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The Private and Public Sectors in Conflict Resolution

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The Private and Public Sectors in Conflict Resolution The Private and Public Sectors in Conflict Resolution A Comparison Between the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone and the Private Military Intervention That Preceded It Written by: Aleksandar Maricic Student number: s1782010 Supervised by: Dr. J. Matthys Second reader: Mr. S. Boeke Leiden University - Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs MSc Crisis and Security Management Word count: 28913 Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of public and private sectors interventions as a means of conflict resolution in order to make recommendations that could improve their results and outcomes. In the first part the phenomenon of public and private sector interventionism is discussed and the context of the research – the Sierra Leonean Civil War, is presented. This is followed by laying out the necessary theoretical framework in part two. The theories utilized in this thesis stem from studies of public management performance and conflict resolution theory. They are adapted and combined into a unified method for comparing performance at conflict resolution in part three. In part four this method is applied to two case studies, that of the private military intervention conducted by Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone and the subsequent United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone. A detailed look into elements of performance: context, objectives, inputs, activities, outputs, efficiency, effectiveness for each individual case study is provided, followed by a comparative chapter on the three key aspects of performance – efficiency, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that the strengths of the public and private sectors in conflict resolution are complementary, while the possibility of collaboration promises to shore up their individual weaknesses. Taking that into account, the thesis argues that the best path for future interventionism is one of collective action by both private and public sectors. This discussion is presented in part five. ii Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... vii Part 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Proliferation of Private and Public Sector Interventionism ........................................ 1 1.2 Research Question and Sub-Questions .............................................................................. 3 1.3 Academic Relevance ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Societal Relevance ............................................................................................................. 4 Part 2: Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Private Military Companies ............................................................................................... 6 2.2 Performance in the Public Sector ...................................................................................... 8 2.3 Conflict Resolution and Interventionism ......................................................................... 13 Part 3: Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Methodological Framework ............................................................................................ 18 3.2 Case Study Design ........................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Data Collection and Sources............................................................................................ 21 3.4 Operationalization ........................................................................................................... 24 Part 4: Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 1: The Executive Outcomes Intervention in Sierra Leone ......................................... 28 1. 1 Context of the Intervention and the Roots of the Sierra Leone Civil War ..................... 28 1.2 The Objectives of Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone ................................................. 31 1.3 Organizational Inputs - Tallying the Costs of the Intervention ....................................... 33 1.4 Operations of the Executive Outcomes and their Immediate Results (Outputs) ............. 35 iii Summary of Organizational Contribution: ............................................................................ 40 1.5 Efficiency of the Executive Outcomes Intervention in Sierra Leone .............................. 41 1.6 Effectiveness of the Executive Outcomes Intervention in Sierra Leone ......................... 44 1.7 Cost-Effectiveness of the Executive Outcomes Intervention in Sierra Leone ................ 50 1.8 A Summary of Executive Outcomes Performance in Sierra Leone ................................ 51 Chapter 2: The United Nation’s Mission in Sierra Leone ......................................................... 53 2.1 Interregnum: From the May 1997 Coup to UNAMSIL Intervention in October 1999 ... 53 2.2 The Objectives of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ...................................... 55 2.4 Operations of the UNAMSIL and Their Immediate Results – Outputs .......................... 60 Summary of Organizational Contribution ............................................................................. 74 2.5 Efficiency of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ............................................. 75 2.6 Effectiveness of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ......................................... 77 2.7 Cost-Effectiveness of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ................................ 80 2.8 A Summary of UNAMSIL Performance in Sierra Leone ............................................... 81 Chapter 3: A Comparative Discussion of the Aspects of Performance of the two Interventions............................................................................................................. 83 3.1 Efficiency and Effectiveness ........................................................................................... 83 3.2 Cost-Effectiveness ........................................................................................................... 85 Part 5: Conclusion and Reflections ............................................................................................... 89 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 92 iv List of Tables Table 1 - Operationalization ......................................................................................................... 27 Table 2 - Summary of Organizational Contribution: EO Intervention in Sierra Leone, May 1995 - March 1997 ................................................................................................................................... 40 Table 3 - Summary of EO Intervention performance in Sierra Leone ......................................... 52 Table 4 - UNAMSIL Expenditures ............................................................................................... 57 Table 5 - Financial Breakdown: 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2002 ....................................................... 58 Table 6 - Resource Breakdown for 5 September 2002 ................................................................. 59 Table 7 - Summary of Organizational Contribution: UNAMSIL, October 1999-December 2005; ....................................................................................................................................................... 74 Table 8 - Summary of UNAMSIL Performance in Sierra Leone ................................................. 82 Table 9 - EO-UNAMSIL Efficiency and Effectiveness Comparison ........................................... 84 Table 10 - EO-UNAMSIL Cost-Effectiveness Comparison ........................................................ 86 v List of Figures Figure 1 - “Tip of the Spear” Typology .......................................................................................... 7 Figure 2 - Types of Performance .................................................................................................... 9 Figure 3 - Production Model of Performance ............................................................................... 10 Figure 4 - Productivity and Efficiency .......................................................................................... 12 Figure 5 - Conflicts by Type 1946-2008....................................................................................... 14 Figure 6 - The Hourglass Model of Conflict Resolution .............................................................. 16 Figure 7 - Research Framework .................................................................................................... 18 Figure 8 - Relevant Situations for Different Research
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