasture. The allotment is 1992, p. 7). Recruitment and survival lands. The populations at Harshaw do reported to be in moderately good may also be correlated with winter not appear to be affected by any condition. The Lone Mountain precipitation as evidenced by the recreational activities (Johnson et al. allotment is 15,435 ha (38,140 ac), number of recruits that were counted in 1992, p. 12). There was no sign of divided into 27 pastures. It supports a 1993 in the Bear Canyon plot; more than recreational activity or impacts during 1,346-cow-and-calf operation. The 72 percent of the individuals counted the 2011 site visit (Service 2011b, allotment is reported to be on an

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upward trend, with 75 percent of the (Schmutz et. al. 1968, pp. 26–27). The near the known populations. It is allotment classified as being in Forest Service has not indicated that unknown if these past activities affected moderately high range condition. Both this species has caused any problems Astragalus hypoxylus populations. The the Bender and Lone Mountain with livestock in the Forest. Any collection of dead and down wood was allotments are reported to be in eradication program to eliminate A. also allowed, with a permit, but this moderately high range condition, and nothoxys could possibly harm adjacent practice was stopped in 1990 (Johnson watershed degradation is not likely to be A. hypoxylus; however, there is no et al. 1992, p. 12). Fuel wood harvesting a problem in allotments that are evidence of any efforts to eradicate A. is no longer allowed in these areas maintained in good to high range nothoxys. A. hypoxylus has not been (Frederick 2011, pers. comm.). The best conditions. tested for nitro-toxins, but many species available information does not provide The Coronado National Forest has a in the Leptocarpa section of Astragalus evidence that fuel wood harvesting is drought policy which directs grazing (A. hypoxylus is classified in this currently affecting A. hypoxylus permittees to work with the Forest when section) contain these chemicals. At any populations; therefore, we have rainfall for the water year (beginning rate, the limited distribution of A. determined that fuel wood harvesting is October 1) is less than 75 percent of hypoxylus and the lack of observation of not a threat to A. hypoxylus, nor is it normal by March 1 and the long-range cattle eating this plant indicates that the likely to become so. forecast is for less than normal potential poisoning of livestock is Fire precipitation. In addition, critical unlikely. habitat for Liliaeopsis schaffneriana var. In summary, all populations of As mentioned under Habitat and recurva (Huachuca water umbel) is Astragalus hypoxylus occur in grazing Biology, there is no information on within the Lone Mountain allotment. As allotments. Those grazing allotments are Astragalus hypoxylus and fire effects. such, there are additional restrictions being managed in ways that promote The Forest Service’s Fire Effects placed on the grazing practices in this healthy watershed and good range Information System (http:// allotment to protect occupied areas and condition. The Lone Mountain www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/) contains critical habitat. Several areas within this allotment has additional grazing information on 7 species of Astragalus allotment receive special protections, practices that protect riparian and in the United States, some of which are such as the Peterson pasture, which upland habitat, resulting in improved adapted to fire, and may even require contains Scotia, Sycamore and Bear watershed health, which benefits fire, to complete one of their life cycles canyons. The pastures are grazed in upland species, including A. hypoxylus. (i.e., seeds need to be scarified by fire winter (November–March) and only The best available information does not before germinating). It is unknown if when winter rains are sufficient to provide further evidence that livestock this is the case for A. hypoxylus, but we provide adequate water throughout the grazing is negatively affecting hypothesize that this species may be pasture to encourage livestock dispersal populations of A. hypoxylus; therefore, tolerant of fire because of the plant away from the canyon bottom. we have determined that livestock community where it grows and its Utilization of upland browse is not grazing is not a threat to the continued tolerance for moderate disturbance, permitted to exceed 35–45 percent. existence of the species now, nor is it including fire. Also, fire may be These restrictions benefit Astragalus likely to become so. important in maintaining habitat for A. hypoxylus because they reduce impacts hypoxylus by removing the overstory, Nonnative, Invasive Species from livestock grazing and limit use of thus reducing competition and shading. the upland areas during drought Nonnative species can have negative In summary, given the limited available periods, when overgrazing and effects on the ecology of native plant information about the effect of fire on A. trampling of habitat are more likely to communities, as well as individual hypoxylus, we determine that fire, or occur. species (Brooks et al. 2004, p. 677; lack thereof, is most likely not a threat There were a few observations of Alvarez and Cushman 2002, p. 1434; to the continued existence of A. trampling on Astragalus hypoxylus Mooney and Cleland 2001, p. 5446). hypoxylus. habitat in the Bear Creek population However, there are no nonnative species Road Maintenance (Johnson et al. 1992, p. 12). Warren et that have been detected in the al. (1991, p. 10) notes that livestock populations of Astragalus hypoxylus. Portions of a few of the Astragalus grazing, although present in the area, The only nonnative grass that occurs in hypoxylus populations are near roads, does not seem to pose a direct threat. the vicinity of these populations is and may be threatened by road Livestock trampling may disturb the soil Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann maintenance activities, such as blading and disrupt seedling establishment. lovegrass), but this grass has not been (clearing and smoothing the road with a Population visits in 2001 and 2011 seen in the monitoring plots or growing large piece of equipment). However, the (Service 2010, p. 1; Service 2011b, p. 2) in the populations (Falk 2011, pers. species appears to be tolerant of did not note the presence of livestock or obs.). Eragrostis lehmanniana can form moderate disturbance. In 2010, A. trailing through the populations. dense stands, increasing fine fuels and hypoxylus were observed near the road Livestock have not been observed to fire danger (Anable et al. 1992, pp. 186– going through Scotia Canyon. Portions eat Astragalus hypoxylus. Many species 187), but there are no continuous stands of the road were well eroded, resulting of Astragalus contain poisonous near any of the A. hypoxylus in rills (portions of the road that are compounds, known as nitro-toxins, populations (Falk 2011, pers. obs.). The washed out, forming small gullies). which are highly toxic to livestock best available scientific information There were 10–20 plants growing in the (Williams and Barneby 1977, p. 310). A. does not suggest that nonnative invasive roadbed, on top of the erosion rills. nothoxys, which sometimes grows near species are a threat to the continued These were some of the largest and and in proximity to A. hypoxylus existence of A. hypoxylus, nor are they healthiest plants observed in Scotia populations, has been tested and does likely to become so. Canyon (Service 2010, p. 1). As contain nitro-toxins (Johnson et al. mentioned previously, in 2011, Service 1992, p. 3). Livestock have been Fuel Wood Harvesting biologists found 19 plants at Harshaw observed to graze on A. nothoxys, The Coronado National Forest did that were growing in the cutbank of the primarily when forage is lacking allow fuel wood harvesting in the past road, and these plants were larger and

