SIA for the wind-farm project

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE ALIBUNAR WIND-FARM PROJECT

Prepared for: Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Prepared by: Biotope April 2013

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 1 TITLE PAGE

Project Title: Alibunar wind-farm project- Serbia Contract UG 10-12 Document Title: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar wind-farm project- Serbia

Prepared by: Biotope Date Prepared: February 2013 Principal authors: Jean-Yves Kernel, Yves Bas, Delphine Morin, Marko Janković B&V Project Manager: Jean-Yves Kernel

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents

TITLE PAGE ...... 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 3

LIST OF TABLES ...... 6

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...... 9 1.1. Introduction ...... 9 1.2. Need for the project ...... 12 1.4. Methodology for the ESIA ...... 12 1.5. Organization of this Report ...... 18

2. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 19 2.1. National administrative and legal framework ...... 19 2.1.1. General framework ...... 19 2.1.2. Environmental framework ...... 20 2.1.3. Land use and labor laws applicable to the project ...... 26 2.1.4. Legal framework for the development of wind energy production ...... 27 2.2. International requirements ...... 28 2.2.1. Requirements of International Finance Institutions ...... 28 2.2.2. International conventions and agreements ...... 28

3. PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 30 3.1. Information on the project developer ...... 30 3.2. Information on the author of the ESIA report ...... 31 3.3. Presentation of the project ...... 31 3.3.1. Location of the site ...... 33 3.3.2. Spatial planning on the project site ...... 34 3.3.3. Proposed means of connection to existing infrastructure ...... 35 3.4. Description of the main alternatives studied by the developer ...... 36 3.5. Description of the project components ...... 37 3.5.1 Wind turbines ...... 37 3.5.2. Transformer station ...... 40 3.5.3. Power line ...... 42 3.6. Construction process ...... 44 3.6.1. Wind turbines platforms...... 44 3.6.2. Foundations of the wind turbines ...... 45 Metal casing of the foundation ...... 45 Pouring the concrete in the foundation ...... 45 Finalized foundation ...... 45

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 3 3.6.3. Construction of the tower ...... 46 3.6.4. Access roads to the project site ...... 47 3.6.6. Construction of the transmission power line ...... 48 Substation ...... 50 Schedule for wind farm construction and operation ...... 51 Construction management ...... 52 3.7. Operation ...... 53 3.7.1. Electricity production ...... 53 3.7.2. Waste and chemicals ...... 53 3.7.3. Maintenance ...... 53 3.8. Decommissioning activities ...... 53 3.8.1. Recycling ...... 53 3.8.2. Disposal ...... 54

4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... 55 4.1. Environmental Baseline ...... 55 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate ...... 55 4.1.2. Natural protected areas ...... 58 4.1.3. Geology/geomorphology ...... 60 4.1.4. Hydrology/Hydrogeology ...... 62 4.1.5. Seismology ...... 65 4.1.6. Waste Management ...... 66 4.1.7. Noise level ...... 67 4.1.8. Other environmental pollution ...... 69 4.1.9. Birds ...... 70 4.1.10. Bats ...... 80 4.1.11. Non flying fauna ...... 85 4.1.12. Flora species and habitats ...... 92 4.2. Baseline Socio‐economic Conditions ...... 97 4.2.1. Demographics ...... 97 4.2.2. Infrastructure ...... 105 4.2.3. Economics ...... 111 4.2.4. Health ...... 115 4.2.6. Cultural Resources ...... 116

5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS AND ASSOCIATED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 119 5.1. Assessment of environmental impacts ...... 121 5.1.1. AIR QUALITY ...... 121 5.1.2. SOIL ...... 125 5.1.3. WATER ...... 131 5.1.4. NOISE AND VIBRATIONS ...... 134 5.1.5. SHADOW FLICKER ...... 142 5.1.6. ICE THROW ...... 146 5.1.7. LANDSCAPE ...... 148 5.1.8. BIRDS ...... 159 5.1.9. BATS ...... 172 5.1.10. NON FLYING FAUNA SPECIES ...... 182 5.1.11. FLORA SPECIES AND NATURAL HABITATS ...... 183

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 4 5.2. Potential socioeconomic impacts ...... 184 5.2.1. TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 185 5.2.2. PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 188 5.2.3. INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT ...... 191 5.2.4. ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 194 5.2.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 196 5.2.5. ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 198 5.2.6. EMF IMPACT ON HEALTH ...... 200

6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ACTION PLAN (ESAP) Separate document as part of public disclosure 204

7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PROGRAM (ESMP) ...... 205

8. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN (SEP) – Separate document as part of public disclosure ...... 208

LITERATURE ...... 209

APPENDICES ...... 223 Appendix 1: List of preparers ...... 223 Appendix 2: Location and elevation of the turbines ...... 224 Appendix 3: Field surveys and studies undertaken for the project ...... 226 Appendix 4: List of birds names and conservation status ...... 227 Appendix 5: List of land‐owners (SEP) ...... 234 Appendix 6: Private companies on the project area (SEP) ...... 237 Appendix 7: Photomontage ...... 239

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Duration of Impacts ...... 14 Table 2: Representation of impact significance ...... 16 Table 3: Main Environmental Serbian Laws ...... 21 Table 4: Technical specifications of the turbines ...... 38 Table 5: Average Monthly temperature in and in from 1981 to 2010 ..... 57 Table 6: Basic land types in the territory of municipality Alibunar ...... 61 Table 7: Baseline survey for noise pollution ...... 68 Table 8: Dynamics of field activities on the field ...... 71 Table 9: Presentation of the altitude categories used during census ...... 71 Table 10: Biological status of observed ornithofauna in different areas of influence ...... 72 Table 11: Protection and conservation statuses in numbers ...... 74 Table 12: Intensity of bat activity on the project site ...... 82 Table 13: Assessment of ecological concern for bat species ...... 84 Table 14: Recorded non flying species ...... 86 Table 15: Recorded flora species ...... 92 Table 16: Habitats identified on the study area ...... 94 Table 17: Number of inhabitants in the Municipality of Alibunar ...... 97 Table 18: Population loss in the municipality of Alibunar ...... 98 Table 19: Natural growth of the population ...... 99 Table 20: Life expectancy ...... 100 Table 21: Sex repartition and age of the population ...... 100 Table 22: Ethnic composition of the population ...... 101 Table 23: Immigrants in 2011 ...... 103 Table 24: Occupation of working immigrants in 2011 ...... 103 Table 25: Refugees ...... 104 Table 26: Traffic pressure on the road section Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to Alibunar ...... 105 Table 27: Electricity production and generation capacity in Serbia in 2012 ...... 109 Table 28: Potential of energy production of different RES ...... 110 Table 29: Employment ...... 111 Table 30: Salaries ...... 112 Table 31: Share of agricultural land in the Province, District and Municipality ...... 114 Table 32: The structure of agricultural land in M. Alibunar ...... 114 Table 33: Surface of agricultural land destroyed by the project ...... 125 Table 33: Noise limit recommended by the IFC Noise Level Guidelines ...... 134 Table 34: Noise limits according to Serbian law ...... 134 Table 36: Impact of road traffic flow changes on noise level ...... 136 Table 40: Zone under ice throw risk ...... 146 Table 41: Assessment of magnitude of change ...... 153 Table 42: Summary of visual impact assessment ...... 158 Table 43: Risk assessment for birds ...... 162 Table 44: Institutions consulted for assessing the impact on infrastructure ...... 185 Table 45: Wind turbines located between 1 and 5 km from the villages ...... 187 Table 46: Benefits from renting or selling the land ...... 192

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 6 Table 47: Potential Annual agricultural income ...... 193 Table 48: international standards for exposure to EMF ...... 201 Table 49: Typical EMF Levels for Power Transmission Lines of 115 kV ...... 202 Table 50: Average strength of magnetic fields from house electric appliances ...... 203

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of the Municipality of Alibunar ...... 33 Figure 2: wind turbine (Vestas v112 – 3 MW) and inside part of a rotor ...... 39 Figure 3: Wind generator elements ...... 40 Figure 4: Project scheme of the transformer TS 220/35 kV ...... 41 Figure 5: Route of the connecting transmission line ...... 43 Figure 6: Flattening of the terrain for the platforms ...... 44 Figure 7: Building the wind turbines foundations ...... 45 Figure 8: Construction of the wind turbine's tower ...... 46 Figure 9: upgrading the existing roads by widening ...... 47 Figure 10: Underground electric cables ...... 48 Figure 11: Wind speed and potencial energy produced by a wind farm at a height of 50 m ... 56 Figure 12: Pedological map of Alibunar Municipality ...... 60 Figure 13: Hydrogeological map of ...... 63 Figure 14: Macroseismic zoning in Vojvodina ...... 65 Figure 15: Noise recording points ...... 67 Figure 16: Nest box for Sakers on power line ...... 75 Figure 17: Overview of habits of species ...... 85 Figure 18: Souslik (Spermophilus citellus) ...... 87 Figure 19: Insects of ecological concern on the study area ...... 90 Figure 20: Flora species from valley A and B ...... 92 Figure 21: Remnants of the steppe habitats by the agricultural road ...... 94 Figure 22: Habitat E1.2 in valley B ...... 95 Figure 23: Figure: Electricity production sources in Serbia ...... 109 Figure 24: Income by economic sector in the municipality Alibunar ...... 113 Figure 25: Percentage of agricultural land: level of Province, District and Municipality ..... 113 Figure 26/ Number of inhabitants per doctor ...... 115 Figure 27: Cultural monuments in Alibunar (Orthodox churches) ...... 118 Figure 28: Description of the photomontage ...... 154

