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Spatial Relationships Between Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Water Quality in Honghu Lake, China

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Spatial Relationships Between Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Water Quality in Honghu Lake, China by PSP Volume 25 – No. 3/2016, pages 896-909 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION AND WATER QUALITY IN HONGHU LAKE, CHINA Ting Zhang1,2, Xuan Ban1,3, Xuelei Wang1,3, Enhua Li1,3, Chao Yang1,2 and Qing Zhang1,2 1Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.340 Xudong Rd., Wuhan 430077, Hubei, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Rd., Beijing 100049, China 3Hubei Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, No.340 Xudong Rd., Wuhan 430077, Hubei, China ABSTRACT phosphorus from sediments and water in the process of growth and limit phytoplankton Water environment characteristics play a development. They reduce water velocity, limit significant role in wetland submerged aquatic sediment resuspension and increase water vegetation (SAV). With increased human activities, transparency. SAV has become a commonly used water quality conditions change significantly; such ecological engineering method for nutrient change affects the distribution and diversity of retention to manage shallow eutrophic lakes [1,2]. SAV. Revealing the relationship between SAV and The major factors that affect the growth of SAV are water environmental characteristics at a spatial light availability, nutrients, sediments, suspended scale to assess the impact of human activity is solids, water flow and water temperature [3-8]. The necessary. Canonical correspondence analysis physical and chemical properties of a water body (CCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) were are important factors that affect the biomass and employed to investigate the spatial relationship community distribution of SAV, which in turn between SAV distribution and water environmental affect the growth, reproduction and distribution of variables in Honghu Lake, China. Results reveal submerged aquatic plants [9-11]. that obvious spatial variations exhibit in the Honghu Lake is the largest lake in Hubei diversity and abundance of SAV and water quality Province and the most typical shallow lake in the characteristics. The diversity indices and wet middle reaches of Yangtze River in China. As one biomass of SAV are significantly higher in the of the “Species Gene Pool”, Honghu Lake is middle-southern region than in the northern important wetland with rich biodiversity and regions. Accordingly, the middle-southern region genetic diversity, and is listed in the Ramsar has a higher value of transparency and lower Wetlands of International Importance. The lake is concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus than the also the breeding and wintering habitat for some northern regions. The results of CCA and RDA rare or endangered species, such as Ciconia indicate that water transparency is the most boyciana and Mergus squamatus. Recently, large- important variable that affects SAV distribution in scale fish farming and increased discharge of Honghu Lake. The relationship between diversity agricultural and industrial wastewater from the and water transparency differs in the regions. The upstream region have resulted in the drastic sensitive nutrient that influences the SAV deterioration of water quality [12]. Several studies community in the northern regions is total have shown that human activity greatly influenced phosphorus. The results of this research can serve the macrophyte growth and water quality in as an important basis for decision making on Honghu Lake. Before 2004, the trophic state of wetland ecosystem management. Honghu Lake began to change from mesotrophic to eutrophic. The distribution area of SAV KEYWORDS: significantly decreased. Total phosphorus (TP), submerged aquatic vegetation; water quality; ordination permanganate index (CODMn) and total nitrogen analysis; Honghu Lake (TN) were believed to be the major pollutants in Honghu Lake [13]. Li et al. [14] respectively evaluated the effects of different fishery INTRODUCTION development intensities on two categories of aquatic plants (favoured or not favoured by fish). Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) plays This study summarized the importance of both of an essential role in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic fish-open-culture scale and the utilizing way of plants absorb large amounts of nitrogen and aquatic plants favoured by fish for the sustainable development. Cheng and Li [15] analysed the 896 by PSP Volume 25 – No. 3/2016, pages 896-909 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin eutrophication process and characteristics of abundance, diversity and water environmental Honghu Lake, both of which caused the variables are analysed, the key water environmental deterioration of the water quality of the lake. In factors that influence SAV distribution in different 2004, the Demonstration Project of Aquatic regions are elucidated and the correlation between Vegetation Protection and Restoration was SAV diversity and key water environmental implemented to reduce the impact of human variables is identified. The results are expected to activity, and the scale of fish farming was provide scientific basis for restoring aquatic regulated. SAV coverage increased, and the vegetation and enacting regional lake management concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients measures, which is important for reducing the gradually reduced [13]. Mo et al. [16] evaluated the damaging human activities influences and ecosystem health of Honghu Lake before and after sustaining ecological balance in Honghu Lake. the project was implemented in 2004 and demonstrated that the project was effective for the wetland protection. Ban et al. [17] indicated that the MATERIAL AND METHODS water quality of Honghu Lake deteriorated from 2001 to 2005 and gradually improved after 2006 Study site. Honghu Lake (29° 49' N and because the measures implemented. Since 2008, 113° 17' E), which is located in Honghu County with the rebound of human activity interference, the and Jianli County in the southeast Hubei Province, wetlands’ ecological environment has been under is the largest natural freshwater lake in Jianghan threat once again [18]. Plain and Four-lake Basin in central China (Figure Many studies have examined the 1). The lake has an area of 308 km2, a mean depth relationship between water quality and SAV of 1.34 m and a maximum depth of 2.3 m [11]. through different methods. Most studies adopted Honghu Lake was formed as a natural dammed lake laboratory-scale approaches [19]. Through a within the depression between the Yangtze River numerical simulation, Rasmussen et al. [20] and Dongjing River (a tributary of the Han River). developed a combined hydrodynamic–ecology The lake is also a catchment that collects the flow numeric model to analyse the changes in water from the Four-lake Basin, which originally quality and simulated the response of submerged connected with Yangtze River and had been rooted vegetation by reducing the nutrient loads. separated from the river by sluices since the 1950s. Traditional numeral statistics based on field surveys Honghu Lake has become a controlled lake with have also been employed in previous research. main function of flood regulation, water supply and Scheffer et al. [21] studied the response of fisheries [25]. The lake is a shallow aquatic system Potamogeton pectinatus and Potamogeton with abundant aquatic organism resources, which perfoliatus to water quality by using multiple includes SAV species such as Potamogeton logistic regressions. The results concluded that both maackianus, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum species were predominantly related to rooting depth verticillatum, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton and water transparency. Grzybowski [22] analysed pectinatus and Ceratophyllum demersum. Most the similarities and differences in eutrophic water SAV species in the lake are perennial, except for quality index and aquatic macrophytes between Potamogeton crispus, which is a hibernal annual dimictic and polymictic lakes and found that plant. aquatic vegetation in lakes may have a delayed response to phosphorus nutrient supply. Data collection and laboratory procedure. Previous studies based on field surveys often Water environmental characteristics and plant focused on the relationship between environmental community structure were measured in spring and parameters and SAV in different lake types at a autumn from 2011 to 2014 with the support of large spatial scale [23-24]. Few studies emphasised Xiaogang Wetland Ecological Station, Chinese the relationship between SAV communities and Academy of Sciences. Such seasonal sampling was water environmental characteristics that intensively based on the comprehensive consideration of considered the influence of human activities. This hydrological environment stability and vegetation study aims to identify the interaction mechanism growth. The two seasons (spring and autumn) with between SAV distribution and water environmental equal water level periods were selected. Twenty- variables in different regions in Honghu Lake, three sampling sites were set up based on a rough where the water ecological environment is complex outline of Honghu Lake (Figure 1). Ten optional and typical. The study also attempts to determine quadrats of SAV were collected in each SAV the promotion and restriction impacts of water sampling site by using a 20 cm × 20 cm tailor-made environmental variables to SAV diversity through iron clamp. The samples from the area were correlation analysis. The spatial variations of SAV representative of the plant community. SAV data 897 by PSP Volume 25 –
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