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healthier than the plants upslope in the 2011, 12 out of the 16 years were Climate Change area of the monitoring plot (Service classified as moderate to severe drought. No further specific information is 2011b, p. 1). This may indicate that In comparison, the PDSI values for the available regarding the effects of climate plants are receiving supplemental water same months during 1950–1960 (which change on A. hypoxylus; therefore, due to the proximity of the road and is a well-documented drought period in please refer to the ‘‘Climate Change’’ concentrated rainwater runoff, which Arizona) classified 8 out of 10 years as discussion under Factor A. The Present may be why the plants are larger in the moderate to severe drought. There are or Threatened Destruction, road cuts. significant differences between the two Modification, or Curtailment of Its Disturbed areas often afford the plants drought periods; mainly that the current Habitat or Range in the Five-Factor which grow on them reduced drought is much warmer than the 1950s Evaluation for Amoreuxia gonzalezii competition for physical resources, such drought. On average, temperatures in Section. as water, and reduced competition from the Four Corners region of the As discussed in the previous sections other plants. However, these potential Southwest were about 2 to 7 °F (1 to above, Astragalus hypoxylus seedling positive effects of disturbance on 4 °C) warmer than in the 1950s (Weiss establishment is likely correlated with Astragalus hypoxylus are unknown 2009, pp. 5920–5921). Drought with rainfall; therefore, reduced precipitation because there have been no such higher temperatures creates tough studies. Regardless, there are only a few may reduce seedling establishment. portions of the populations that may be growing conditions for plants because Additionally, the localized distribution subject to Forest road maintenance warmer temperatures make the air drier, of A. hypoxylus may make this species activities, and they represent a very and drier air absorbs more moisture more susceptible to landscape-level small portion of the total amount of from the soils, vegetation, and stochastic events, such as regional occupied habitat. In addition, road reservoirs. Thus, not only is there less drought. Despite these potential maintenance activities take place on a precipitation, but there is less moisture vulnerabilities, A. hypoxylus appears periodic basis, so the effects are likely available in the soil for plant growth. well-adapted to a dry climate and to be short-term and widely spaced over It is difficult to predict how tolerates moderate disturbance. Plants growing in high-stress landscapes are time. In conclusion, A. hypoxylus seems Astragalus hypoxylus populations will adapted to stress, and drought-adapted to tolerate moderate disturbance, and fare with these drought conditions. The species may experience lower mortality the best available information does not species apparently persisted and during severe droughts (Gitlin et al. provide evidence that road maintenance survived the 1950s drought; however, 2006, pp. 1477, 1484). activities are a threat to the continued this information is of limited value as In summary, climate change is existence of the species, nor are they we evaluate potential conditions. The affecting and will affect temperature and likely to become so. long-term trend for these populations is precipitation events. We expect that unknown; it is possible that the Drought Astragalus hypoxylus, like other narrow populations that are currently in decline endemics, may be negatively affected by Data collected from the monitoring will rebound when there is sufficient plots indicates that there is a likely drought associated with climate change. moisture. Despite drought conditions, correlation between rainfall and the However, A. hypoxylus appears to be A. hypoxylus populations in Scotia and population dynamics of Astragalus adapted to arid conditions, and has Bear canyons seem stable, relative to the hypoxylus. As stated earlier, results survived a previous long-term drought previous population estimates presented from the Bear Canyon monitoring effort in the 1950s. Although climate change in Table 1. The largely circumstantial indicate that seedling recruitment and will likely affect plants in the future, the establishment was high when rainfall evidence available indicates that rainfall limited available information does not was high. We believe, based on data influences population dynamics for A. suggest that the effect on the status of from the monitoring plots, that winter hypoxylus, and drought likely the species will be significant. rainfall affects the survivorship of the contributes to population declines. Therefore, based on the best available seedlings. Summer rainfall may be However, it is not known how the information, we have determined that important for germination, but without magnitude and intensity of drought will climate change is not a threat to the winter rainfall, the seedlings would not affect the long-term status of this continued existence of A. hypoxylus. survive. The information provided in species. Loss of individual plants, Summary of Factor A the following section was derived from especially young plants, will likely data accessed on the National Oceanic occur during drought years. Dry In conclusion, based on the best and Atmospheric Administration conditions will likely reduce seed available information, we have (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center germination and survival. Population determined that recreation; livestock Web site (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov). numbers of A. hypoxylus will fluctuate grazing; nonnative, invasive species; Rainfall totals for Arizona (Division 7), as observed during the period of data fuel wood harvesting; fire; road which includes all of the A. hypoxylus collection in the monitoring plots. maintenance; or drought do not threaten populations, for the months November However, this species is likely adapted the continued existence of Astragalus through March, indicates a severe to arid conditions. The ability to remain hypoxylus. Recreational impacts were decline over the past 34 years. Another dormant during dry periods, and regrow associated with one population, and the way to illustrate the decline is to use the when rainfall starts, is an adaptation for Forest Service has taken corrective Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). coping with arid conditions. Further, A. action to reduce those effects. The The PDSI ‘‘attempts to measure the hypoxylus populations survived the remaining populations are not affected duration and intensity of the long-term 1950s drought, indicating the species by recreational activities. The best drought-inducing circulation patterns.’’ has developed traits to survive during available information does not provide It is an index used to gauge the severity dry periods. Therefore, based on the evidence that livestock grazing is a of drought conditions by using a water best available information, we threat to this species. The plant is not balance equation to track water supply determine that drought is most likely eaten by livestock, both of the grazing and demand. When the historical PDSI not a threat to the continued existence allotments are in good range condition, values are displayed for the years 1996– of A. hypoxylus. and measures are in place to ensure