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 7 LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Presentation of the project ...... 32 Map 2: Saker falcon dispersion model ...... 76 Map 3: Ecological corridors ...... 79 Map 4: Map of natural and semi-natural habitats ...... 96 Map 5: Map of transportation infrastructure ...... 107 Map 6: Map of archeological findings ...... 117 Map 7: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s ...... 138 Map 8: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s ...... 139 Map 9: Map of shadows ...... 144 Map 10: Zone of virtual influence ...... 150 Map 11: Viewpoints location ...... 152 Map 12: Activity of Nyctalus noctula ...... 179

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 8 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1. Introduction

1.1.1. Compliance of the study with the EBRD’s requirements

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) considers it important that all companies receiving EBRD financing have a systematic approach to appraising, managing and monitoring the environmental and social issues and impacts associated with their activities. The environmental and social management system required by the EBRD is described in the Performance Requirement 1 of the EBRD “Environmental and Social Appraisal and Management” (PR 1) as a dynamic, continuous process, initiated and supported by management, that involves meaningful communication between the client, its workers, and the local communities affected by the project. It requires a methodical systems approach comprising planning, implementing, reviewing and reacting to outcomes in a structured way with the aim of achieving a continuous improvement in performance. It should be tailored to the size and nature of the clients’business activity and should comply with the Bank’s Environmental and Social Policy throughout the life of the project.

In order to comply with the EBRD’s Environmental and Social Policy and to implement the PR1, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study (ESIA) been developed for the Alibunar Wind Farm Project.

The goals of the ESIA study are: ‐ to identify and assess environmental and social impacts and issues, both adverse and beneficial, associated with the project. ‐ to adopt measures to avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, or offset/compensate for adverse impacts on workers, affected communities, and the environment. ‐ to identify and, where feasible, adopt opportunities to improve environmental and social performance. ‐ to promote improved environmental and social performance through a dynamic process of performance monitoring and evaluation.

Quality of contents of the ESIA study The ESIA study is based on recent information, including an accurate description and delineation of the project, and social and environmental baseline data at an appropriate level of detail. This ESIA study identifies applicable laws and regulations in the Republic of Serbia, in which the project operates, that pertain to environmental and social matters, including those laws implementing the obligations of the Republic of Serbia under international law.

ESIA study and EBRD’s due diligence

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 9 The information presented in the ESIA study will inform the EBRD’s due diligence related to the company WindVision and the Alibunar Wind Farm project and will help to identify the applicable PRs and the appropriate measures to better manage risk and develop opportunities.

Stages of the project cycle In accordance with PR1, the environmental and social issues and impacts have been analyzed for all the relevant stages of the project cycle: construction, operations, and decommissioning.

Transboundary and global issues In accordance with PR1, the appraisal also consider potential transboundary and global issues, such as impacts from effluents and emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, climate change mitigation and adaptation issues, and impacts on endangered species and habitats.

The project’s area of influence In accordance with PR1, environmental and social impacts and issues have been appraised in the context of the project’s area of influence This area of influence includes: 1. The assets and facilities, directly owned or managed by the client, that relate to the project activities to be financed and which are: the transformer substation, the power transmission line that connects the national grid to the wind farm, the access roads and the construction camp. 2. Supporting/enabling activities, assets and facilities owned or under the control of parties contracted for the operation of the clients business or for the completion of the project (such as contractors). 3. Associated facilities or businesses that are not funded by the EBRD as part of the project and may be separate legal entities yet whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project and whose goods and services are essential for the successful operation of the project. 4. Facilities, operations, and services owned or managed by the client which are part of the security package committed to the EBRD as collateral. 5. Areas and communities potentially impacted by: cumulative impacts from further planned development of the project or other sources of similar impacts in the geographical area, any existing project or condition, and other project-related developments that can realistically be expected at the time due diligence is undertaken. 6. Areas and communities potentially affected by impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the project that may occur later or at a different location.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 10 1.1.2. Introduction to the project

The Serbian company WindVision Wind farm d.o.o, subsidiary of the Belgian company WindVision, herein referred as the “project developer” is proposing to develop a wind-farm project with 63 wind turbines and a total capacity of 189 MW. This project ”Alibunar wind farm” is located on the municipality of Alibunar, in the region of , in the autonomous province of Voivodina in Serbia as shown on map 1. The spatial planning documentation for the approval of the Plan of Detailed regulation (Plan Detaljne Regulacije), a type of zonal urban plan, has been carried out by the Belgrade Land Development Public Agency and has been approved by the Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning, Construction and Environmental Protection in 2013. The company WindVision Windfarm d.o.o. has approached the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and other lenders for financing and has conducted an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment according to their requirements. The draft ESIA is being disclosed to project stakeholders and the public in compliance with the Serbian law and the EBRD guidelines. All stakeholder and public comments on the draft ESIA will be considered in developing the final ESIA.

1.1.3. Compliance of the project with labour and working conditions requirements

The project has been designed so that PR2: the Performance Requirement of the EBRD on labour and working condition is respected. The EBRD believes that workers should be treated fairly and should be provided with safe and healthy working conditions. In PR2, the EBRD explains that for any business, the workforce is a valuable asset, and that good human resources management and a sound worker-management relationship based on respect for workers’ rights, including freedom of association and right to collective bargaining, are key ingredients to the sustainability of the enterprise. Conversely, failure to establish and foster a sound worker/management relationship can undermine worker commitment and retention, jeopardise a project and damage the reputation of the project developer. As required by PR2, WindVisions’human resources policies, procedures and standards aim at: 1. establishing and maintaining a sound worker-management relationship 2. promoting the fair treatment, non-discrimination and equal opportunity of workers 3. promoting compliance with any collective agreements to which the client is a party, national labor and employment laws, and the fundamental principles and key regulatory standards embodied in the ILO conventions that are central to this relationship 4. Protecting the health of workers, especially by promoting safe and healthy working conditions. In the ESIA, ESAP, ESMP and SEP these 4 objectives have been taken into consideration and in addition, WindVision is committed to work together with the EBRD in order to achieve them through its environmental and social action plan and management system. WindVision is particularly committed to make sure that

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 11 ‐ its resources policies are appropriate to the size of the company, clear, understandable and accessible to workers. ‐ working relationships are eased by clear communication to all workers on their working conditions and terms of employment including their entitlement to wages, hours of work, overtime arrangements and overtime compensation, and any benefits (such as leave for illness, maternity/paternity, or holiday). ‐ the project complies with all the national (Serbian) labor, social security and occupational health and safety (OHS) laws, with international conventions (ILO conventions), with EU requirements on non-discrimination related to employment and with IFC OHS guidelines. ‐ the OHS management system of the company is clearly established, appropriate to WindVision’s size and activity and in continuous improvement. WindVision is committed to implement these principles not only for WindVision’s employees but also for any non-employee workers hired by sub-contractors or by WindVision itself.

1.2. Need for the project

Serbia has ratified the “European Union Directive on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity” (2001/77/EC) and in the “Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia by 2015”, the production of renewable energy is considered necessary for Serbia. The article 4 of the Decree on measures of incentive for the production of electricity using renewable energy sources (Official gazette of the RS 72/09) states that the producers of renewable energy are eligible for subventions from the Serbian state which means that the Serbian state is recognizes the need for renewable energies.

