Malappuram District
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MALAPPURAM DISTRICT Geological Study and Action Plan Preparation for Protection of Kottakunnu Park Report Submitted To DISTRICT TOURISM AND PROMOTION COUNCIL – MALAPPURAM Report Submitted by Centre for Social and Resource Development (CSRD) 2nd Floor, Pulickan Hyper Bazar, Pudukad P O, Thrissur, Pin 680301 Ph: 04802756221, 9048435153,e-mail: [email protected] 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to take this opportunity to place on record our sincere gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly helped us in the completion of this project. First and foremost, we are grateful to the Malapuram district collector Mr.Jafar Malik IAS and Mr.Purushothaman P.N Deputy collector Disaster Management, Malappuram District for entrusting us with this work. We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr.Binosh Kunjappan secretary DTPC Malappuram to give an opportunity to this project. We would like to thank our guide Dr. Anto Francis. His timely advice, meticulous scrutiny, and scientific approach have immensely helped us to accomplish this task. We are extremely thankful to Mr. Anwar, caretaker of Kottakunnu park and all the staff of the park for helping us throughout the work. We would also like to thank all the residents of Kottakunnu for their kind cooperation throughout the work especially Mr.Vinod municipal counselor of ward 17 Malappuram Municipality, Mr. Randeer & Mr. Nidheesh who provided us information about the region and helped us with the field work. 2 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5 ANATOMY OF SLOPE MOVEMENT ...................................................................................................... 6 TYPES OF MASS WASTING PROCESS ................................................................................................... 8 TRIGGERING MECHANISM ................................................................................................................10 RAINFALL AND LANDSLIDES ..............................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................13 STUDY AREA ......................................................................................................................................13 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY...................................................................................................15 RAINFALL ...........................................................................................................................................16 DRAINAGE ..........................................................................................................................................18 KOTTAKUNNU LANDSLIDE 1 ..............................................................................................................19 LANDSLIDE 2 ......................................................................................................................................20 TRIGGERING FACTORS FOR KOTTAKUNNU LANDSLIDES ..................................................................21 KOTTAKUNNU PRESENT SCENARIO ...................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................................28 GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISITICS ......................................................................................................28 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................28 GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES ...................................................................................................................29 ATTERBERG LIMITS ............................................................................................................................31 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ..............................................................................................................................32 BULK DENSITY ....................................................................................................................................33 MOISTURE CONTENT .........................................................................................................................34 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................34 CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................................................35 LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MAPPING ...........................................................................................35 HAZARD, VULNERABILITY AND RISK ..................................................................................................35 3 EVALUATION FACTORS ......................................................................................................................36 TRIGGERING FACTORS .......................................................................................................................38 USES OF LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION..........................................................................................38 ASSUMPTION FOR LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION .........................................................................39 CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................................................................40 LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION OF KOTTAKUNNU AREA .....................................................................40 SLOPE .................................................................................................................................................40 ASPECT ...............................................................................................................................................42 ROAD NETWORK ...............................................................................................................................43 DRAINAGE DENSITY ...........................................................................................................................45 PLAN AND PROFILE CURVATURE .......................................................................................................47 SOIL DEPTH/THICKNESS .....................................................................................................................49 NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) ....................................................................51 TOPOGRAPHIC WETNESS INDEX (TWI) ..............................................................................................52 LAND USE LAND COVER .....................................................................................................................54 DATA PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................55 CHAPTER 6 .............................................................................................................................................58 THREATS AND PROBLEMS OF KOTTAKUNNU ........................................................................................58 CHAPTER 7 .............................................................................................................................................66 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................66 CHAPTER 8 .............................................................................................................................................68 ACTION PLAN .........................................................................................................................................68 DRAINAGE ..........................................................................................................................................68 CONSTRUCTIONS & MODIFICATIONS ................................................................................................73 RE-VEGETATION ................................................................................................................................76 LANDUSE MODIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................77 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................79 4 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Western Ghats, the most prominent orographic feature of peninsular India, occupies 47% of Kerala state, with a total area of 38,863 km2. Kerala is the third most densely populated (819 people/km2) state in the country. Even though the region once supported typical tropical forests and grasslands, substantially vast area has been cleared and converted into monoculture plantations and agricultural fields from the early 19th century onwards. All 13 of the 14 districts of Kerala except