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Francesca Mercurio Universidade do Minho Escola de Economia e Gestão OSUR C ork of MER w he frame Francesca Mercurio h Argentina in t Brazil's global aspirations and their implications for the relationship with Argentina in the framework of MERCOSUR he relationship wit heir implications for t lobal aspirations and t Brazil's g curio ancesca Mer r F 5 1 UMinho|20 outubro de 2015 Universidade do Minho Escola de Economia e Gestão Francesca Mercurio Brazil's global aspirations and their implications for the relationship with Argentina in the framework of MERCOSUR Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Relações Internacionais Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Alena Vysotkaya Guedes Vieira e coorientação da Professora Doutora Laura Cristina FerreiraPereira outubro de 2015 Acknowledgments I would like to thank all those people who helped me and supported me in the realization of this thesis. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Alena, for the dedication, commitment and patience that she has always demonstrated in guiding me during these months. And most of all I have to do a tremendous credit to the passion she puts in everything she does and in the great capacity to transmit her true love for this discipline. These qualities are really contagious and have touched me since the first day of class. Therefore, to you, my academic guide and life inspiration, I will never stop saying "thank you". A great credit should also be given to my co-advisor, Professor Laura, for her wisdom and foresight, for believing in me and for opening the doors of a new academic world, where I found new ideas and inspiration. Our common academic interests have been the heart of a collaboration that started at UMinho to later reach the Southern hemisphere and, for sure, will advance and go far which I do hope. My most grateful recognition is for all the professors I met during my academic route, both those of the UMinho and of the Institute for International Relations of the USP. Related to this latter institution, a heartfelt acknowledgment is reserved to the Professors Janina Onuki, Deisy Ventura and José Briceno Ruiz for stimulating my curiosity and interest for many new topics. Sincere thanks are reserved to a person I admire for his simplicity and proximity to those to whom he teaches. If teaching is expressed through the example, then Professor Rafael Villa (of the University of São Paulo) is the one who best represents this saying. Nowadays he still is a source of admiration for his academic capacities and results, but first of all for his humanity and humility with pupils and colleagues. Then, thanks for receiving me in that “big and amazing family” called NUPRI. And it is with nostalgia and almost homesickness that I express my gratitude and my enormous pleasure for having been an inhabitant, among crazy human exemplars, of the 'Favo 7'. A special recognition is reserved to Thiago Babo, my indefatigable assistant, friend and supporter, and to Larissa, who I admire for her determination in anything she does: keep going because "in life you are gonna go far"! My thanks also go to Sylvio, Camilla, Gustavo, Stela, Daniela and all the official members and sporadic visitors of the NUPRI. I would also like to thanks my colleagues and friends, mainly those living around the world who always supported me in the most difficult moments. A big acknowledgment goes to the friends in São iii Paulo, for showing me how lovely and magic could be that city and how amazing were the experiences lived together. To Claudia and the rest of "Tropicalia" (ap.108); to PC, Fernanda, Marcelo and "Massacote" (the cat) for hosting me; to the friends of Sancho and to who showed me that may exist love in SP; to Daniel and Sofia for their adorable and unexpected visits; to the members of the Bologna's reunion in SP (Allen and Amanda) because it was so nice to browse memories about how all passions started; to all them my sincere recognition goes, at the same time that the "saudade" keeps growing up. Moreover, my thanks are also for the group of friends I met in Braga. Thanks to Vicente for being a friend, a confident and a kind of "supervisor". My sincere recognition goes to the everyday friends that became my new Portuguese family: Ana Paula, Kelly, Leticia, Cristiane, Sofia, Matthias, Renato, Nayara, Stefania, Daniel, David, Celes, Lucia, Philipe, Oumaya, Ju and Pipoca among the others. My best thanks to Rita, for stealing her free time with my short terms and my delays. Last, but not least, my most heartful Italian "grazie" is given to my family for the great emotional and financial support, for the determination and the values they taught me, for the many opportunities offered and the incentives to go farther wherever I want. Thanks to my mum and dad for