1.4. Methodology for the ESIA

1.4.1. Scoping

This study has been written so as to gather data on all the receptors and resources described in the Serbian Law and the guidelines provided by the EBRD, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Serbian government and other international institutions. The supporting tools available on the website of the EBRD were regularly consulted in order to write this study, especially: ‐ EBRD’s Environmental and Social Policy 2008 ‐ EBRD Performance Requirements ‐ Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

1.4.2. Baseline Data Collection

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 12 The baseline data collection for this study is based on detailed field surveys and consultations:

5 baseline field surveys ‐ a one-year long field survey on birds and bats undertaken by the company Biotope d.o.o. Beograd from June 2011 to July 2012 ‐ a field survey on archaeological remains undertaken by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monument of Pančevo and delivered in 2012 ‐ a geotechnical field survey undertaken by the company GeoMehanika doo and delivered in 2011 ‐ a set of cadastral and topographic maps elaborated between August 2011 and August 2012 by the company Geovizija doo ‐ a noise survey was done by the Institut IMS and delivered in January 2013 ‐ wind measurements were made by the company Netinvest d.o.o. from April 2010 and are on-going

Consultations ‐ regular meetings with officials from the Provincial Ministry of Environment and with the Provincial Institute for Nature Protection in ‐ regular meetings with local communities undertaken by the company WindVision Windfarm d.o.o. from 2010 to 2012

A land planning study called “Plan of Detail Regulation” (in Serbian “Plan Detaljne Regulacije”) was undertaken by the Belgrade Land Development Public Agency and delivered in January 2013. This study was based on the data provided by the 5 baseline field surveys, the consultations and the Plan of Detailed regulation that has been written by a multidisciplinary team including experts from the company “Saobraćajni institute d.o.o.” a company specialized in transportation infrastructure.

Biotope d.o.o. has thoroughly analyzed all this data together with other scientific literature, official report and websites and has summarized it in the Environmental Social and Impact Assessment study. Details about the consultations, the participants and the authors of the different studies are presented in Annex of this study.

1.4.3. Types of impact

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) assesses the impacts of the project on social and environmental receptors and resources, that is, people (e.g. residents, workers, visitors) and physical, natural and cultural resources (e.g. soils and land, protected habitats and species, and historic sites).

The ESIA examines different types of impacts including: ‐ Positive impacts: effects that have a beneficial influence on receptors and resources

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 13 ‐ Negative impacts: effects that have an adverse influence on receptors or resources. Permanent impacts: effects that result from an irreversible change to the baseline environment (e.g. destruction of farm land) ‐ Temporary or short term impacts: effects that persist for a limited period only, due for example to particular construction activities (e.g. air pollution because of construction work). ‐ Long term impacts: effects that will continue over a long period, for example during operation of a plant, but that will cease on closure of the plant (e.g. emissions from manufacturing processes) Direct impact: the direct total or partial modification of an element of the environment (e.g. for example, when bird species are killed or natural habitat destroyed Indirect impact: the direct total or partial modification of an element whose alteration will destroy, modify and/or damage the environment (e.g. if a natural habitats is destroyed or polluted, the fauna species that are dependent on this habitat will be affected ) Cumulative impacts: over time a project can have an increasing impact on the environment (e.g. when an infrastructure release more pollutants when becoming older); or if combined with other projects or activities (e.g. an existing industrial plant already altering biodiversity)

The table here under gives precision about what we consider to be temporary or permanent impacts.

Table 1: Duration of Impacts

Nature of change Duration Definition/ Description Short-term less than one year Temporary Medium-term 1 to 5 years Long-term 5 to 10 years Due to the length of time period for human beings, Permanent impacts over 10 years can subjectively be defined as permanent.

As recommended by the Serbian guidelines on EIAs published in 2010, we examined the impacts taking into account all the project phases: ‐ The pre‐installation stage is the time when the developer of the infrastructure projects and other stakeholders interested into the development of the projects are coming to the site for different reasons: observations, measures, meetings… By their activity, they can affect flora and fauna. ‐ The construction stage is the phase when the construction work of the infrastructure takes place and when many stakeholders (workers, engineers, inspectors…) are coming to the site and transform it, creating disturbance. It

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 14 implies the use of machines, construction materials and the emission of pollution. This phase is particularly dangerous for fauna and flora. ‐ The operation stage is when the infrastructure is being used as planned in the project. It implies often emission of pollution. Within the operation stage, we take into account the “maintenance work” that takes place when the infrastructure does not operates normally because of technical problems caused by natural hazards or technical faults ‐ The decommissioning stage is the time when the infrastructure is not useful anymore and is dismantled. This phase implies the work of many stakeholders (workers, engineers, inspectors…) who are coming to the site and transform it, creating disturbance. It implies the use of machines, construction materials and the emission of pollution. We also take into consideration the possibility for accidents due to natural hazards, human mistakes or technical problems.

According to the same guidelines, this ESIA study takes into consideration spatial aspects and distinguishes between ‐ the “project site” which is the area where the infrastructure will be built. ‐ the “study area” which is the area that can be impacted by the project

Impacts are assessed by comparing the baseline conditions (i.e. situation before starting the project) with the conditions that will prevail if the project is constructed and operated. As required by the Serbian law and the EBRD requirements, the study gives information on the 5 main steps of the ESIA: ‐ Identifying the baseline conditions and the sensitivity and importance of the receptors and resources at risk. ‐ Predicting the type of impact on these receptors and resources, ‐ Evaluating the significance of impacts ‐ Investigating options for mitigation of significant adverse impacts ‐ Designing a monitoring program in order to assess monitoring measures and improve them if necessary

1.4.4. Significance of impact

Once the potential impacts on receptors and resources are identified, the significance of impacts should be assessed. The significance of an impact depends on the predicted magnitude of change (scale, extent and duration), and on the value or importance of the affected receptors or resources. The methodologies used are described in the beginning of every impact assessment for every receptor. ‐ The sensitivity of receptor was assessed according to its level of protection when relevant.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 15 ‐ The magnitude of change was assessed according to the percentage of change measured either on the percentage of area affected (e.g. >90% affected) either on the percentage of the local population affected.

The significance of impacts was classed as “very high”, “high”, “moderate”, “low”, “negligible” (impact too low to be taken into consideration) and “none”(no impact). Different colors are used to represent positive and negative impacts are as shown in the table hereafter.

Table 2: Representation of impact significance

very very high moderate low Negligible None Negligible low moderate high high high

1.4.5. Specificity of impacts on biodiversity

The impact assessment of the project on biodiversity typically addresses the following issues for every fauna or flora species: ‐ Significance of the population studied on the study area for the survival of the species at a local, national and international level ‐ Protection status of the species by the local, national and international Law ‐ Importance of the study area for the species

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 16 1.4.6. Specificity of socio-economic impacts

The impact assessment of the project on biodiversity typically addresses the following issues on local communities: ‐ Demographics, including changes in local population size, emigration/immigration in the area, migration of people in search of work ‐ Economic issues, including potential impacts on local markets for goods and services, employment opportunities during the different phases of the project ‐ Health issues, working conditions, ‐ Infrastructure to support project activities and personnel as well as the local communities ‐ Resources, including land use changes, increased access to rural or remote areas and use of natural resources. ‐ Cultural, including issues associated with sites that have archaeological, historical, religious, cultural, or aesthetic values. ‐ Social and gender equity, including local social groups who will gain or lose as a result of the project or operation.

1.4.7. Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement

Where potential impacts could be significant, mitigation measures were developed. These measures are intended to avoid, reduce, compensate, and/or remediate adverse impacts, or to enhance potentially beneficial impacts. Wherever possible, this is undertaken as part of the project design, so the measures will feed back into impact assessment. The mitigation which should be undertaken as part of the project are set out as an Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP) which should be applied in order to manage different phases of the project.

1.4.8. Environmental Monitoring

Where there is uncertainty over the potential significance of an impact, mitigation may include monitoring of that impact to determine whether additional measures are required. The monitoring activities are set out in an Environmental and Social Monitoring Program.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 17 1.5. Organization of this Report

The ESIA of the Alibunar Wind Farm project is organized in 8 chapters: ‐ Chapter 1: Introduction and background ‐ Chapter 2: Legal and institutional framework ‐ Chapter 3: Project description ‐ Chapter 4: Baseline environmental and socioeconomic conditions ‐ Chapter 5: Environmental and socioeconomic impacts and associate mitigation measures ‐ Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP). It summarizes the actions that should be undertaken in order to reduce, eliminate or compensate the project impacts. ‐ Chapter 7: Environmental and Social Monitoring Program (ESMP). It summarizes the monitoring activities that should be implemented in order to monitor the project impacts and the efficiency of the associated mitigation measures. ‐ Chapter 8: Stakeholders Engagement Plan (SEP) defined in PR10 helps clients build and maintain over time a constructive relationship with their stakeholders, in particular the locally affected communities. The ESAP, the ESMP and the SEP are specific chapters that highlight the measures described in previous chapters of the ESIA study. They include clear action plans showing how to manage the environmental and socioeconomic issues.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 18 2. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter describes the national and international legal framework of the “Alibunar” wind- farm project, including standards and policies applicable to the Project.

2.1. National administrative and legal framework

The legal framework for environmental protection is based on the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia approved in referendum in 2006.