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protection of upland and riparian areas. wasps in 1988, but it is unknown how designation adequately protects A. Nonnative, invasive species are not this predation affected the A. hypoxylus hypoxylus and its habitat, and, thus, present in or near A. hypoxylus population or how often seed predation there is no evidence of impacts to A. populations; therefore, we have occurs (Johnson et al. 1992, p. 13). hypoxylus from inadequate existing determined that they are not a threat to Based on the best available information, regulatory mechanisms. We conclude the species. Fuel wood harvesting is not we have determined that A. hypoxylus that the best available information allowed in the areas where A. hypoxylus is not threatened by disease or indicates that A. hypoxylus is not is located; therefore, we determined that predation, nor is it likely to become so. threatened by inadequate existing this activity is not a threat to the regulatory mechanisms. Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing species. Given the limited available Regulatory Mechanisms Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade information, we have determined that Factors Affecting Its Continued presence or absence of fire is most likely The Act requires us to examine the Existence not a threat to the species. Road adequacy of existing regulatory maintenance activities may affect small mechanisms with respect to threats that A threat identified by the petition was portions of A. hypoxylus populations, may place Astragalus hypoxylus in indirect effects to pollinators, mainly but we determined that these activities danger of extinction or likely to become bees. Johnson et al. (1992, p. 13) noted are not a threat to the continued so in the future. Existing regulatory that the use of pesticides to control existence of the species because the mechanisms that could have an effect insects, such as grasshoppers, may be effects are short-term and the plants on potential threats to A. hypoxylus harmful to bees. The Coronado National appear tolerant of moderate disturbance. include (1) Local land use laws, Forest has not sprayed pesticides for Drought influences the population processes, and ordinances; (2) State grasshopper control, and has no plans to structure of A. hypoxylus, but the laws and regulations; and (3) Federal do so. As mentioned previously, the species has survived a previous long- laws and regulations. A. hypoxylus pollinators for Astragalus hypoxylus term drought and appears to have occurs entirely on Federal land under have not been identified. As such, there adaptations for dealing with drought, the jurisdiction of the Coronado is no evidence of activities that may therefore, we have determined that National Forest; therefore, the harm the potential pollinators of this drought is not a threat to the continued discussion below focuses on Federal species; therefore, we have determined existence of the species. We laws. that the loss of pollinators from acknowledge that climate change, Astragalus hypoxylus is listed as a pesticide spraying is not a threat to the particularly the predictions of reduced sensitive species in the Coronado species. precipitation and increasing National Forest. The management of We are not aware of any other temperatures in the Southwest, will sensitive species is described in Forest potential threats related to this factor, affect individuals and populations of A. Service Manual (FSM) 2670, and the such as small population size and hypoxylus. However, the plant is management objectives are to develop overall rarity. Therefore, we find that adapted to arid conditions, and the and implement management practices to Astragalus hypoxylus is not threatened limited available that can be applied at ensure that species do not become by small population size and overall a local scale does not suggest that endangered or threatened because of rarity, or is likely to become so. Forest Service actions; maintain viable climate change is likely to threaten A. Finding for Astragalus hypoxylus hypoxylus. Thus, the present or populations of all native and desired threatened destruction, modification, or nonnative wildlife, fish, and plant As required by the Act, we evaluated curtailment of its habitat or range is not species in habitats distributed the five factors in assessing whether a threat to the continued existence of A. throughout their geographic range on Astragalus hypoxylus is endangered or hypoxylus, nor is it likely to become so. National Forest System lands; and threatened throughout all or a develop and implement management significant portion of its range. We Factor B. Overutilization for objectives for populations or habitat of examined the best scientific and Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or sensitive species or both. In addition, commercial information available Educational Purposes the Forest has to consider the effects of regarding the past, present, and future Astragalus hypoxylus is not a plant of their actions on the viability of sensitive threats faced by A. hypoxylus. We horticultural interest. There is no species through the NEPA process. As reviewed the petition, information evidence of any instances where A. defined by Forest Service policy, actions available in our files, other available hypoxylus was collected from the wild must not result in loss of species published and unpublished other than as voucher specimens to viability or create significant trends information, and we consulted with document occurrences (http:// toward the need for Federal listing. A. recognized plant experts and Forest ag.arizona.edu/herbarium) or seed hypoxylus receives these protective Service biologists. collection for the purposes of banking measures in the Coronado National Astragalus hypoxylus populations are seed for future conservation efforts. Forest, and the designation has resulted primarily affected by drought; however, Therefore, we have determined that in measures to reduce impacts from we determined that drought is not a overutilization is not a threat to the recreation on the Bear Canyon A. threat to this species. The plants are continued existence of the species, nor hypoxylus population, and the tolerant of moderate disturbance, and is it likely to become so. consideration of the species’ needs in are adapted to arid conditions, as the NEPA planning process for the evidenced by their survival during the Factor C. Disease or Predation Bender and Lone Mountain grazing 1950s drought. Climate change will There is no information indicating allotments. likely impact the status of A. hypoxylus that disease affects Astragalus in the future; however, the limited hypoxylus. There are no observations or Summary of Factor D available information suggests that evidence that A. hypoxylus is browsed We examined the existing regulatory climate change will not threaten the by livestock (see Factor A, Livestock mechanisms that protect Astragalus continued existence of the species. grazing). Data were collected on A. hypoxylus. We have determined that the Other factors potentially affecting A. hypoxylus seed predation by small Forest Service sensitive species hypoxylus—including recreation;

