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Modèles De Distribution Et Changements Environnementaux : Application Aux Faunes D’Échinides De L’Océan Austral Et Écorégionalisation Salome Fabri-Ruiz

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Modèles De Distribution Et Changements Environnementaux : Application Aux Faunes D’Échinides De L’Océan Austral Et Écorégionalisation Salome Fabri-Ruiz Modèles de distribution et changements environnementaux : Application aux faunes d’échinides de l’océan Austral et écorégionalisation Salome Fabri-Ruiz To cite this version: Salome Fabri-Ruiz. Modèles de distribution et changements environnementaux : Application aux faunes d’échinides de l’océan Austral et écorégionalisation. Biodiversité et Ecologie. Université Bour- gogne Franche-Comté; Université libre de Bruxelles (1970-..), 2018. Français. NNT : 2018UBFCK070. tel-02063427 HAL Id: tel-02063427 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02063427 Submitted on 11 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE FRANCHE-COMTÉ École Doctorale n°554 – Environnement Santé UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES Faculté des Sciences THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCE DE LA VIE 2018 Salomé Fabri-Ruiz Modèles de distribution et changements environnementaux : Application aux faunes d’échinides de l’océan Austral et écorégionalisation Sous la direction de Thomas Saucède et de Bruno Danis 1 2 Modèles de distribution et changements environnementaux : Application aux faunes d’échinides de l’océan Austral et écorégionalisation THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCE DE LA VIE Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteure de l’Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté et de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles Soutenue publiquement le 7 décembre 2018 devant le jury composé de : Eric Thiébaut, Professeur UPMC (Paris) Rapporteur Bernard Hugueny, Directeur de recherche IRD (Toulouse) Rapporteur Sophie Montuire, Professeure, Présidente du jury UBFC (Dijon) Examinatrice Marius Gilbert, Chercheur FNRS, Secrétaire ULB (Bruxelles) Examinateur Thomas Saucède, Maitre de conférences UBFC (Dijon) Directeur de thèse Bruno Danis, Professeur ULB (Bruxelles) Co-directeur de thèse 3 4 Résumé Les modifications environnementales qui affectent aujourd'hui les milieux marins recouvrent des problématiques scientifiques et sociétales majeures, d'autant que ces changements devraient s'accélérer au cours du 21ème siècle. Comprendre et anticiper la réponse de la biodiversité marine à ces changements représente un enjeu scientifique d'actualité. Les approches biogéographiques et macroécologiques constituent un cadre scientifique dans lequel il est possible d'étudier, de décrire, et de comprendre les motifs de distribution des espèces à large échelle et d'estimer leur évolution possible face aux changements environnementaux. C'est notamment le cas dans l'océan Austral où les effets du changement climatique se font déjà sentir et où les modifications environnementales associées pourraient avoir des effets profonds sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Malgré de récents efforts d'échantillonnage, nos connaissances sur la distribution des espèces dans l’océan Austral comptent encore de nombreuses lacunes attribuables au caractère récent des découvertes, à l'isolement et à l'éloignement de cet océan d'accès difficiles. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse consistaient à mieux comprendre les motifs de distribution d'espèces à l’échelle de l’océan Austral, à mettre en évidence les facteurs qui en sont à l’origine et enfin, à évaluer l’impact du changement climatique sur leur distribution. Pour cela, différents types de modèles de niche écologique (MNE) ont été employés. Les échinides (oursins), organismes communs des communautés benthiques de l’océan Austral ont servi de modèle d'étude pour ce travail. Afin de générer des MNE, notamment de type corrélatif, une base de données d’occurrence des espèces d'échinide a été actualisée. L’effort d’échantillonnage a ainsi pu être cartographié et quantifié pour l'ensemble de l'océan Austral ; il s'est révélé très hétérogène, principalement concentré aux abords des zones peu profondes et des bases scientifiques. Cela peut générer des biais dans la qualité et la performance prédictive des MNE ainsi que dans les projections spatiales associées. La robustesse des MNE corrélatifs a donc été testée au regard de l’effort d’échantillonnage mais aussi en tenant compte de la taille des niches écologiques des espèces étudiées ainsi que des contraintes biogéographiques existantes. Cette approche a permis de souligner l’importance de certains facteurs abiotiques pour expliquer la distribution des espèces à large échelle. Il apparaît aussi qu’une