2.1.1. General framework

The Republic of Serbia is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system and an unicameral National Assembly composed of 250 proportionally elected members. The Executive authority is exercised by the Prime Minister (Ivica Dačić since 2012) and the President (Tomislav Nikolić since 2012)

The administrative system in Serbia is regulated by the Law on General Administrative procedure ”Zakon o opštem upravnom postupku” ("Službeni list SRJ", br. 33/97 i 31/2001, i "Službeni glasnik RS", br. 30/2010) that explain what is the function of every institution. The Article 182 of the Constitution establishes that Serbia has 2 Autonomous Province: Vojvodina and and . Article 179 explains that the Autonomous provinces shall autonomously regulate the organization and competences of its bodies and public services in accordance with the Constitution and the Law. Article 183 states that the Autonomous provinces shall regulate the matters of provincial interest in different fields among which urban planning and development, environmental protection, industry and public informing at the provincial level. Therefore, Environmental Impact Assessment studies are regulated by the Government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Vlada Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine) in Novi Sad.

The department specifically in charge of the EIA studies is the Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning, Construction and Environmental Protection (Pokrajinski sekretarijat za urbanizam, graditeljstvo i zaštitu životne sredine). However, other departments can be consulted through the administrative process needed to implement the project as the Provincial Secretariat for Energy and Mineral Resources or the Provincial Secretariat for agriculture, water economy and forestry.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 19 2.1.2. Environmental framework

2.1.2.1. Environmental laws and institutions

The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia proclaims in Article 74 the rights for all citizens to live in a healthy environment and to get timely and full information about the state of environment. Article 74 also states that everyone and especially the Republic of Serbia and autonomous provinces, shall be accountable for the protection of environment and is obliged to preserve and improve the environment.

Since the election in May 2012, there are two ministries in Serbia that deal with environmental matters: ‐ the Ministry of Energy, Development and Environmental Protection”(Ministarstvo energetike, razvoja i zaštite životne sredine) ‐ the Ministry of Natural Resources Mining and Spatial Planning (ministarstvo prirodnih resursa, rudarstva i prostornog planiranja) In the autonomous region of Voivodina, the Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning, Construction and Environmental Protection (Pokrajinski Sekretarijat za urbanizam, graditeljstvo, i Zaštitu Životne Sredine) is the only department in charge of environmental matter The policies at national or provincial level are implemented and monitored through the Serbian Institute for Nature Protection (SINP) in Belgrade and the Provincial Institute for Nature Protection in Novi Sad.

Many Serbian laws were taken into consideration to write this study among which the most important may be:

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 20 Table 3: Main Environmental Serbian Laws

Year Name and reference of the law 2009 Law on nature protection: “Zakon o zaštiti prirode” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 36/09 i 88/10); 2009 Law on Water: Zakon o vodama („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009); 2009 Law on air protection: Zakon o zaštiti vazduha („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009); 2009 Law on waste management: Zakon o upravljanju otpadom („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009); 2009 Law on the Protection of the Environmental Noise “Zakon o zaštiti od buke u životnoj sredini” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 36/2009, 88/2010); 2007 Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and Fauna “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju evropske divlje flore i faune i prirodnih staništa”, Službeni glasnik RS - Međunarodni ugovori, br. 102/2007 2007 Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju migratornih vrsta divljih životinja”, (Službeni glasnik RS - Međunarodni ugovori, br. 102/2007) 2006 Law on Agricultural Land “Zakon o poljoprivrednom zemlištu” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 62/2006) 2004 Law on Environmental Protection “Zakon o zaštiti životne sredine” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 135/2004, 36/2009, 72/2009, 43/2011); 2004 Law on Environmental Impact Assessment studies “Zakon o proceni uticaja na životnu sredinu” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 135/2004, 36/2009);

A decree of importance for the selection of the fauna and flora species to be taken into consideration in the impact assessment is the Rulebook on the announcement and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi („Official Gazette of RS”, N° 5/10 and 47/11).

As a candidate country to the European Union, Serbia is also taking into consideration the EU directives, for this study, we made sure to comply with the following directives: ‐ « EIA Directive » Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment ‐ « Habitats Directive » Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora ‐ “Birds Directive” Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 21

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 22 2.1.2.2. Milestones and schedule for completing the EIA process in Serbia

The EIA study should be submitted to the Provincial Government that will undertake the following procedure.

Organization of a public hearing According to article 20 of the law on EIA (Sl. glasnik RS", br. 135/04, član 20), the competent authority shall inform the interested stakeholders about the organization of a public hearing within 7 days after reception of the EIA study. This public hearing should be held not earlier than 20 days after informing the stakeholders about it.

Amendment to the EIA study According to article 21 of the law on EIA), 15 days after the end of the public hearing, the competent authority should deliver a decision asking for amendments to the EIA study. According to the same article, the project developer has 15 days to submit amended EIA study.

Technical commission According to article 21 of the law on EIA, the competent authority should submit the amended EIA to a technical commission within 10 days of its reception together with its opinion on the study. According to article 23 of the law on EIA, the technical commission should make a decision about the study within 30 days and can ask the project developer to modify the study within a certain period of time.

Information on approval or denial or the EIA study According to article 24 of the law on EIA, the competent authority should approve or deny the EIA study after receiving the decision of the technical commission and should inform the project developer about it within 10 days.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 23 2.1.2.3. Building, Location and Energy permit issuance procedure

The administrative process to get issued a Building permit, a Location permit and an Energy permit is long and complex. During this process, the project developer has to communicate and ask opinion and authorizations from the Serbian ministries, from the main national institutes and agencies and from the public enterprises that are responsible for infrastructure, energy and environmental management. As a result many institutions know about the project at an early stage and are able to alert the authorities or the public opinion if some elements of the projects are not acceptable for them. ‐ In order to get the Building permit, it is necessary to produce a study called “Plan of Detailed Regulation”, as well as an Environmental Impact Assessment study. For these two studies, it is necessary to undertake different field surveys: on Birds and Bats, on Archeology, on sounds, on Landscape, on Geology (see Appendices). ‐ In order to get the energy permit from the Ministry of Energy, Development and the Environment, it is necessary to present an Environmental Impact Assessment study, previously approved by the Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning, Construction and Environment, and Building as well as a Location and a Building permit delivered by the same institution

List of relevant institutions

Ministries ‐ Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management (Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, trgovine, šumarstva i vodoprivrede) ‐ Ministry of Internal Affairs, Department for exceptional situation and administration for preventive protection (Sektor za vanredne sitacije, uprava za preventivnu zaštitu) ‐ Ministry of Defense, Department for tangible resources and administration of infrastructure (Ministarstvo odbrane, sektor za meterijalne resurse, uprava za infrastrukturu) ‐ Ministry for urbanism, construction and environmental protection (Sekretariat za urbanizam i stambeno komunalne poslove i zaštitu životne sredine)

National institutes and agencies ‐ Provincial Institute for Nature Protection « Pokrajinski Zavod za Zaštitu Prirode » (PZZP) ‐ National Institute for the Protection of the Monuments of Culture, city of Pančevo « Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture u Pančevu” ‐ National Institute of Hydrometeorology of the Republic of Serbia “Republički Hidrometeorološki Zavod Srbije” ‐ National Institute of Seismology “Republički Seizmološki Zavod”

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 24 ‐ Republic Agency for Electronic Communications “Republička agencija za elektronske komunikacije” (RATEL) ‐ Civil Aviation Directorate of the Republic of Serbia “Direktorat civilnog vazduhoplovstva republike Srbije”

Public companies ‐ Public enterprise for construction "Stanogradnja", Alibunar ‐ Radio Television of Serbia “Radio Televizija Srbije” (RTS) ‐ Public enterprise for gas distribution in Serbia “Srbijagas” ‐ Public enterprise of Post office“Pošta » ‐ Public Enterprise for Broadcasting Radio and TV programs with terrestrial equipment “Emisiona tehnika i veze” (ETV) ‐ Public Enterprise for distributing electricity in Serbia “Elektromreža Srbije” (EMS) ‐ Public Enterprise for water management in Vojvodina “Vode Vojvodine” ‐ Public Enterprise for water management in Serbia “Putevi Srbije” (PS)

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 25 2.1.3. Land use and labor laws applicable to the project

Different laws govern the use of land in Serbia as:

The laws on land use in Serbia that could have direct implication on the project are: ‐ Law on planning and construction: “Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 47/2003, 34/2006, 72/2009, 81/2009, 24/2011); ‐ Law on Agricultural Land “Zakon o poljoprivrednom zemlištu” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 62/2006) ‐ Law on expropriation “Zakon o ekspropriaciji”("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 53/95, "Sl. list SRJ", br. 16/2001 - odluka SUS i "Sl. glasnik RS", br. 20/2009) ‐ Law on State Survey and Cadaster and registration of rights on real estate “Zakon o državnom premeru i katastru I upisima prava na nepokretnosti” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 83/92, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 12/96 i 15/96-ispr.) ‐ Law on Public Roads: “Zakon o javnim putevima” ("Official Gazette of the RS", Nos. 101/05 and 123/07) ‐ Law on Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia: Zakon o prostornom planu Republike Srbije ("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 88/10) ‐ Law on State Survey and Cadaster and registration of rights on real estate: “Zakon o državnom premeru i katastru I upisima prava na nepokretnostima” ("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 83/92, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 12/96 i 15/96)