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livestock grazing; nonnative, invasive of the primary stressors potentially significantly cooler temperatures than species; fuel wood harvesting; fire; and affecting the species including the semidesert grasslands in the effects to potential pollinators—are recreation; livestock grazing; nonnative, adjacent uplands (Haberstich 2011, pers. either limited in scope, or available invasive plants; fuel wood harvesting; comm.). The plants are found on sandy evidence is lacking to indicate that they fire; road maintenance; and drought. We terraces just above the floodplain and adversely impact the species. There is have analyzed the stressors to the degree are subject to larger flood events; there no evidence that overutilization, possible, and determined that they are is little associated understory (Gori disease, or predation is affecting this essentially uniform throughout the 1992, p. 2). A single collection from species. In addition, we find that the species’ range. We also found the Turkey Creek refers to a ‘‘riparian existing regulatory mechanisms are not stressors are not of sufficient woodland’’ habitat, while the specimen a threat to the species. imminence, intensity, magnitude, or from Fish Creek has no habitat Based on our review of the best geographically concentrated such that it information recorded. The collection available scientific and commercial warrants evaluating whether a portion from near Tucson refers to the plant information pertaining to the five of the range is significant under the Act. being found ‘‘in rock adjacent to factors, we find that the threats are not We do not find that A. hypoxylus is in stream.’’ (Southwest Environmental of sufficient imminence, intensity, or danger of extinction now, nor is likely Information Network 2011) magnitude to indicate that Astragalus to become endangered within the Erigeron piscaticus germinates hypoxylus is in danger of extinction foreseeable future, throughout all or a following either winter or summer rains (endangered), or likely to become significant portion of its range. (Arizona Game and Fish Department endangered within the foreseeable Therefore, listing A. hypoxylus as an (AZGD) Heritage Data Management future (threatened), throughout all of its endangered or threatened species under 2001, p. 2), grows quickly, and has a range. the Act is not warranted at this time. long flowering period from May through October (Gori 1992, p. 2) or possibly Significant Portion of the Range We request that you submit any new information concerning the distribution through December (Southwest Having determined that Astragalus and status of, or threats to, Astragalus Environmental Information Network, hypoxylus is not in danger of extinction, hypoxylus to our U.S. Fish and Wildlife 2011). Pollination has not been studied or likely to become so, throughout all of Service Office (see ADDRESSES section) in this species, though other Erigeron its range, we must next consider whenever it becomes available. New species are typically pollinated by bees whether there are any significant information will help us monitor A. and wasps (Tepedino 2011, pers. portions of the range where A. hypoxylus and encourage its comm.). Seed is dispersed by both wind hypoxylus is in danger of extinction or conservation. If an emergency situation and water; this species may also depend is likely to become endangered in the develops for A. hypoxylus, or any other on flooding events to create suitable foreseeable future. We also considered species, we will act to provide early-successional habitat (Gori 1992, p. the historical range of the species, and immediate protection. 2). Seed bank longevity has not been have determined that the current range studied in E. piscaticus. is no different from the historical range. Species Information for Erigeron Soil moisture is necessary for most Therefore, there has been no loss of the piscaticus annual plants to germinate and flower; historical range, and no further analysis therefore, seed production in most Species Description of the historical range is required. annuals is equally limited by soil The Act defines an endangered Erigeron piscaticus is a herbaceous moisture. Following this theory, Gori species as one ‘‘in danger of extinction annual (a plant that completes its life- (1992, p. 3) suggested that Erigeron throughout all or a significant portion of cycle in one year) in the piscaticus populations would increase its range,’’ and a threatened species as (Sunflower) family. The plant is or decrease in sequential years of above- one ‘‘likely to become an endangered typically 15 to 40 cm (6 to 16 in) in or below-average moisture. In the case species within the foreseeable future height, multi-branched, procumbent or of data collected at Oak Grove Canyon, throughout all or a significant portion of ascending—decumbent (trailing or lying this theory held in 1993, a wet year, its range.’’ The term ‘‘significant portion on the ground), and densely pubescent when both 1994 and 1995 had high of its range’’ is not defined by the (covered with hair) with coarse, stiff population numbers (79 and 68 statute. For the purposes of this finding, hair. One to 4 flower heads are respectively). However, the theory did a portion of a species’ range is produced per plant, each 5 to 7 mm (0.2 not hold in 2002, a dry year, when 23 ‘‘significant’’ if it is part of the current to 0.3 in) across with a white corolla plants were found in 2003 followed by range of the species, and it provides a (ray and disk flowers), and producing 64 plants in 2004. It is likely that this crucial contribution to the tan-colored achenes (fruit) to 1 mm species instead responded to flooding representation, resiliency, or (0.04 in) in length. The very small that occurred in 1993 and not to redundancy of the species. For the flower heads, coupled with entire precipitation. There is not sufficient contribution to be crucial it must be at (toothless) leaves are key factors data available to determine the a level such that, without that portion, distinguishing this species from close ecological factors that influence the the species would be in danger of relatives (Nesom 1989, p. 306). germination of this species. extinction. In determining whether Astragalus Habitat and Biology Distribution, Abundance, and Trends hypoxylus is endangered or threatened Oak Grove Canyon, where the plant Erigeron piscaticus is ranked by in a significant portion of its range, we has been most recently located, is a NatureServe as G1S1 (Global and State considered status first to determine if narrow slot canyon with intermittent Critically Imperiled). The species is any threats or potential threats acting stream flow and a riparian gallery forest known from two confirmed areas: Fish individually or collectively threaten or of sycamore, alder, and black walnut Creek Canyon and the Aravaipa Canyon endanger the species in a portion of its (Gori 1992, p. 2). Occurring at 1,000-m Preserve of south-central Arizona. There range. We evaluated the current range of (3,300-ft) elevation, its steep (91 to 122 are three populations in the Aravaipa A. hypoxylus to determine if there is m) (300 to 400 ft)) canyon walls and Canyon Preserve; one is located in any apparent geographic concentration northeast aspect provide for Turkey Creek Canyon, and the

