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Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley

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Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Mapping natural capital and ecosystem services in the Nene Valley Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Author: Dr Jim Rouquette Natural Capital Solutions & University of Northampton Contact details: Dr J.R. Rouquette Natural Capital Solutions Ltd www.naturalcapitalsolutions.co.uk [email protected] Tel: 07790 105375 Report prepared for: Nene Valley NIA Project Publication date: December 2016 Version: Final Recommended citation: Rouquette, J.R. (2016). Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley. Report for the Nene Valley NIA Project. Natural Capital Solutions. Cover image: Sunset over Irthlingborough Lakes and Meadows (John Abbott) Natural Capital Solutions Ltd i Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Acknowledgements A large number of people contributed to this project. In particular I’d like to thank Stella Watts, Kat Harrold, Duncan McCollin, Janet Jackson and Jeff Ollerton, all from the University of Northampton. Jeff, in particular, oversaw and supported all of the work described in this report and chaired the steering group. Stella collated all of the biodiversity records described in Section 2.3 and gathered together many other data sets and GIS layers. Thanks to Nicholas Head and Kat Harrold who endured the task of manually mapping hedgerows in GIS, and to Gilles Jean-Louis who carried out preliminary work on hedgerow mapping and on the historic analysis (Chapter 3). Thanks also to Oliver Burke and Heather Proctor of the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire who were members of the steering group. Thanks to all project partners on the Nene Valley NIA project: the University of Northampton, Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire, Natural England, River Nene Regional Park, Northamptonshire County Council, North Northants Joint Planning Unit, RSPB, and Environment Agency. Funding for this project was provided by Defra, with additional funding from Natural England, Sciencewise, the University of Northampton, and Natural Capital Solutions Ltd. Finally, thanks to Alison Holt (Natural Capital Solutions) and Jeff Ollerton who reviewed the draft version of this report. Further Info A summary report accompanies this full technical report and is available from: http://www.naturalcapitalsolutions.co.uk/previous-projects/case-study-2/ For further information on the Nene Valley Nature Improvement Area please visit: http://www.nenevalleynia.org/ First published December 2016 © /IP Natural Capital Solutions Ltd & University of Northampton Natural Capital Solutions Ltd ii Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Executive summary The Nene Valley occupies most of Northamptonshire and Peterborough. The area is dominated by arable farmland, interspersed by urban areas, but at its heart lies an extensive series of flooded gravel pits forming a network of wetland habitats. These areas are home to abundant wildlife and have been recognised internationally for their importance through their designation as a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the EU Birds Directive. The Nene Valley faces increasing pressures from human development as most of the area falls within a zone highlighted for significant growth over the next few years. This will place considerable pressure on the catchment, but also presents an opportunity to achieve conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services at a landscape scale. The Nene Valley was designated as a Nature Improvement Area (NIA) in 2012, a flagship nature conservation initiative launched by the UK Government to promote landscape-scale conservation. The natural environment underpins our wellbeing and economic prosperity, providing multiple benefits to society, yet is consistently undervalued in decision-making. Natural capital is the stock of natural assets, including habitats, water and biodiversity that produces a wide range of benefits for people. These benefits are known as ecosystem services and include, for example, food, timber production, regulation of flooding and climate, pollination of crops, and cultural benefits such as aesthetic value and recreational opportunities. Adopting the natural capital and ecosystem services approach is a key policy objective of the UK Government and central to Defra’s new 25 year plan. Here I quantify, map and where possible provide a monetary value of the natural capital and ecosystem services of the Nene Valley. Gaining a spatial perspective on the variation in values across the study area using maps provides much additional insight and is at the forefront of ecosystem services research at present. This report presents the findings of a major project to identify, map and value natural capital and ecosystem services across the Nene Valley. The aims were to highlight the key benefits provided by the natural environment, to increase understanding of the interdependencies between the natural environment, people and the economy, and to help planners and decision makers protect, enhance and restore the natural environment for the benefit of both people and wildlife. The first task was to map the natural capital assets of the Nene Valley and was an essential prerequisite for the subsequent ecosystem services maps. A detailed land-use and habitat map was created by classifying MasterMap polygons into Phase 1 habitat types using a range of data sources. A map of hedgerows was also produced by manually identifying hedgerows from aerial photographs, and revealed that there are approximately 10,000 Km of hedgerows and tree lines in the study area. Maps were also produced showing biodiversity: over 275,000 biological records held by a range of recording organisations were collated for six taxonomic groups (flowering plants, butterflies, moths, dragonflies and damselflies, hoverflies, and bees and wasps). Species richness (the number of species at each location) was calculated and mapped and these were then converted into density maps showing the density of species across the study area. Habitat in the Nene Valley in the 1930s was mapped and compared to the current situation (2010s). Semi- natural grassland was the dominant habitat type in the 1930s, occupying 59.9% of the area. By the 2010s, semi-natural grassland had declined to just 2.9%, a decline of 95%. Arable had increased to 50.3% of the land area (an increase of 115%), with improved grasslands occupying a further 18.9%. Woodland and built- up areas and gardens had both increased by >60%. Natural Capital Solutions Ltd iii Mapping Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services in the Nene Valley Maps were developed for 11 different ecosystem services: carbon storage, noise regulation, local climate regulation, air purification, water flow, water quality, pollination, agricultural production, tranquillity, accessible nature, and green travel. The capacity of the natural environment to deliver those services (the current supply) was mapped and, wherever possible, the local demand (beneficiaries) for each service was also mapped. Each map was created by running a Geographic Information System (GIS) based model, based on the EcoServ GIS toolkit developed by the Wildlife Trusts, but with a number of modifications to better suit the situation in the Nene Valley. In addition, bespoke models were created for several ecosystem services. In all cases the models were applied at a 10m by 10m resolution to provide extremely fine scale mapping across the area. The models are indicative (showing that certain areas have higher capacity or demand than other areas) and highlight areas of high and low provision and the pattern of capacity (supply) and demand for each ecosystem service. Once each service was mapped individually, maps were generated of the overall supply and demand of all services. These were created for both average scores and as hotspots based on area. The supply maps highlighted the importance of woodlands and the River Nene corridor at delivering multiple ecosystem services. The river corridor is also effective at bringing habitats delivering high levels of ecosystem services right into the heart of urban areas, and this is particularly prominent in Peterborough, Northampton and Kettering. The demand maps clearly highlighted the importance of the urban areas in driving demand, with the very highest demand from parts of Northampton and Peterborough. The monetary value of a range of ecosystem services across the Nene catchment has also been mapped. This was for: agricultural and orchard production; greenhouse gas balance (taking into account emissions from agriculture and carbon sequestration); pollination; and expenditure on recreation. Comparing across ecosystem services, it was apparent that the value of recreational visits far outweighed the value of all other ecosystem services in the Nene catchment. Publicly accessible areas have the greatest overall value. In total the annual flow of ecosystem services in the Nene Valley NIA were valued at £109M each year and £300M across the wider Nene Valley, with the majority of this derived from the value of recreational visits. On average, each hectare of land delivers £2,639 of services per year in the core NIA and £1,769 of services across the whole study area. This assessment has only considered a small number of ecosystem services on which it is possible to provide a monetary value, hence the true value of the natural environment
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