The main law on health and safety at work in Serbia are ‐ Law on Occupational Safety and Health: “Zakon o bezbednosti i zdravlju na radu” ("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 101/2005); ‐ Law on explosive materials, inflammable liquids and gases: “Zakon o eksplozivnim materijama, zapaljivim tečnostima i gasovima” ("Official Gazette of the SRS", Nos. 44/77, 45/85, 18/89, "Official Gazette of the RS", Nos. 53/93, 67/93, 48/94) ‐ Fire Protection Law: “Zakon o zaštiti od požara” ("Official Gazette of the SRS", br. 37/88, "Official Gazette of the RS", No. 53/93, 67/93, 48/94 ) ‐ While the main rulebooks on health and safety at work are: ‐ Rulebook on construction work safety: “Pravilnik o bezbednosti i zdravlju na radu” ("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 53/97) ‐ Rulebook on methods for storing, packaging and labeling of hazardous waste: “Pravilnik o načinu skladištenja, pakovanja i obeležavanja opasnog otpada” ("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 92/10) Rulebook on contents of the Policy for prevention of accidents and methodology for preparation and contents of the Safety Report and Plan for protection against accidents: “Pravilnik o Listi opasnih materija i njihovim količinama i kriterijumima za određivanje vrste dokumenta koje izrađuje operater seveso postrojenja, odnosno kompleksa” ("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 41/10).

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 26 2.1.4. Legal framework for the development of wind energy production

Since 2005, the Serbian State has been supporting the development of renewable energy production in Serbia in the following documents

- 2005, Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia before 2015" ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 44/05) - 2006, International Energy Community treaty ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 62/06) - 2007, ratification of the Kyoto Protocol

From 2007, the commitments of the Serbian State towards the development of wind energy increases and more practical measures are taken and published in different decrees - In 2007, the Decree on Implementation of the Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the period 2007 – 2012" (" Official Gazette of RS ", No. 17/07 and 73/07) sets as a goal to increase the portion of energy produced from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) up to 20%. It also gives an estimate based on data gathered from the existing meteorological stations at a height of 10 m above the ground that about 0.19 million toe (tons of oil equivalent) per year could be provided by wind energy in Serbia. It recommends undertaking more wind measurement during one-year at heights of 30 to 50 meters. - In 2009, the Decree on amendments and supplements to the Program for the Realization of the Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the period 2007-2012(" Official Gazette of RS "No. 99/09) states that based on new data, the capacity of wind energy production in Serbia is estimated as 1,300 MW or 0.2 million toe. - The same year, the “Decree on the requirements for obtaining the status of privileged electric producer and the criteria for assessing fulfillment of these requirements" (“Official Gazette of RS” No. 72/09) states that renewable energy producers can benefit from a privileged status under certain conditions, and the “Decree on Incentive Measures for Electricity Generation using Renewable energy sources and for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Generation” (“Official Gazette of RS” No. 99/09) explains that the Serbian State will subsidize wind energy production through a feed-in tariff of 9.5 c€/kWh until a total installed capacity of 540 MW from wind farms is reached.

In 2011, the commitment of the Serbian States towards the development of wind energy is reinforced in the Law on Energy" ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 57/2011) that confirm that the States aims at offering the adequate commercial and financial conditions for the production of renewable energy including wind energy. .

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 27 2.2. International requirements

2.2.1. Requirements of International Finance Institutions

The International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956 in Washington DC and part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is an international finance institution which offer investments, advisory and asset management services in order to encourage private sector development in developing countries. The IFC expects beneficiary companies to respect 6 social and environmental Performance Standards (PS) defined in its „Policy on Social and Environmental Sustainability“. ‐ PS 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ‐ PS 2: Labor and Working Conditions ‐ PS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention ‐ PS 4: Community Health, Safety, and Security ‐ PS 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement ‐ PS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural ‐ Resources ‐ PS 7: Indigenous Peoples ‐ PS 8: Cultural Heritage According to the IFC’s Performance Standards, companies should anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on workers, communities, and the environment, or where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, and where residual impacts remain, compensate/offset for the risks and impacts, as appropriate. Consistent with this commitment, IFC carries out the actions described in Section 3 of this Policy and is bound to only finance investment activities that are expected to meet the requirements of the Performance Standards within a reasonable period of time.

2.2.2. International conventions and agreements

Bern Convention The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats- the Bern Convention is a binding international legal instrument in the field of Nature Conservation elaborated by the Council of Europe. The Convention was open for signature on September 19, 1979 and came into force on June 1, 1982. The species listed in Annex II of the convention are considered as “strictly protected species” and the species listed in Annex III of the convention are considered as a “protected species”. The Bern Convention is transposed in the Serbian legal framework by the “Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and Fauna” (Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju evropske divlje flore i faune i prirodnih staništa)

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 28 Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity – CBD (also known as Biodiversity Convention) is an international legally binding treaty whose goals are ‐ The conservation of biological diversity ‐ The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity ‐ The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources It requires countries to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 29 3. PROPOSED PROJECT

3.1. Information on the project developer

Company: WindVision Windfarm A d.o.o. Mlinska 42, 26310 Alibunar Serbia

Code of activity: 3511 (Production of electric energy) Phone number: +38163368098, +38163250097, +381113283527 Fax: +381116301527 E-mail: [email protected] TIN: 106376086 Owner: Jacob Jan Ferweda Responsible person: Danilo Drndarski

WindVision Company is an independent producer of electric energy from renewable sources, active in Belgium, France, Serbia, Morocco and Cyprus. The company specializes in the development, financing, construction and operation of wind farms. WindVision has started its operations in 2001. The founder and his management team is Eline Group (1999), a consulting firm in the field of counseling in exploiting the potential of wind energy, and Business Consulting NV (1996), a company that brings together experts from the fields of energy and telecommunications. In this way the company created a management team that has experience in developing specialized telecommunications projects, the development of wind energy projects, as well as experience in specialized energy projects and management restructuring. Also, the company has a professional team of experienced engineers with experience in technical projects - technology development, land buying specialists, financial experts and engineers with extensive experience in the construction and operation of wind farms.

WindVision currently has projects in Belgium, Holland, France and Cyprus. In Belgium: ‐ 66 MW (11 wind turbines with a capacity of 6 MW) - the project is currently under development; ‐ From 29 to 69 MW (23 wind turbines with 2-3 MW) - the project has been approved; ‐ From 38 to 57 MW (19 MW wind turbine capacity 2-3) – the company is awaiting permits for the project; ‐ More than 200 MW in the review. ‐ In France: More than 300 MW in the review. ‐ In Cyprus: More than 50 MW in the review. ‐ In the Netherlands: More than 25 MW in the review.

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 30 3.2. Information on the author of the ESIA report

The organization in charge of writing the ESIA is a Limited Liability Company called “Biotope DOO Beograd” that was registered at the Serbian Business Registration Agency in Belgrade on October 20, 2010, under the registration number 20684801, under the Taxpayer Identification Number: 106807365, at the address: Nebojšina 12, Beograd, Vračar, Serbia and under the Activity Code: 7022 “Consulting activities related to business and other management". In June 2011, because of the new Law on Private Companies “Zakon o privrednim društvima“(Sl. glasnik RS", br. 36/2011), Biotope changed its Activity Code to: 7112 “Engineering and technical consulting activities”.

Director of the study (Odgovorni projektant)

Jean-Yves Kernel is the project leader of this study. He is a project manager at Biotope, the French mother company of Biotope DOO Beograd, who graduated from an undergraduate degree of Biology at the University of Nancy, France in 1996 and of a master’s degree at the French National Institute for Landscape Engineering (INH) in 1999. Jean-Yves Kernel has successfully undertaken Environmental Impact Assessement studies for wind-farm projects for 11 years as for example:  in 2011 in Turkey for the company “Guris Construction and Engineering CO.INC”  in 2007 in France, in the “Bouches-du-Rhône” region for the company “Eco Delta”  in 2007 in France, in the “Deux-Sèvres” region for the company “WKN France”  in 2006 in France, in the “Loire-Atlantique” region for the company “WKN France”  in 2004 in France, on the Reunion Island, for the company “”EDF EN – Aerowatt”  in 2001 in France, in the” Pyrénées-Orientales” region for the company DONG Energy

3.3. Presentation of the project

Different buffer areas have been drawn around the project area in order to show the different study areas that were used for the impact assessment, as shown on Map 1. ‐ the area included into the 15km buffer has been chosen as a study area for landscape, for flying fauna (bird and bat species, sousliks (Spermophilus citellus) and for most of the socio-economic analysis ‐ the area included into the 15km buffer has been chosen as a study area for systematic survey of flying fauna, for non-flying fauna, natural habitat and water analysis ‐ the area included into the 1km buffer has been chosen as a study area for soil and land use analysis

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 31 Map 1: Presentation of the project

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 32 3.3.1. Location of the site

The planned location for the wind farm "Alibunar" is located on a loess plateau in South Banat plain, on the territory of the “Municipality Alibunar”, between the villages Vladimirovac, Albunar and Seleuš. The land use of the area on which the turbines are planned is currently purely agricultural. The landscape of the area is also agricultural, without water surfaces, natural habitat fragments or objects of human habituation.