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remaining two populations are in Oak Arizona Game and Fish Department events (Bagstad et al. 2005, p. 219). Grove Canyon. An additional site is dated June 12, 1998 stated that E. These events reduce competition with currently under investigation in the piscaticus has not been relocated in Fish perennial plants, increase understory mountains near Tucson. The herbarium Creek Canyon or Turkey Creek Canyon. light, remove litter accumulation from specimen location for this third site He related that, to his knowledge, there overstory tree species, redistribute seed states ‘‘Box Canyon southwestern corner were ‘‘no other extant locations for this banks, and create nutrient-rich sediment of Santa Catalina Mountains;’’ the plant except Oak Grove Canyon.’’ It is beds for seed germination. Plants found specimen was verified by Guy Nesom, unknown how many plants originally above the inundation zones on high the botanist who described the species occurred at collection sites in Fish flood-plain surfaces respond most to the (Southwest Environmental Information Creek or Turkey Creek Canyons. As increased rainfall that led to flooding, Network 2011). There have been these populations have not been while those in inundation zones discussions among botanists, however, detected again, it is unknown if they are respond most to the physical that this location may be incorrect and extant or what the current population disturbance of flooding (Bagstad et al. Box Canyon could refer to either the sizes are. Annual monitoring of plants 2005, p. 219, 221). Erigeron piscaticus is Rincon or Santa Rita Mountains. It is in Oak Grove Canyon took place an annual riparian species that occurs also possible that the specimen was between 1992 and 2008 and is above the inundation zone on shallow misidentified and the location is correct. scheduled to occur in the summer of terraces that are subject to larger The specimen currently resides at the 2011 (Haberstich 2011, pers. comm.). flooding events. New York Botanic Garden Herbarium These efforts show plant numbers Census data for this species were and a loan has been requested by fluctuating annually, ranging from 87 collected on a nearly annual basis Shelley McMahon of the University of individuals in 1992, to 4 individuals in between 1992 and 2008, in one of two Arizona Herbarium for reverification. 2002, and back to 81 individuals in locations within the Aravaipa Canyon Surveys for the species are planned in 2008. Preserve, in southeastern Arizona. Plant 2012 (Crawford 2011, pers. comm.). To summarize, there is very little census data were compared against The species was first collected on the biological and ecological information regional precipitation data during this Tonto National Forest in Fish Creek known about this species. There are time period, and no correlation was Canyon in October 1929 by Eastwood, three known locations, but plants have observed. In other words, population then again in 1931 by Peebles and Eaton not been seen in the original location, peaks varied between wet (1991 through (Nesom 1989, p. 305). Erigeron Fish Creek, since the 1930s. Today, 1995) and dry (2004 and 2008) years piscaticus was not collected again until plants are known from two locations, (NOAA 2011; Haberstich and Walker 1976 in Turkey Creek then in 1979 in Oak Creek Canyon and Turkey Creek on 2008, p. 1; Haberstich 2005, p. 1; Oak Grove Canyon by Anderson and the Aravaipa Canyon Preserve. There Haberstich and Killeen 2004, p. 1; 2003, Warren (Southwest Environmental may be another location in the Santa p. 1; 2002, p. 1; Haberstich 2011, pers. Information Network 2011). In 2002, a Catalina Mountains, near Tucson, but it comm.). Aravaipa Creek has second group of plants was located in has not been verified. The species seem experienced significant flooding on four Oak Grove Canyon and those plants are to be associated with floodplain terraces occasions (1979, 1984, 1993, and 2006) counted as part of an annual census for in riparian areas, but that is based on since stream flow gage records were first the canyon as a whole (Haberstich and their current locations in the Aravaipa kept in 1932 (USGS, 2011). Erigeron Killeen 2002, p. 1). Both Turkey Creek Canyon Preserve. The species may piscaticus may be more closely and Oak Grove Canyon are within the respond to rainfall, or germination may associated with the physical scouring Aravaipa Canyon Preserve on Bureau of be triggered by flooding, or the apt from flooding than with precipitation. E. Land Management land managed jointly combination of rainfall and flooding. piscaticus populations peaked following with The Nature Conservancy. The two both the 1993 and 2006 floods. locations within Oak Grove Canyon are Five-Factor Evaluation for Erigeron Although periodic flooding events approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi) apart by piscaticus remove individual plants and seeds, air and the Oak Grove populations are In making this finding, information total Erigeron piscaticus population approximately 3.7 air km (2.3 air mi) pertaining to Erigeron piscaticus in numbers were very similar during the from the collection site in Turkey Creek. relation to the five factors provided in 2008 monitoring (81) to numbers the The Fish Creek locations are section 4(a)(1) of the Act is discussed first time the species was monitored in approximately 129 air km (80 air mi) below. 1992 (87). There is, however, great year- from those in Aravaipa Preserve. There to-year variability in the census data, are many canyons supporting what Factor A. The Present or Threatened both in terms of population numbers (as seems to be suitable habitat between the Destruction, Modification, or low as 4 plants in 2002, and as high as known locations in Fish Creek and the Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range 87 plants in 1992) and population Aravaipa Canyon Preserve. Several Potential factors that may affect the locations (lower, middle, and upper surveys have been completed, and no habitat or range of Erigeron piscaticus sections of the canyon). The species additional populations have been are discussed in this section, including: seems to establish, increase and located (Gori 1991, p. 2). (1) Flooding; (2) recreation; (3) decrease; disperse via water or wind; Attempts were made in 1990 to locate watershed degradation; and (4) climate and move to different locations within the populations in both Fish Creek and change. the canyon, which may explain the new Turkey Creek again, but none were location discovered downstream from found (Gori and Malusa 1991, p. 2). The Flooding known sites in 2002. In addition, in Arizona Game and Fish Department Many annual and short-lived particularly dry years, plants may not reports 11 plants were located in Turkey perennial plant species have a high rate germinate. This may explain why Creek in 1992, although no other of seed production and the ability to certain populations, like Fish Creek, records indicate the plant has been thrive following disturbance. Annual have never been found again. If the found in Turkey Creek since its first plants in the southwestern United States populations are not present every year, collection in 1976. A letter in the files often increase in richness and cover and the location may move within the from Dave Gori to Dan Godec of the following the disturbance of large flood canyon based on flooding, it is easy to

