Über Einige Fälle Von Wortmischung Im Romanischen, I

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Über Einige Fälle Von Wortmischung Im Romanischen, I Über einige Fälle von Wortmischung im Romanischen, I. ItaL chioma, schiuma; fiutare—riflutare. i. chioma ^ schiuma. Ital chioma „Haupthaar" (daneben auch, aber seltener, die mit dem Lat. völlig identische Form comd) hat man aus einer angesetzten Deminutivform von coma : *comula> dann, mit Vokalabfall und Um- stellung del /, *cloma erklären wollen, ähnlich wieitaL faba „Märchen" ausfabula *flaba. JDiese Erklärung ist wenig befriedigend, namentlich in Anbetracht der Tatsache, dafs ein solches *comula *cloma im Lat bezw. im Roman, das einzige Beispiel einer deminutiven Ab- lei^ung von einem „Haupthaar" bedeutenden Subst sein würde.1 Mit Recht hat daher DOvidio, in einem von ital. scoglto = scopulw ausgehenden Artikel des Archivio glotl. ital. (XIII, 363), diese Er- klärung verworfen; aber die von ihm seinerseits vorgeschlagene scheint mir ebensowenig befriedigend wie jene. Er geht dabei von der Erklärung aus, die Ascoli (Arch. glott. , 399 Anmerk.) zu ital mchiostro „Tinte" (aus *inclaustrum für incaustum) gegeben hat, indem er diese, ital. Form zurückführte auf den »mflusso fonttico ehe la frequentissima forma o riduzione radicah claud-clud-, claus- cfos- esercita sopra vocaboli dt eiimologia non chiara per il popoh, nei quali sia U nucleo cud-cus-caus-.* Die hier von Ascoli gegebene Erklärung von *mcfaustrum -+ inchiostro durch eine Art Volks- etymologie, nämlich Angleichung an Wörter wie lat claustrumt &&* dere— cludere bezw. ital. chiostro, chiudere will nun DOvidio auf coma *comula *cbma —t chioma ausdehnen, indem er in der Anmerk. zu der vorhin zitierten Stelle seines Artikels über scoglio u. ä. (Arch. III» 363) bemerkt: „A chioma va es ff sä considcraziont ehe per in- chiostro faceva Ascoli ( , 399 nota), delV influsso fonetico ciot ehe la frequentissima forma o riduzione del radicale claud" dovl esercitare sopra voci di etimohgia non chiara per il volgo: al quäle influsso era ben naturale ehe soitostesse una parola semidotta come chioma.* Aber 1 Abgesehen von itä.ptluzto (daher irz.pelucht, entsprechend im Kata- lanischen und Portugiesischen) d. h. „Härchen" und auch „feiner, wollartiger Stoff", wo die deminutive Bedeutung offenbar ist, was aber bei *comula *cloma keineswegs der Fall wäre: ital. chioma bezeichnet im Gegenteil namentlich das starke oder grobe Haupthaar, daher auch die Mähne gewisser Tiere (des Löwen oder Pferdes). Brought to you by | University of California Authenticated Download Date | 6/7/15 1:19 PM ÜBER . WORTMISCHUNG DT ROMANISCHEN. 701 wenn vielleicht die von Ascoli für inchiostro befürwortete Annahme einer solchen Volksetymologie als nicht ganz unwahrscheinlich be- zeichnet werden kann, so scheint mir dagegen die von DOvidio vorgeschlagene Ausdehnung dieser Erklärung auf coma *comula *cloma chioma ganz unwahrscheinlich, da sowohl die lautliche Form wie auch, und ganz besonders, die Bedeutung des zu erklärenden ital. Wortes derjenigen des lat. Stammes claud- m. £. viel zu fern steht, um eine solche volksetymologische Mischung oder Kreuzung auch nur einigermafsen glaubhaft erscheinen zu lassen. Ich bin vielmehr der Ansicht, dafs