On the territory of the “Municipality Alibunar” (Opština Alibunar) there are ten settlements among which Alibunar is the biggest settlement and the administrative center. Alibunar Janošik Banatski Lokve Vladimirovac Novi Ilandža Seleuš

Figure 1: Location of the Municipality of Alibunar

Source : http://www.allibunar.org.rs/mdfa/n/citizens/basic -data/basic-data.html

Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 33 3.3.2. Spatial planning on the project site

Land use on the project site

The total project site is approximately 50 km2 which includes ‐ the wind farm project area: a polygon that will be occupied by the turbine foundations and platforms, the project substation, the permanent crane pads and the access roads, ‐ the grid project area ‐ the power line project that includes the pylons of the power line ‐ the safety area that is defined in the study as “close area of influence” and comprises a buffer of 1km around the wind turbines where no houses should be built

The wind farm project site includes privately owned land and public land which belongs to Alibunar commune. The Project Substation 220/35 kV and the 2 x 220 kV power line project sites include privately owned land and public land which belongs to Vladimirovac commune.

Existing regulations regarding land use in the area of the project site In the Spatial plan of Alibunar Municipality it is stated that the areas for wind farm development are agricultural. It is also stated that the areas planned for wind farm construction shall be the subject of the urbanistic plan, and will be regulated by the Plan of detailed regulation. In these areas, the building will be forbidden for all objects except for infrastructure. The land use therefore remains agricultural („Official Gazette of Alibunar Municipality“ No. 12/12). The land use and infrastructure development plan will be regulated by a document called Plan of Detailed Regulation of Alibunar (PDR) which is currently being made for this purpose by the Belgrade Land Development Public Agency.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 34 History of the site Before 2012, the land use for the project site was purely agricultural production, defined in the Spatial plan of Alibunar Municipality (“Official Gazette of Alibunar Municipality“ No. 2/93, 9/03, 11/03 и 13/03). In this spatial plan production of energy from wind was not considered or regulated.

3.3.3. Proposed means of connection to existing infrastructure

Main access to the site Site access will be via the existing agricultural roads. The road network currently present is very developed and all the turbines are easily accessible. All the roads leading to the turbines will be strengthened, widened to an approximate width of 4.5 m and covered with gravel. No new access roads will be built.

Water supply The water will be readily accessible for use via mobile tanks. Each water tank will have the volume of about 1,000 liters and will be used by approximately 50 workers for sanitary purposes. Water resources necessary for the wind farm operation are minimal and will also be provided via mobile tank.

Electricity supply Electricity during construction will be provided via generator. During operation, the energy needed for internal consumption by low voltage electric equipment, SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) equipment and the Project Substation will be self-sufficient. In situations of low wind speed (below 3 m/s) or too fast wind (exceeding 25 m/s), when the turbines will not be operational, the power required for monitoring, control and data transmission will be supplied via one auxiliary transformer with a voltage of 20/0,4 kV, which will be backed/up by a 125 kW diesel generator.

Gas supply No gas supply is required during the construction or operation of the project.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 35 3.4. Description of the main alternatives studied by the developer

Serbia’s wind resources have been measured and ranked according to their potential for wind energy by different private companies involved in the wind farm development business. The results of these field surveys are not available to public. A geo-referenced map of the wind of Vojvodina has been produced by the Provincial Government.

Based on this map, the highest wind energy potential in Vojvodina was identified in South Banat, close to the special nature reserve Sand. WindVision started to perform wind measurements for the selection of the 190 MW project site in 2009. The consultancy company Netinvest documented the data and provided support with the installation of a first wind mast in the Alibunar project site. This mast was 80 m high and was equipped with sensors for the measurement of wind speed, direction, outside temperature and humidity. The final selection of the site was based on the consideration of the following factors: ‐ results of the measurement of wind speed and direction performed over a period of 6 months; ‐ available grid capacity to allow the distribution of the energy generated by the wind farm into the national power grid; ‐ distance of the site from the nearest residential housing; ‐ distance of the site from the nearest protected natural sites and from the Important Bird areas (IBA) ‐ preliminary opinion of the Provincial Institute for Nature Protection

WindVision approached several turbine manufacturers in order to select the type of turbine to be used for the development of the wind farm project. The most satisfactory turbines for the needs of the project are built by Vestas, Siemens, Enercon, Sinovel.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 36 3.5. Description of the project components

The project components of the wind farms are: - the wind turbines : tower, foundations, platforms - the access roads - the transformer substation - the transmission power line - the underground electric cables

3.5.1 Wind turbines

The project developer is planning to build a field of 63 wind turbines with a total capacity of 189 MV (see table herunder).

The choice of the model of wind turbine will depend on the technical and commercial offer available on the market at the moment of purchase. The constructor will be chosen among the most reliable companies present on the European market such as: Vestas, Enercon, Sinovel. The wind turbines will have the following technical characteristics: ‐ their total height will range from 151 to 182 m high, ‐ the diameter of the rotor will range from 100 to 126 m ‐ the capacity will be 3MW ‐ The lowest extremity of the pale will be between 53.5 and 75 m

The turbines will be separated by a distance of 560 m do 750 m. The foundations of the mast will occupy a surface of 180 m2 and will be 5m deep. The trenches where the cables will be positioned art planned to be 0,80m deep. Caving the foundations and assembling the wind turbines will take about 12 months and the connection to the grid will take about 6 months.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 37 Table 4: Technical specifications of the turbines

Technical Vestas Vestas Enercon Sinovel Alstom GE specifications V126 V112 E-101 SL3000/113 ECO 122 2.5-120 General specification Nominal power (MW) 3 3 3 3 2.7 2.5 Capacity of 63 turbines 189 189 189 189 170 157.5 (MW) Total height 182 m 151m 149.5 m 166.5 m 150 m 168.7 m Wind class IEC IIIb IEC IIb IEC IIa IEC IIIa IEC IIIa IEC IIIb 3-bladed. horizontal axis with gearbox (except Enercon : direct drive). pitch Concept regulation with variable speed upwind clockwise rotation Tower

Height 119 m 119 m 99 m 90 m 89 m 110 m Tubular Concrete Tubular Tubular steel Tubular Tubular Material steel and steel Steel mast Steel Steel mast mast Color Light grey (RAL 7035 or equivalent) Rotor

Diameter 126 m 112 m 101 m 113 m 122 m 120 m

Blade length 62 m 54.65 m 48.5 m 55 m 59.3 m 58.7 m Lower extremity of the 56 50 69.5 53.5 57 56 m pales Swept area 12 469 m2 9 852 m² 8 012 m² 10 029 m2 11 690 m2 11 310 m2 Material Glass -fiber reinforced plastic Primary – 4 individual aerodynamic hydraulic blade Full span pitching. active Brake Auxiliary – brake pitch hydraulic breaking system Mechanical callipers control, Hydraulic fluid electro- – Shell Tellus dynamic Operational data

Rotation speed (rpm) 3.2 -15.5 4.4 – 17.7 6 -14.5 8-16 6.97-12.25 5-13

Cut-in wind speed 3 m/s 3 m/s 2.5 m/s 3 m/s 3 m/s 3 m/s

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 38 Nominal power at 12 m/s 12.5 m/s 13.0 m/s 11.5 m/s 12 m/s 12.5 m/s approx. Cut-out wind speed 22.5 m/s 23 m/s 28 m/s 25 m/s 25 m/s 20 m/s Weight (without foundation)

Wind turbine (approx.) 123 t 123 t 120 t 110 t 135 t 122 t Nacelle 157 t 157 t 140 t 110 -120 t 165 t 158 t Mast 315 t 315 t 122 t 279.5 t 158 t 125 t Rotor 34.5 t 34.5 t 43.5 t 40.5 t 42 t 39 t Foundation

Shape Depends on soil tests (circular. octagonal. cross.…)

Horizontal dimension 18 m x 18 m Vertical dimension 2.5 x 3.0 m (max.)