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understand why populations need p. 4). By 1997, the entire area, including enabling them to establish regular and consistent monitoring. Oak Grove and Turkey Creek Canyons, opportunistically when suitable Erigeron piscaticus seems to be well was free of domestic grazing activity germination sites develop.’’ Similarly, adapted to its environment and may (Haberstich 2011, pers. comm.). The other Erigeron seeds have been reported require periodic flooding for survival. years of intense grazing, coupled with to last roughly 10 years with no Too many large floods, however, could fire suppression, significantly altered refrigeration (Murray 2011, pers. deplete the seed bank; too few large plant species composition and comm.). floods could lead to competition with abundance, and led to a degraded The information related to the effects perennial plants and litter accumulation condition of the upland vegetation of of climate change on Erigeron piscaticus (Gori 1992, p 3). We are making this the area (Gori 1992, pp. 3–4). By the at a local scale is limited. Predicted conclusion based on the behavior of one 1980s, this upland semidesert grassland changes in rainfall, temperature, and population; however, this population was described as being largely flooding frequency may all affect E. may not be representative of the species. comprised of shrubs and annual grasses, piscaticus. However, based on the We conclude that E. piscaticus is an unnatural condition that reduces species’ life history and observed tolerant of moderate disturbance and water infiltration and can cause more tolerances, it appears that the effects of may need periodic flooding for intense sheet flow during storm events climate change may be limited. In successful seed germination. Therefore, (Gori 1999, pp. 41–42). Great strides conclusion, based on the best available based on the best available information, have been made in recent decades to information, we have determined that we determined that flooding is not a correct this problem. Preserve Manager climate change is not a threat to the threat to the continued existence of E. Mark Haberstich reports that the continued existence of E. piscaticus. piscaticus, nor is it likely to become so. uplands are fairly healthy with Summary of Factor A Recreation increases in native perennial grasses, thus reducing runoff and erosion Based on the best available Erigeron piscaticus plants are located (Haberstich 2011, pers. comm.). There is information, we have determined that near hiking and game trails in Oak no evidence that watershed degradation flooding, recreation, watershed Grove Canyon. Hiking and other forms is affecting E. piscaticus populations in degradation, and climate change do not of recreation, including all-terrain the Aravaipa Canyon Preserve. threaten Erigeron piscaticus, nor are vehicle (ATV) use, occur frequently in Therefore, based on our review of the they likely to do so. Flooding seems to the Aravaipa Canyon Preserve best available information, we conclude play an important role in the (Haberstich 2005, p. 1; Haberstich and that watershed degradation is not a germination and survival of E. Killeen 2004, p. 1). As stated above, this threat to the continued existence of this piscaticus populations. As such, the species seems to tolerate moderate species, nor is it likely to become so. species seems to tolerate moderate levels of disturbance. The populations levels of disturbance, making the in Oak Grove Canyon seem to be Climate Change populations less vulnerable to impacts persisting despite the levels of traffic, For general background information from recreation, such as hiking and ATV both human and ATV, that occur on climate change, please refer to the use. The watershed condition of adjacent to and through the populations. first paragraphs of ‘‘Climate Change’’ Aravaipa Canyon has recovered from There are also observations (Haberstich under Factor A. The Present or past grazing, and there is no evidence 2005, p. 1; Haberstich and Killeen 2004, Threatened Destruction, Modification, that E. piscaticus populations have been p. 1) that E. piscaticus plants were or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range in affected by watershed degradation. We found in various stages of germination the Five-Factor Evaluation for acknowledge that climate change, and growth on an actively eroding site, Amoreuxia gonzalezii section. particularly the predictions of reduced another indication that the species It has been suggested that this species precipitation and increasing tolerates disturbance. Impacts from may be a relict of the last ice age due temperatures in the Southwest, may recreation may have contributed to the to its very restricted habitat of cool, affect populations of E. piscaticus; loss of the Turkey Creek population in shady, narrow, and steep slot canyons however, the limited available the Aravaipa Canyon Preserve, as the in perennial stream bottoms (Haberstich information at the local scale suggests site was used as a casual camping site 2011, pers. comm.). If this is the case, that a climate change will likely not be (AZGF Heritage Data Management 2001, recent and projected increases in a threat to the continued existence of p. 3). However, there is no documentary regional daily temperatures and the species. Thus, the present or evidence that that is the case, and decreases in winter precipitation could threatened destruction, modification, or because no one has surveyed that area negatively impact Erigeron piscaticus. curtailment of the habitat or range is not since the 1990s, there is no conclusive Direct impacts due to rising temperature a threat to the continued existence of E. evidence that the population has been are unknown for this plant, although piscaticus, nor is it likely to become so. extirpated. In summary, E. piscaticus heat stress in plants in general is known Factor B. Overutilization for seems to tolerate disturbance, and, to impact germination, photosynthesis, Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or based on the best available information, respiration, and a myriad of other Educational Purposes we find that recreation is not a threat to functions (Wahid et al. 2007, p. 199). A the continued existence of this species, reduction in precipitation or increase in Erigeron piscaticus is not a plant of nor is it likely to become so. temperature-related stress could horticultural interest. There is no preclude recruitment and therefore seed evidence of any instances in which E. Watershed Degradation set in this annual species. Seed bank piscaticus was collected from the wild The Aravaipa Canyon watershed has longevity for E. piscaticus has not been other than as voucher specimens to a history of intense grazing by cattle, determined, although Bagstad et al. document occurrences (http://ag. horses, and goats. This grazing occurred (2005, p. 219) state that ‘‘many of the arizona.edu/herbarium). Therefore, we from the 1850s until the 1980s when annual plant species found in conclude, based on the best available grazing was removed from portions of southwestern riparian areas have long- information, that overutilization is not a the area and a pasture rotation system lived seeds that are widely distributed threat to the continued existence of the was initiated in other areas (Gori 1992, in soil seed banks across the flood plain, species, nor is it likely to become so.