wir es hier einfach mit einer Angleichung des in Rede stehenden ital. Wortes an ital. piuma „Feder, Flaumfeder" zu tun haben, eine Bedeutung, welche der- jenigen von chioma „Haupthaar" offenbar sehr nahe steht, indem der Haarwuchs des Menschen metaphorisch, in der bildlichen Auf- fassung der Sprache, dem Gefieder der Vögel gleichgestellt wurde — dieselbe Auffassung, der z. B. auch Dante folgt, wenn er in seinem grofsen Gedicht (Purg. I, 42) den lang herabwallenden Bart des alten Cato als ^oneste piumeu bezeichnet. Dieselbe Erklärung, durch Angleichung an pluma—piuma „Flaumfeder", möchte ich nun auch für das in nordöstl. ital. Dialekten, so namentlich im Venezianischen, gegenüber dem in der Schriftsprache herrschenden tosk. spuma, vorkommende spluma oder spiuma „Schaum" vorschlagen, sowie für das gleichbedeutende, im Tosk. bezw. in der ital. Schriftspr. neben spuma vorkommende (häufiger als dies letztere gebrauchte) scJuuma, eine Form, die nach allgemeiner und ohne Zweifel richtiger Annahme durch Mischung von lat oder ital. spuma (bezw. nordöstl. dialekt. spiuma) mit dem ahd. sküm * entstanden und, wie ich annehmen möchte, aus einem nordöstl., an das deutsche Sprachgebiet angrenzenden Dialekt des Italienischen ins Toskanische bezw. in die Schriftsprache eingedrungen ist. Auch hier, wie bei dem vorhin besprochenen chioma, liegen sich ja nicht nur die lautlichen Formen, sondern auch die Be- deutungen der beiden Wörter sehr nahe: der Schaum (lat. ital. spuma) wird in bildlicher Auffassung der Flaumfeder (pluma—piuma) assi- miliert, mit welchem Begriff sich der des Schaumes durch den Mittelbegriff des Leichten, Feinen und Zarten offenbar sehr leicht verknüpfen kann; eine Wirkung dieser Assimilation liegt eben in den genannten ital. Formen spiuma — spiuma (dial.) und schiuma vor. Man vgl. übrigens hierzu Parodi, der in der Rom. (XXII, 307), und Meyer-Lübke, der in seinem Etymol. Wörterbuch (unter den Stich Wörtern sküma, spuma und *spümula) übes diese Wortformen gehandelt hat. Wie mär** ital. chioma auf ein lat. *comula zurück- geführt hat, so wollen diese beiden Forscher auch das ital. (dial.) 1 Versehentlich gibt Meyer-Lübke unter Nr. 8013 seines Roman. Etymol. Wörterbuches als Etymon des ital. schiuma „sküma (germ.)tf an: das Feminin ist ja, wie M.-L. sehr wohl weifs, nicht germanisch, sondern eine erst, im Anschluls an das Lat., vollzogene Änderung des Romanischen. Brought to you by | University of California Authenticated Download Date | 6/7/15 1:19 PM 702 F. SETTKGAST, spluma — spivma, mit Umstellung des /, aus *spümula erklären. Die auch in der Schriftsprache üblich gewordene Form mit k führt Parodi einfach auf jenes Muster mit dem lat./ zurück (*skumula *skumla *skluma schiuma nach *spumula *spumla spluma spiumd), während Meyer-Lübke in seiner Ital. Grammatik (Leipzig 1890, S. 16) für das i von schiuma eine lautliche, auf die palatale Natur des k gegründete Erklärung (Affrikaiion, d. h. Anfügung des ent- sprechenden, hier des palatalen Spiranten, nach Verschlnfslaut: sk—+ sky) vorschlägt, die aber, in Anbetracht der neben schiuma dial. vorkommenden Form mit p (spiuma), kaum zu billigen sein dürfte. 