Figure 2: wind turbine (Vestas v112 – 3 MW) and inside part of a rotor

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 39 Figure 3: Wind generator elements

3.5.2. Transformer station

The transformer substation 220/35 kV Vladimirovac will be built for the transformation of the electricity produced by the wind generators to the voltage level of 220 kV and its delivery to the transmission network of the public company "Electric Network of Serbia" through the connection line No. 254 Pančevo 2 – Zrenjanin 2. For the purpose of transformation of the maximum possible electricity produced by the 63 wind turbines of the wind farm, the transformer station 220/35 kV Vladimirovac will be equipped with two transformers (150MVA each) and two connections for 220 kV power-lines. The connection of each of the wind turbines in a wind farm with the transformer station 220/35 kV Vladimirovac will be made through a network of underground cables (35 kV voltage level) (read after). The routes of these cables will coincide with the routes of the access roads that connect the wind turbines. The cables will be laid underground by the road network, at depth defined by the law. The transformers will be installed on separate foundations with individual tubs. The positioning of the two transformers should be solved in a way that will enable the removal and transport by towing without interrupting the operation of the second transformer.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 40 In order to avoid leakage, an oil sewer from the transformer tubs to the remote waterproof tank will be constructed. The transformer station 220/35 kV will be directly grounded.

The installation and the connection to the electricity network would take 6 months. The total amount of electricity produced will be supplied to the transmission network of the public company "Electric Network of Serbia".

Network cable operating voltage of 35 kV will connect with every wind generator switchyard 35 kV substation 220/35 kV Vladimirovac. For the purpose of accepting a maximum quantities of electricity from wind turbines provided 63 MVA power stations 3, will be installed two power transformers of 150 MVA (300 MVA) in a 220/35 kV Vladimirovac, and the ability to connect two DV (line) 220 kV which is the principle of "input-output" connected to the existing 220 kV no. 254 Pančevo 2 - Zrenjanin second Planned substation is located in the central part of the wind turbine complex, close to the extreme western limits of the project area, in order to minimize the cost of an investment in the cable network and the minimization of energy loss in the cable network. The total area of the transformer station complex is 1.95 hectares and consists of: 220 kV facilities in the open, 35 kV facilities housed in the building, transformer station command-building, transportation, parking and landscaped areas. For the operation of facilities within the complex, the necessary internal infrastructure will be provided (water, sewer, and telecommunications and low voltage network).

Figure 4: Project scheme of the transformer TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 41

3.5.3. Power line

The new power transmission line will connect the Transformer station TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac with the 220 kV transmission grid between Pančevo and Zrenjenin. The official name of the power transmission line project is Connecting Power Transmission Line 2x220KV, introducing the Power Transmission line DV 220 kV No.254 Pančevo 2 Zrenjanin 2 into transformer station TS “20/35 kV Vladimirovac. Location of the new power transmission line is mostly pure agricultural, flat landscape. It is situated at a distance of at least 1.45 km from the nearest populated place , and about 10 km from the protected area, Special Nature Reserve "Deliblato Sand". Nominal voltage of the power transmission line is 220kV and it will be connected through the two input output systems. The new power transmission line starts with two exit portals at the TS “20/35 kV Vladimirovac and ends at the power transmission line DV 220 kV No.254 Pančevo 2 Zrenjanin 2, in the section between the pillars 67 and 69. The conductors, 3+3, will be of identical characteristics, Al/Steel SRPS N.C1.351 - 360/57. For the protection wire one ACS (alumoweld) wire, 126.1 mm2 and one 15mm OPGW with 48 optical fibers will be used. The insulators will be from glass, type 120 b, 146/255. The pillars will be from steel frame or polygonal, type “barrel” with a double top for protection wires. The foundations will be from reinforced concrete - broken down and/or AB block based, depending on the applied type of pillars. Expected additional burden will not exceed 1.6 x 0.18√d daN/m. The wind pressure will not exceed 75 daN/m2. The expected number of pillars is 41, while one “gate” type pillar from

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 42 the DV 220 kV No.254 Pančevo 2 Zrenjanin 2 will be demolished. In total there will be 39 “barrel” type pillars, 34 carrying pillars and 5 angular tightening pillars, and additional 2 angular tightening pillars of the “y” or “spruce” type. Total length of the new power transmission line is 11848m, and each pillar would take 100 m2, except angular tightening pillars, which occupy 120 m2 (2.5 m deep, in case of broken down foundations). If the AB block foundations are used, the depth of the foundation will be higher, around 4 m, but the radius of the foundation will not exceed 4 m for carrying pillars or 5 m for angular tightening pillars. Figure 5: Route of the connecting transmission line

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 43 3.6. Construction process

The construction process of the wind farm will be in two steps first the 33 wind turbines of Alibunar will be built and then the 30 wind turbines of Alibunar 2 project phase.

3.6.1. Wind turbines platforms

Figure 6: Flattening of the terrain for the platforms A platform will be built at the foot of every wind turbine. This platform will be used as the only authorized parking and storage place.

Before the construction of the platforms can start, the terrain will be flattened and in some cases, some soil will be removed or added before the steam roller can flatten the terrain.

In order to reinforce the terrain before the arrival of heavy machinery as trucks and cranes, a top layer will be placed on the flattened land. The different components of this layer are: a geotextile canvas, recycled material and stone- chippings. The total thickness of this layer is about 40 cm.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 44 3.6.2. Foundations of the wind turbines

The foundations of the wind turbines will be circular and below ground. An adjustment of the foundation depth to local conditions may occur during detailed design following consideration of the permitted total height. The technical characteristics of the foundations will be based on the soil properties described in details at each turbine location in the geotechnical study produced in 2011 by the company GeoMehanika doo Figure 7: Building the wind turbines foundations

Stability work In some circumstances the soil has to be reinforced before the construction of the foundation and the wind turbine. This is done by placing concrete poles in the underground up to a depth of 15m. In total there are 25 poles for each wind turbine. This work is done by a ramming machine.

Metal casing of the foundation After the stability work, the construction workers will start making the metal casing for the foundation. Then they will make a metal skeleton and eventually, they will poor the concrete.

Pouring the concrete in the foundation

The concrete is brought to the site by truck and is poured in the metal foundation casing by a trunk. It will take on week for the concrete to dry.

Finalized foundation The base of the wind turbines are anchored in their foundation. A foundation has a total average weight of 1500 tons and includes 700 m3 of concrete. The diameter of the concrete installation is about 15 m. Therefore

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 45 3.6.3. Construction of the tower

Figure 8: Construction of the wind turbine's tower

Assembly of tower components Modern wind turbines are bigger than ancient ones; therefore it has become impossible to transport rings of the tower in one piece. One ring thus exists of three components. These are glued together on site to form one ring of the tower. In the picture you can see several of these components waiting to be glued together.

Construction of the tower After the rings of the tower are complete, they are lifted upon each other to construct the tower of the wind turbine. In total a tower exists of 22 of these rings depending on the required total height of the tower and wind turbine.

Finalized tower In this picture a complete tower of a wind turbine is showed. Notice that the hub isn’t placed on the tower yet. The total height of this tower is 105m.

The hub After the completion of the tower the hub is placed on its top. This can be done by one crane

The rotor Once the hub is placed on top of the tower, it’s time to connect the rotor to the hub. This can be done with a rotor in one piece with the blades already attached. When this is too difficult the rotor is placed in several pieces. The blades are attached separately in this case.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 46 3.6.4. Access roads to the project site

Main access to the site The main access to the site will be via the National Road E70 Pančevo - Vršac.

Upgrading existing roads

The existing network of agricultural access roads on the project site will have to be upgraded on 13 km in order to secure a good access to heavy machinery. According to the cadastre, the access roads are 4 meters wide (3 meters of road and 1 meter of stabilization banks). However, with time, the roads have been reduced to a smaller surface. WindVision will bring back the roads to their original surface.If any other extension is needed, the transformation will be organized in cooperation with the Alibunar municipality. Figure 9: upgrading the existing roads by widening The extension of the access roads up to 4 m- wide will be done with surplus compacted material remaining from the excavation activities, and topped with a layer of compacted crushed natural stones (gravel). This structure should undergo a load of 12-15 t /axle and a maximum weight of 140 t. On soft subsoil, even when it does not exceed 1.0 m in depth, a geotextile membrane will be laid onto the surface to act as a stabilizer and minimizes the volume of the required crushed rock material. On rocky soil, the aggregate will be built up directly on that surface. Several layers of crushed rock will be built up and compacted. Any excavated soil will be stored immediately next to the locations where the access roads will be constructed and will be used as construction material. Signalization on the road during construction work will be organized so as to ensure security on the road.

3.6.5. Construction of the underground electrical cables

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 47 Figure 10: Underground electric cables

To connect the wind park to the national electric distribution network, lots of cable is needed. In some cases the cables are placed in next to the roads on a depth of 80 cm. When the cables are placed in agricultural land, the depth of their location is 1,20 m.

3.6.6. Construction of the transmission power line

In order to transport the electricity produced by the wind farm to the national electric distribution network park, a transmission power-line will be constructed. Hereafter, the basic procedure of the preparatory and the construction works is presented.

