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Acervo Digital UFPR UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMACOLOGIA FRANCISLAINE APARECIDA DOS REIS LÍVERO AVALIAÇÃO FARMACOLÓGICA DOS EFEITOS HEPÁTICOS E GÁSTRICOS DA Baccharis trimera EM LESÕES INDUZIDAS POR ETANOL CURITIBA 2016 FRANCISLAINE APARECIDA DOS REIS LÍVERO AVALIAÇÃO FARMACOLÓGICA DOS EFEITOS HEPÁTICOS E GÁSTRICOS DA Baccharis trimera EM LESÕES INDUZIDAS POR ETANOL Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Farmacologia, da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Farmacologia. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Alexandra Acco CURITIBA 2016 3 4 NOTA EXPLICATIVA Esta tese é apresentada em formato alternativo – artigos publicados e submetidos para publicação – de acordo com as normas do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Farmacologia da Universidade Federal do Paraná, constando de uma revisão de literatura, objetivos do trabalho e dois artigos científicos abordando os experimentos realizados, com resultados e discussão, além das considerações finais. 5 Dedicatória Aos meus pais, José Claudionor e Cleonice, por me incentivarem a dar os primeiros passos e por incansavelmente me impulsionarem a sempre dar um passo a mais na vida. Por todos os sonhos que vocês abriram mão de realizar para que eu pudesse realizar os meus, todo meu amor, respeito, gratidão e admiração. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Meu profundo agradecimento a todos que fizeram parte deste lindo e valioso trabalho que permitiu grande evolução profissional e pessoal. A Deus por ter colocado em minha vida grandes pessoas que seguraram minha mão e me impulsionaram a superar cada limite e contratempo encontrado pelo caminho. À minha família e aos meus amigos por fomentarem meu trabalho e me oferecerem tanto amor. Ao meu amado por mergulhar neste sonho comigo, por ser meu grande parceiro pessoal e profissional, por toda tranquilidade e cuidado que me oferece cotidianamente. À minha primorosa orientadora por sua impecável orientação, por me lapidar desde os tempos da graduação até a defesa deste doutorado e por, acima de tudo, ser um grande exemplo de pessoa. Aos colegas de trabalho pelas trocas de conhecimento e por todo crescimento profissional que me proporcionaram. A todos os animais que permitiram grandes descobertas com suas vidas. À esta Universidade pelo saudável ambiente de trabalho. Ao apoio financeiro recebido ao longo desta pós-graduação que permitiu que este trabalho se concretizasse. Agradeço em especial à vida, pela imensa generosidade que tem comigo! “(...) diariamente eu chego à simples conclusão de que a vida é tão maravilhosa porque também é feita de colos, de feridas que cicatrizam, de amigos que celebram ou choram junto, de café coado com coador de pano, de gente que pega ônibus ou faz caminhada pela manhã, de quem planta o que se pode comer. Que a vida é feita de algumas pessoas que direcionam todo o seu potencial criativo para melhorar a qualidade de vida de gente que eles nem conhecem. Que é feita de e-mails que chegam recheados de saudade e de cartas extraviadas solitárias numa gaveta de um correio qualquer. De muros e pontes e cais. De aviões que suprimem distâncias e de barcos que chegam. De bicicletas que atravessam cidades. De redes que balançam gente. De rostos que recebem beijos. De bocas que beijam. De mãos que se dão. Que existem pessoas altamente gostáveis, altamente rabugentas, altamente generosas, pessoas distraídas que perdem as coisas, mal-educadas que buzinam sem necessidade, pessoas conectadas que se preocupam com o lixo, pessoas sedutoras e seduzíveis, possíveis e impossíveis, pessoas que se entregam, pessoas que se privam, pessoas que machucam, pessoas que chegam pra curar, desencadeadores de poemas, de sorrisos, de lições de vida que ficarão guardadas para sempre … A vida é tão maravilhosa porque ela nos compensa com ela mesma.” (Marla de Queiroz) 7 “... Se não puderes ser um pinheiro, no topo de uma colina, sê um arbusto no vale, mas sê o melhor arbusto à margem do regato. Sê um ramo, se não puderes ser uma árvore. Se não puderes ser um ramo, sê um pouco de relva e dá alegria a algum caminho. Se não puderes ser uma estrada, sê apenas uma senda, Se não puderes ser o Sol, sê uma estrela. Não é pelo tamanho que terás êxito ou fracasso... Mas sê o melhor no que quer que sejas...” (Pablo Neruda) 8 SUMÁRIO Lista de figuras ……………………………………………………..................... xi Lista de tabelas …………………………………………………….......…........ xiii Lista de abreviaturas ……………………………………………..……………. xiv Resumo ……………………………………….……………………………….... xvi Abstract ...………………………………………………..…………….……..… xvii 1. INTRODUÇÃO 1.1. Etanol: do consumo ao desenvolvimento de doenças gástricas e hepáticas................................................................................................18 1.2. Etanol e úlcera gástrica ........................................................................ 19 1.3. Etanol e esteatose hepática alcoólica ................................................. 