2. Fiutare, rifiutare. Aus Mischung oder Kreuzung durch gegenseitige Angleichung erkläre ich die Form der beiden ital. Verba frutare „riechen, wittern" und rifiutare „abweisen, zurückweisen". Was zunächst das letztere betrifft, so ist von vornherein klar, dafs hier das i der zweiten Silbe (neben diesem rifiutare kommt übrigens auch die seltenere und ohne Zweifel auf gelehrter Einwirkung beruhende Wortform rifutare vor) lautlich aus dem lat. refutare nicht erklärt werden kann. Dafs es dagegen auf Angleichung an das soeben genannte fiutare beruht, hat schon Meyer-Lübke erkannt und in seinem EtymoL Wb. (s. v. refutare) ausgesprochen. Dafs aber andererseits auch fiutare durch Kreuzung mit diesem rifiutare ent- standen ist, dafs wir es also hier mit einer gegenseitigen An- gleichung der beiden Wörter zu tun haben, scheint bisher noch niemand gesehen zu haben.1 Und doch ist diese Erklärung aufser- ordentlich naheliegend, ja sie drängt sich geradezu auf, und es durfte sehr schwer sein, sie abzuweisen. Die gegenseitige Beeinflussung oder Angleichung dieser beiden ital. Verba ist, abgesehen von der Ähnlichkeit der Form, ohne 1 Ascolileitet (JKuhn's Zeitschr.f. vergleich. SprachforschungXVII,349 Anmerk.) das hier in Rede stehende \\9\. fiutare von einem angesetzten Jat. *ftavitare *flautar< „riechen", das er mit lat. *fiavor „Dult", fragare „duften11, fragum „Erdbeere" (als duftende Frucht so genannt) zusammenbringt, eine Erklärung, die Meyer-Lübke in seiner Ital. Gramm. (Leipzig 1890, S. 74) ohne weiteres übernommen, in seinem EtymoL Wb. gagegen (wo ich überhaupt ver- gebens nach einer Erklärung des \\3\.fiutare gesucht habe) nicht wiederholt hat. Seine Bemerkung s. v. Flator, dafs *flavor (d. i. das von Ascoli auf- gestellte Etymon) „vom lat. Standpunkte aus schwierig ist", deutet allerdings darauf hin, dafs er auch die von dem grofsen italienischen Gelehrten an- genommene Ableitung von *flavor, d. i. *ßavitare *flautare, als Etymon des i\.a\* fiutare mittlerweile aufgegeben hat. UncLzwar mit vollem Recht; denn jenes völlig problematische *flavor, zusamt dem abgeleiteten *flavitare *flau- tare% erscheint in der Tat zum mindesten sehr „schwierig". Einen Ersatz für die aufgegebene Ascoli'sche Erklärung des ital fiutare scheint aber M.-L. nicht gefunden zu haben; unter seinen Stichwörtern flatus, flator, flatare führt er dies i t a). Verb nicht auf. — Meiner Ansicht über die Abstammung des ital. fiutare am nächsten steht diejenige von Diez, der in seinem Wb. I, s.v. Flaute dies ital. Verb von einem lat. (von flatus „Blasen" gebildeten) *flatuare und, mit Umstellung des u, *flautare ableitet. Brought to you by | University of California Authenticated Download Date | 6/7/15 1:19 PM ÜBER . WORTMISCHUNG IM ROMANISCHEN. 703 Zweifel durch den Umstand hervorgerufen oder doch begünstigt worden, dafs sie in ihren Bedeutungen sich nahe berühren. Was zunächst rifutare „zurückweisen, abweisen" betrifft, so konnte es eben dieser Bedeutung wegen vom Sprachgefühl zu fiatare „blasen" = lat. ftatare gestellt und volksetymologisch -u einem Kompositum dieses ital. Verbs umgedeutet werden, indem das Zurück- oder Abweisen eines dargebotenen bezw. sich darbietenden Gegenstandes bildlich als ein Zurück-, Weg- oder Fortblasen desselben auf- gefafst wurde:1 daher die Form rifiutare > die das /der zweiten Silbe
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