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Social Capital in Indian Country: the Effects of Bridging and Bonding on Job Acquisition

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Social Capital in Indian Country: the Effects of Bridging and Bonding on Job Acquisition The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-1-2018 Social Capital in Indian Country: The Effects of Bridging and Bonding on Job Acquisition Stephanie Davison University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Davison, Stephanie, "Social Capital in Indian Country: The Effects of Bridging and Bonding on Job Acquisition" (2018). Dissertations. 1583. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1583 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOCIAL CAPITAL IN INDIAN COUNTRY: THE EFFECTS OF BRIDGING AND BONDING ON JOB ACQUISITION by Stephanie Davison A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Social Science and Global Studies at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by: Dr. Robert Pauly, Committee Chair Dr. Joseph St. Marie Dr. Tom Lansford Dr. Paul Lachapelle Dr. Candace Bright ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Dr. Robert Pauly Dr. Edward Sayre Dr. Karen S. Coats Committee Chair Director of School Dean of the Graduate School December 2018 COPYRIGHT BY Stephanie Davison 2018 Published by the Graduate School ABSTRACT Native Americans living in Indian Country continue to experience poverty due, in part, to a lack of sufficient employment opportunities. Indian reservations, often situated in rural areas, can be difficult to access and complicated land and political issues can make it difficult to attract outside investors. However, as is the case for most people, Native Americans living on or near their respective reservation communities do not necessarily want to leave home to find work. This study examined the social networks of a sample of Native Americans from two tribes in Montana. A social network analysis was conducted to understand how job networks in Indian Country affected job acquisition in terms of location. Individual networks were analyzed to determine if they were primarily bridging or bonding and then compared to a respondent’s job location preference, on, adjacent to, or off reservation. In addition, individual job acquisition methods were analyzed and compared to job location preference. Results show that there was no relationship between network type and job location preference and that the methods used to acquire jobs were the opposite from what was expected. That is, the respondents whose networks, overall, were more bridging acquired their jobs using bonding methods more frequently and the respondents whose networks, overall, were more bonding acquired their jobs using bridging methods more frequently. If resources are scarce, using strong network ties to access jobs may be necessary; however, if resources are abundant, using weak network ties within the bonded networks that exist in Indian Country is useful. Recommendations for future research include studying how dense networks function to benefit tribal development, the way that network ties are defined in Indian Country, and ii who are the people that act as network bridges relative to their specific tribes. This study contributes to the network strand of the social capital literature, to the literature on indigenous people and jobs, and to the development literature, especially as it relates to socioeconomics. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to Dr. Robert Pauly for his guidance and support during this process and especially for his willingness to serve as the chair of my committee. His kind demeanor and practical advice made this arduous process much easier. I also want to acknowledge and thank Dr. Paul Lachapelle for his encouragement and continued support, even as I faltered along the way, Dr. Candace Bright for her exceptional and thorough feedback, and Dr. Joseph St. Marie, and Dr. Tom Lansford for the time and energy they put into serving on my dissertation committee. Finally, I wish to acknowledge Dr. David Butler, the original chair of my committee for getting me started. iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the people who participated in this study in acknowledgment and much appreciation of their time. It is also dedicated to my parents who spent many hours reviewing my work, offering advice and feedback, and supporting me through this very long process. Finally, it is dedicated to my children who have hardly known me when I have not been in school and to Greg with whom I could talk about my ideas and missteps and who would not let me quit. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 2 Background and Context................................................................................................. 2 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................... 9 The Trust Theory of Social Capital .......................................................................... 10 The Network Theory of Social Capital ..................................................................... 12 Purpose and Research Questions .................................................................................. 16 Research Approach ....................................................................................................... 18 Sampling ................................................................................................................... 19 Survey Design ........................................................................................................... 20 Researcher Assumptions ............................................................................................... 23 Rationale and Significance ........................................................................................... 24 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................................... 25 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 28 vi Concepts and Theories Reviewed ................................................................................. 28 Social Capital ............................................................................................................ 28 Dimensions of Social Capital.................................................................................... 35 Social Networks ........................................................................................................ 42 Social Capital and Economics .................................................................................. 47 Social Capital and Indigenous People....................................................................... 57 This Study’s Contribution ............................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 69 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 69 Description of Research Sample ................................................................................... 79 Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 84 Research Design Overview ........................................................................................... 89 Literature Review...................................................................................................... 89 Instrument Development ........................................................................................... 91 IRB Process ............................................................................................................. 102 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 103 Steps in Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 105 Ethics........................................................................................................................... 112 Limitations and Delimitations ..................................................................................... 112 vii Limitations .............................................................................................................
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