21 1.4. Baccharis trimera e suas implicações terapêuticas ............................. 24 2. OBJETIVOS 2.1. Objetivo geral ..………………………………………….......................... 26 2.2. Objetivos específicos ..……………………………………………........... 26 3. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 1 – “Molecular basis of alcoholic fatty liver disease: from incidence to treatment.” Abstract …………….……………………………………………………………. 29 1. General Background ………….…………………………..……..……….... 30 2. AFLD definition …...…..……...……..…………………………..………….. 32 3. Pathogenesis………………….……………………………………...……... 32 4. Clinical signs and diagnosis ....………………..…………………………... 40 5. Treatment ............………..…………………………………………………. 41 9 6. Concluding remarks …….…..……………..………………………………. 46 References ……...….………………………..….…………………..………….. 46 4. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 2 – “Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera ameliorates alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.” Abstract …...……………………………………...………………..……………. 57 1. Introduction ….……………..…………….…………………………..……... 58 2. Material and Methods ...……..……………….…………………..………... 60 3. Results ………………….……….…..…………….………………………... 68 5. Discussion …..………….………..……………………….……………..…... 75 Conclusions ..............……………………..................................................... 79 Acknowledgements .................................................................................... 80 Conflict of interest ....................................................................................... 80 Authors contributions …………………………………………………………... 80 References .……………………......................................................….......... 80 5. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 3 – “Baccharis trimera hydroethanolic extract promotes gastroprotection and healing of gastric lesions induced by acute and chronic ethanol consumption.” Abstract ……...……...……………………………………………….………….. 89 1. Introduction and background .…………...…….……………..………….... 90 2. Material and Methods ....……..……………………………..……..……..... 92 3. Results …………………………..……………..………………………….. 101 4. Discussion …..…….……………………………………………………..... 110 5. Conflict of interest ……………………………………………………….... 113 6. Author contributions ………………………………………………………. 113 10 7. Ethical approval ......………………….................................................... 113 8. References .……....…………….................................…….………..….. 114 6. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .…..................…........................................... 119 7. REFERÊNCIAS ADICIONAIS .................................................................. 121 8. PRODUÇÃO CIENTÍFICA (ARTIGOS PUBLICADOS) NO PERÍODO DO DOUTORADO .......................................................................................... 126 xi11 LISTA DE FIGURAS ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 1 - “Molecular basis of alcoholic fatty liver disease: from incidence to treatment.” Figure 1 – Steps of macro and microscopy alcoholic liver disease progression …………………………………………………………………….. 27 Figure 2 – Pathogenesis of AFLD ……………….………………….............. 28 ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 2 – “Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera ameliorates alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.” Figure 1 – Hepatic histology of mice staining with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Nile Blue………...……………………………………………………………….. 64 Figure 2 - Ultrastructural overview by transmission electron microscopy of mice……………………………………………………………………...…….…. 66 Figure 3 - Plasmatic, hepatic and fecal levels of TG, CHO, HDL and LDL of mice………………………………………………………………...….……….… 68 Figure 4 - Gene expression of Cyp2e1, Scd1 and Nrf2 of mice……………………………………………………….……..…………..…… 70 Figure 5 - Pathological pathways of AFLD induction and the interference of HEBT in this process …….…………………………………………………….. 71 ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 3 – “Baccharis trimera hydroethanolic extract promotes gastroprotection and healing of gastric lesions induced by acute and chronic ethanol consumption.” Figure 1 - Chromatogram of the HEBT…………………..…………………… 96 Figure 2 - Effect of HEBT on acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol in rats………………………………………………………………………………... 97 Figure 3 - Effect of HEBT on gastric wall mucus of rats …………………… 98 12 Figure 4 - Gastric oxidative stress of rats submitted to acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol …………………………………………….……………..… 99 Figure 5 - Gastric oxidative stress of mice submitted to chronic ethanol consumption …………………………………………………………………... 100 Figure 6 - Effect of HEBT on the ability to scavenge the DPPH…...…..… 101 Figure 7- Effects of HEBT on chronic gastric ulcer induced by acid acetic in rats………………………………………………………………...................... 102 x13iii LISTA DE TABELAS ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 2 – “Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera ameliorates
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