hardly believing in me, and… of course for my "scholarship", that year by year, they are paying! iv Brazil’s global aspirations and their implications for the relationship with Argentina in the framework of MERCOSUR Abstract The rise of the new millennium has been accompanied by global changes and challenges, occurred as consequence of the spread of systemic-affecting features that have transformed the model through which the international order was witnessed. The negative effects of globalization and the rise of emerging countries coming from the 'periphery' of the world have played a significant role in reshaping the international balance of power and in creating new schemes of cooperation among states. Focusing on Brazil’s emerging role and on the transformations that this longstanding "middle power" has been able to bring to both the international relations debate and practical field, the present contribution aims to offer a detailed analysis of the twenty-first century Brazilian foreign policy. The official discourses show that last governments' external agenda has been characterized by an increasing interest in global issues and in a more active international participation, as never experienced before. Maintaining a strong commitment toward 'autonomy' and 'development' of the Brazilian foreign policy, Lula da Silva’s first mandate has been marked by the desire and aspiration of making Brazil a global player, passing first through the creation of a stable and supportive platform and the recognition of its regional leadership role within the South-American region. The regional obstacles met by Brazil have promoted a change of attitude of the country and the search for extra-regional partners, relationships and forms of engagement, although emphasizing the differences between the international agendas of Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. Through a theoretical synthesis of Neorealism and Neoliberalism, this contribution analyses the obstructive role played by Argentina (the historical rival and at the same time a strategic partner in the development and the future of the regional integration project: MERCOSUR) in balancing Brazilian global aspirations and in coordinating a regional response opposing the South-American giant. In conclusion, the present research aims to offer an analysis of the visible and hidden motivations that have driven the regional actors to object Brazil. Keywords: Brazilian Foreign Policy; Brazil-Argentina relationship; MERCOSUR; Neorealism- Neoliberalism, South-America; Emerging Power; Regional Leadership; Global actor. v As aspirações globais do Brasil e as suas implicações na relação com a Argentina no âmbito do MERCOSUL Resumo O novo milénio foi acompanhado por mudanças e desafios globais, que têm afetado o sistema e transformaram o modelo através do qual a ordem internacional era observada. Os efeitos negativos da globalização e a ascensão de países emergentes provenientes da "periferia" do mundo têm desempenhado um papel significativo na reformulação do equilíbrio do poder internacional e na criação de novos esquemas de cooperação entre os Estados. Enfocando sobre o papel emergente do Brasil e as transformações que esta "potência média" tem sido capaz de trazer. tanto para o debate das relações internacionais como no campo prático, a presente contribuição tem como objetivo oferecer uma análise detalhada da política externa brasileira do século XXI. A agenda externa do Brasil dos últimos governos tem sido caracterizada por um crescente interesse por questões globais e para uma participação internacional mais activa, como nunca antes. Mantendo um forte compromisso com a "autonomia" e o "desenvolvimento" da política externa brasileira, o primeiro mandato de Lula da Silva tem sido marcado pelo desejo e a aspiração de fazer do Brasil um ator global de relevo, passando primeiro através da criação de uma plataforma de apoio estável e do reconhecimento da sua liderança regional na América do Sul. Se o primeiro mandato político de Lula da Silva tem assistido a uma consideração particular e espaço reservado para a região, durante o segundo o Brasil tem olhado mais para parceiros e relações extra-regionais. Através de uma síntese teórica do neo-realismo e neoliberalismo, esta análise enfatiza o papel obstrutivo desempenhado pela Argentina (histórico rival regional e ao mesmo tempo parceiro estratégico no desenvolvimento do projeto de integração regional: MERCOSUL) em equilibrar as aspirações globais brasileiras e em coordenar uma resposta regional para opor o gigante sul- americano. Em conclusão, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo oferecer uma análise das motivações visíveis e ocultas que tem movido os atores regionais para a oposição ao Brasil . Palavras-chave: Politica Externa Brasileira;
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