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Factor C. Disease or Predation species through the NEPA process. As thereby, increasing differences between There is no indication that any defined by Forest Service policy, actions populations (Ellstrand and Elam 1993, disease affects Erigeron piscaticus. must not result in loss of species pp. 218–219). Self-fertilization and low There is no livestock grazing in Oak viability or create significant trends dispersal rates can cause low genetic Grove Canyon and Turkey Creek on the toward the need for Federal listing. E. diversity due to inbreeding (Antonovics Aravaipa Canyon Preserve, and there is piscaticus receives these protective 1976, p. 238; Barrett and Kohn 1991, no information about any other source measures in the Tonto National Forest. p. 21). This decreased genetic diversity of predation on the species. Therefore, diminishes a species’ ability to adapt to Summary of Factor D the selective pressures of a changing we have determined that disease or We examined the existing regulatory environment (Newman and Pilson 1997, predation is not a threat to this species’ mechanisms that protect Erigeron p. 360; Ellstrand 1992, p. 77). continued existence, nor is it likely to piscaticus. We have determined that the Limited information is available become so. BLM and Forest Service sensitive regarding the genetic diversity of the Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing species designation adequately protects Erigeron genus. No information is Regulatory Mechanisms E. piscaticus and its habitat and, thus, available regarding the genetic diversity exhibited by E. piscaticus. Therefore, we The Act requires us to examine the there is no evidence of impacts to E. have determined that a lack of genetic adequacy of existing regulatory piscaticus from inadequate existing diversity is not a threat to the continued mechanisms with respect to threats that regulatory mechanisms. We conclude existence of the species. may place Erigeron piscaticus in danger that the best available information of extinction or likely to become so in indicates that E. piscaticus is not Summary of Factor E the future. Existing regulatory threatened by inadequate existing regulatory mechanisms. Erigeron piscaticus is a rare species mechanisms that could have an effect known from two locations, Fish Creek on potential threats to E. piscaticus Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade Canyon and the Aravaipa Canyon include (1) Local land use laws, Factors Affecting Its Continued Preserve. Currently, there are two processes, and ordinances; (2) State Existence known populations in Oak Creek laws and regulations; and (3) Federal Small Population Size Canyon, within the Aravaipa Canyon laws and regulations. E. piscaticus Preserve. The other populations of E. occurs entirely on Federal land under Small populations can be especially piscaticus in Fish Creek Canyon and the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land vulnerable to environmental Turkey Creek Canyon, in the Aravaipa Management (BLM) and the Tonto disturbances such as habitat loss, Canyon Preserve, have not been seen in National Forest; therefore, the nonnative species, grazing, and climate quite some time. There is no evidence discussion below focuses on Federal change (Barrett and Kohn 1991, p. 7; that this species was at one time more laws. Oostermeijer 2003, p. 21; O’Grady 2004, widespread than its current distribution. Erigeron piscaticus is listed as a BLM pp. 513–514). However, plants that are There is no information that E. sensitive species (BLM, 2010). The historically rare may have certain piscaticus populations are subject to management of sensitive species is adaptations to rarity (e.g., early threats resulting from small population described in the BLM Manual Section blooming, extended flowering, or size. The same conclusion is drawn for 6840, which states that the BLM will mixed-mating systems) that enable them the lack of genetic diversity that may focus sensitive species management on to persist (Brigham 2003, p. 61). For affect small populations. Therefore, maintaining species habitat in more information on species rarity and based on the best available information, functional ecosystems, ensuring the its effects on the conservation status of we have determined that small species is considered in land a species, see the discussion under population size and lack of genetic management decisions, and prioritizing Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade diversity are not threats to the conservation that emphasizes habitat Factors Affecting Its Continued continued existence of E. piscaticus, nor needs for the species, thereby Existence in the Five-Factor Evaluation are they likely to become so. preventing the need to list the species for Amoreuxia gonzalezii. under the Act. There is no indication that Erigeron Finding for Erigeron piscaticus Erigeron piscaticus is also listed as a piscaticus was ever present on the As required by the Act, we considered sensitive species in the Tonto National landscape over a more extensive range the five factors in assessing whether Forest (Tonto National Forest 2004, than it is today. Existing sites are Erigeron piscaticus is endangered or entire). The management of sensitive monitored, and surveys have located no threatened throughout all or a species is described in U.S. Forest new occurrences. There is no significant portion of its range. We Service Manual (FSM) 2670, and the information indicating that random examined the best scientific and management objectives are to develop demographic or environmental events commercial information available and implement management practices to are a threat to the continued existence regarding the past, present, and future ensure that species do not become of the species because of its small threats faced by E. piscaticus. We endangered or threatened because of population size. reviewed the petition, information Forest Service actions; maintain viable available in our files, other available Genetic Diversity populations of all native and desired published and unpublished nonnative wildlife, fish, and plant Small population size can decrease information, and we consulted with species in habitats distributed genetic diversity due to genetic drift (the recognized plant experts and land throughout their geographic range on random change in genetic variation each managers. National Forest System lands; and generation), and inbreeding (mating of Erigeron piscaticus populations do develop and implement management related individuals) (Antonovics 1976, not seem to face any obvious threats. objectives for populations or habitat of p. 238; Ellstrand and Elam 1993, The species is an annual, which means sensitive species, or both. In addition, pp. 218–219). Genetic drift can decrease that there is less certainty about the size, the Forest has to consider the effects of genetic variation within a population by location, and permanence of any given their actions on the viability of sensitive favoring certain characteristics and, site. In addition, the species tolerates,