meilleure qualité d'échantillonnage génère des MNE plus robustes mais que les résultats sont fortement dépendants de la taille des niches écologiques et de la présence de barrières biogéographiques. Ces MNE individuels réalisés pour de nombreuses espèces ont été combinés entre eux et ont permis de définir dix écorégions à l'échelle de l'océan Austral qui se distinguent par leur composition faunique et leurs caractéristiques environnementales. Les résultats montrent une forte individualisation des faunes antarctiques par rapport aux régions subantarctiques ainsi que l'existence de liens fauniques entre l’Amérique du Sud et les îles subantarctiques d'une part, ainsi qu’entre la nouvelle Zélande et la mer de Ross de l'autre. Ils soulignent également l’importance de facteurs environnementaux comme la température de fond, la profondeur et la géomorphologie pour expliquer les motifs de distribution des espèces. Enfin, des modèles prédictifs futurs ont été produits sur la base du scénario RCP 8.5 du GIEC. Ils montrent que les régions subantarctiques 5 pourraient être particulièrement impactées par les changements environnementaux y compris au sein du réseau d’Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) mis en place dans l’océan Austral. Les MNE corrélatifs ont fait l’objet de critiques récurrentes dans la littérature scientifique du fait de leur incapacité à prendre en compte les dynamiques biologiques liant espèce et environnement, et de leurs limites pour l'extrapolation des données et la production de projections futures. Des MNE de types mécanistiques reposant sur l'approche des Dynamic Energy Budget ont donc été produits pour l'espèce Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900) grâce aux nombreuses connaissances acquises sur le développement et la croissance de l'espèce. La comparaison entre MNE corrélatifs et mécanistiques a permis d’apprécier leur complémentarité et de proposer des projections robustes pour la période actuelle. En revanche, les projections futures ont montré de fortes divergences entre modèles, soulignant la nécessité d'utiliser plusieurs approches de modélisation pour mieux comprendre la distribution des espèces à large échelle et évaluer l’impact du changement climatique sur la biodiversité marine de l’océan Austral. Mots clés : Océan Austral, Modèles de niche écologique, Dynamic Energy Budget, Echinides, Changement climatique, Ecorégionalisation 6 Summary Current environmental changes, which impact marine environments, cover major scientific and societal issues, especially as these environmental changes are expected to accelerate along the 21st century. Understanding and forecasting the response of marine biodiversity to these changes is a pregnant scientific issue. Biogeographic and macroecological approaches provide a scientific framework for that prupose. They allow describing and understanding species distribution patterns at large spatial scale as well as estimating their potential shift with regards to environmental change. This is particularly true in the Southern Ocean, where the effects of climate change are already occurring and where environmental changes could have a deep and manifold impact on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. Despite recent sampling efforts, our knowledge of the Southern Ocean species distributions still faces many shortcomings due to the rather recent discovery of this ocean, its isolation and remoteness along with difficult access conditions. In this context, the aims of this thesis are to better understand the factors that drive species distribution patterns at the Southern Ocean scale, and to assess the impact of climate change on their distribution. For this purpose, different types of Species Distribution Models (SDM) have been used. Echinoids (sea urchins), which are common organisms of benthic communities in the Southern Ocean, have been used as a biological model for this work. In order to generate correlative SDM, a database of echinoid occurrences has been updated. The sampling effort was thus mapped and quantified for the entire Southern Ocean. It prooved very heterogeneous, mainly restricted to shallow areas and scientific stations. This sampling effort can generate potential bias in the predictive performance of SDM and spatial projections. The robustness of correlative SDMs was therefore tested with regard to sampling effort, the size of the species niches as well as their biogeography. This approach has highlighted the importance of abiotic factors for explaining large-scale species distribution. It appears that a better sampling effort can help generate robust SDM, but the results are strongly dependent on the ecological niche size and the presence of biogeographic barriers. These individual-species SDM were then performed
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