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and may possibly require, disturbance its range.’’ The term ‘‘significant portion species, we will act to provide in order to complete its life cycle. The of its range’’ is not defined by the immediate protection. only available information is monitoring statute. For the purposes of this finding, References Cited data from one location, and two of the a portion of a species’ range is other locations have not been seen in ‘‘significant’’ if it is part of the current A complete list of references cited is quite some time, although attempts to range of the species, and it provides a available on the Internet at http:// find these populations again have not crucial contribution to the www.regulations.gov and upon request occurred. As such, there is an representation, resiliency, or from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, incomplete set of information about this redundancy of the species. For the Arizona Ecological Services Field Office species, which makes it difficult to contribution to be crucial it must be at (see ADDRESSES section). assess threats and make valid a level such that, without that portion, Authors predictions on how potential threats the species would be in danger of The primary authors of this finding may affect E. piscaticus. For instance, extinction. climate change will affect temperature are the staff members of the Arizona In determining whether Erigeron Ecological Services Field Office. and precipitation in the Southwest, but piscaticus is endangered or threatened it is not known what that means for in a significant portion of its range, we Authority changes in flooding, and how that will considered status first to determine if The authority for this action is section affect E. piscaticus. any threats or potential threats acting 4 of the Endangered Species Act of Other factors potentially affecting individually or collectively threaten or Erigeron piscaticus—including 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et endanger the species in a portion of its seq.). recreation and watershed degradation— range. We evaluated the current range of Dated: September 22, 2011. are either limited in scope, or lacking E. piscaticus to determine if there is any evidence indicating that they adversely apparent geographic concentration of Gregory E. Siekaniec, impact the species. There is no evidence the primary stressors potentially Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. that overutilization, disease, or affecting the species including flooding, [FR Doc. 2011–25470 Filed 10–7–11; 8:45 am] predation are affecting this species. recreation, and watershed degradation. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P Although the existing populations are We have analyzed the stressors to the small, there is no evidence that the degree possible, and determined that populations are subject to a lack of they are essentially uniform throughout DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR genetic diversity or are more vulnerable the species’ range. We also found the to stochastic events. In addition, we Fish and Wildlife Service stressors are not of sufficient conclude that the inadequacy of existing imminence, intensity, magnitude, or regulatory mechanisms is not a threat to 50 CFR Part 17 geographically concentrated such that it the species. RIN 1018–AY28 Based on our review of the best warrants evaluating whether a portion available scientific and commercial of the range is significant under the Act. [FWS–R9–ES–2011–0075; MO 92210–0–0010 information pertaining to the five We do not find that E. piscaticus is in B6] factors, we find that the threats are not danger of extinction now, nor is likely Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of sufficient imminence, intensity, or to become endangered within the and Plants; 12-Month Finding on a magnitude to indicate that Erigeron foreseeable future, throughout all or a Petition and Proposed Rule To List the piscaticus is in danger of extinction significant portion of its range. Yellow-Billed Parrot (endangered) or likely to become Therefore, listing E. piscaticus as an endangered or threatened species under endangered within the foreseeable AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, future (threatened), throughout all of its the Act is not warranted at this time. Interior. range. Conclusion of 12-Month Finding ACTION: Proposed rule; 12-month finding. Significant Portion of the Range We find that Amoreuxia gonzalezii Having determined that Erigeron (Santa Rita yellowshow), Astragalus SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and piscaticus is not in danger of extinction, hypoxylus (Huachuca milk-vetch), and Wildlife Service, propose to list as or likely to become so, throughout all of Erigeron piscaticus (Fish Creek threatened the yellow-billed parrot its range, we must next consider fleabane) are not in danger of extinction (Amazona collaria) under the whether there are any significant now, nor is any of these three species Endangered Species Act of 1973, as portions of the range where E. piscaticus likely to become endangered within the amended (Act). We are taking this is in danger of extinction or is likely to foreseeable future throughout all or a action in response to a petition to list become endangered in the foreseeable significant portion of their ranges. this species as endangered or threatened future. We also considered the historical Therefore, listing any of these three under the Act. This document, which range of the species, and have species as endangered or threatened also serves as the completion of the determined that the current range is no under the Act is not warranted at this status review and as the 12-month different from the historical range. time. finding on the petition, announces our Therefore, there has been no loss of the We request that you submit any new finding that listing is warranted for the historical range, and no further analysis information concerning the distribution yellow-billed parrot. If we finalize this of the historical range is required. and status of, or threats to, Erigeron rule as proposed, it would extend the The Act defines an endangered piscaticus to our U.S. Fish and Wildlife Act’s protections to this species. We species as one ‘‘in danger of extinction Service Office (see ADDRESSES section) also propose a special rule for the throughout all or a significant portion of whenever it becomes available. New yellow-billed parrot in conjunction with its range,’’ and a threatened species as information will help us monitor E. our proposed listing as threatened for one ‘‘likely to become an endangered piscaticus and encourage its this species. We seek information from species within the foreseeable future conservation. If an emergency situation the public on this proposed rule and throughout all or a significant portion of develops for E. piscaticus or any other status review for this species.

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