Preparatory construction phase

Before the work on the field has started, it is necessary to do a feasibility study for the construction of the facility that will determine the order and manner of the construction and electrical works, the exclusion of the existing transmission and other high-voltage lines, backup power supply, protection of existing facilities, traffic regulation and all other works related to the construction and prescribed safety at work. The timing of the connection to the substation TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac depends on the completion date of its construction. The Contractor shall comply with the technical documentation and technical regulations. Before starting preparatory work, detailed examination of the project is need, with a special consideration of the field conditions. In case of necessary changes or deviations from the project plan, the contractor is obliged to provide a written report to the designers and investors and ask their written consent for these changes. The Contractor should check all the locations for power-line pillars before digging the foundation pits, in order to avoid errors due to the shifting of the poles by irresponsible persons. The distance of the new pillars from the existing power-lines should also be checked, so that construction of the foundation, mount base and the lower part of the pillars can begin.

Construction of foundations

The excavation of foundation pits should be aligned with the dynamics of concrete provision, to avoid the damage of the pits caused by prolonged rest. Prolonged rest can cause the reduced carrying capacity of the soil.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 48 While laying the foundation it is important to prevent the collection of water around them. Upon completion of the foundation it is necessary to remove any excess material at some convenient place to prevent any stacking of the material that could collect water around the foundation. If during the excavation of foundation pits, underground installations that are not specified in the project appear, or at a distance less than 10 feet from the foundation, the investors and building designers should be immediately informed.

Construction of pillars

Before the delivery of all the material to the field, it should be professionally reviewed by an expert and tested in a laboratory. Due to the large range of materials that has to be taken into account, special care needs to be taken during the ordering and installation process. The instructions for the preparation, corrosion protection and mounting of the pillars are provided in the technical pillar documentation. After raising the metal structure, it is important to finish the grounding of the pillar.

Isolation and cabling

Carrier clamps for conductors and protection wire should be tightened according to the manufacturer's instructions using torque wrenches, otherwise the wire will slip through the clamps when pressured with extra weight, like ice for example. Tightening bolts according to manufacturer's instructions and using torque wrenches is a mandatory procedure for all elements such as supporting terminals, dampers, spacers, etc... The vibration dampers should be installed on a distance in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The distance should be measured from the middle of the mounting clamp, or from the end of the compression clamps. If there is no written guarantee of the producer that insulators and dampers suit the required quality, the legislation requires the examination of this material. Before the installation of wires and cables begin, it is required to finish the anchoring of the pillars that are not counted as final. While spreading the aluminum-steel wires, care is necessary in order not to damage them. When purchasing protective conductors and cables it is necessary to take into account the length of the needed cables, for them to be merged on smallest number of places possible. The distance between the merging place and any of the clamps must be minimum 20 m. the coupling has to be compressible ant thus provide at least 100% of tensile strength of the conductor. To secure orchestrated flow of wires, specialized devices should be used, strictly taken to avoid the creation of a loop. During the works it must be ensured that no contact occurs between the copper and aluminum-steel, not even through the tools that had been used for copper wires, or otherwise, because it will lead to chemical corrosion of the either material. The diameter of the wire coil must not be smaller than 0.7 m. When installing conductors and grounding, it is necessary to tighten the ropes to the maximum and leave to stand for 20 min, and after, the force that corresponds to the current state of temperature. This needs to be done in order to avoid later increase in force above the projected

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 49 deflection curve - elongation of the rope. The rope that was not strained to the maximum force does not have the same deflection curve as the rope that once had that power. Operating temperature should be measured with a thermometer, and should not be the subject of estimates. After fixing the conductors in the clamps, carrying chains should have vertical position. The pulling and tensioning the wires at the intersections with other power-lines or transmission lines can be made only when these lines are excluded from the transmission network.

Substation

To connect the wind park to the national electric distribution network, two transformers will be installed at the outer edge of the wind farm.

Preparatory phase

Selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station is the first and important activity. This needs meticulous planning, fore-sight, skillful observation and handling so that the selected site is technically, environmentally, economically and socially optimal and is the best suited to the requirements. The main points to be considered in the selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station are given hereunder: The site should be: - As near the load center as possible - As far as possible rectangular or square in shape for ease of proper orientation of bus – bars and feeders. - Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach / termination of high voltage overhead transmission lines. - Free from master plans / layouts or future development activities to have free line corridors for the present and in future. - Easily accessible to the public road to facilitate transport of material. - Above highest flood level (HFL) so that there is no water logging. - Sufficiently away from areas where police and military rifle practices are held. Special attention should be paid on hunting with shotguns, which should be banned in the radius of at least 1000m. - The site should have sufficient area to properly accommodate the Sub Station buildings, structures, equipment, etc. and should have the sufficient area for future extension of the buildings and / or switchyard.

Construction phase

During construction phase, the following should be respected: - Transportation and unloading of the substation material and equipment at the location shall be done in a safe manner so that they are not damaged or misplaced.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 50 - All support insulators, circuit breaker poles, Transformer bushings and other fragile equipment shall preferably be handled carefully with cranes having suitable boom length and handling capacity. - Sling ropes, etc. should of sufficient strength to take the load of the equipment to be erected. They should be checked for breakages of strands before being used for the erection of equipment. - The slings should be of sufficient length to avoid any damage to insulator or other fragile equipment due to excessive swing, scratching by sling ropes, etc. - Mulmul cloth shall be used for cleaning the inside and outside of hollow insulators. - Erection of equipment shall be carried out as per and in the manner prescribed in the erection, testing and commissioning manual / instructions procedures of the manufacturer. - The services of the manufacturer’s Engineer, wherever necessary, may be utilized for erection, testing and commissioning of substation equipment. - All the elements containing liquid pollutants must be equipped with an appropriate retention system directly under it or with a properly maintained drainage system leading to the water resilient retention reservoir. - Whenever the work is required to be got done at the existing GSS where the adjacent portions may be charged, effective earthing must be ensured for safety against induced voltages so that work can be carried out without any danger / hazard to the workmen. - After completion of the erection work, all surplus material including bolts and nuts, templates, etc. shall be returned to the store. All unusable cut lengths of material such as conductors, earth wire, aluminum pipes, etc. shall not be treated as wastage and shall also be deposited in the store.

Operating risks

The transformers will be located outside the wind turbines in the transformer station. The transformer oil is usually not changed during the life time of the equipment. In case of an accident, any oil that emerges is collected in an impermeable concrete drip tray beneath the transformer. Based on the above, no significant groundwater contamination impacts are anticipated during operation. Whilst some localized effects on groundwater infiltration into the underlying bedrock may occur, the overall impacts are predicted to be minor given the area of the site (16.9 km2) compared with the area affected by permanent foundations and other permanent cover (a total of 0.124 km2).

Schedule for wind farm construction and operation

The construction of the wind farm shall begin after all the licenses are acquired and financial background is complete. This is likely to happen in the first half of 2014. Work will start in parallel on all the elements of the wind farm. Both the power transmission line and the transformer station should be finished within 6 months, and the construction of the find farm should last approximately one year

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 51 Construction management

The construction will be supervised by a team of senior engineers with a minimum of (years of professional experience in building wind turbines.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 52 3.7. Operation

The operation of the wind farm will last for 10 years, which is the duration of the energy license. Considering the life expectancy of the turbines and a possibility for the prolongation of the energy license, it might be expected that the wind farm will be operational until the end of the turbines life expectancy (20 years).

3.7.1. Electricity production

The electricity will be produced by the 63 wind turbines. Every turbine will have nominal power of 3 MW, while the whole park will have nominal power of 189 MW. The energy generated by the wind farm will be transferred to the point of connection with the Power Distribution Grid which is at the transformer station TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac. Further on, the electricity will be supplied to the national grid via new power transmission line from the TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac to the regional 220 kV power transmission line Pančevo 2 – Zrenjenin 2. The electricity will be sold to the national electricity company: “Elektroprivreda Srbije”. The wind farm will not require any raw materials, chemical substances or compounds for production purposes. It will produce electricity using a renewable source of energy: the wind.

3.7.2. Waste and chemicals

The operation of the wind farm will not generate any significant biological and physical pollution of the environment. Any impacts that arise during the construction of the proposed project will be assessed and mitigation measures, discussed during the following chapters, will be applied.

3.7.3. Maintenance

A maintenance team will come regularly to the wind farm in order to check if all the components are working properly.

3.8. Decommissioning activities

When the lifetime of the wind farm expires, it will be time for the decommissioning phase of the project. The foundations for wind turbines, previously equipped with cavities for decommission purposes, will be partially removed from the soil, until the depth defined by law. After the removal of the upper part of the foundation, the area will be restored to its original state.

3.8.1. Recycling

During the dismantling of the wind turbines, it is possible to recycle the metal and plastic parts, as well as fiberglass. • Metal (steel, iron, copper): used clean, it needs to be chopped and melted for reuse • PVC: used clean, it is necessary to grind it and melt it for reuse

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 53 • Concrete: it must be milled before use. It can be reused as a building material • Glass reinforced plastic, fiberglass is the most difficult to recycle. Previously, the only solution for this type of waste disposal were landfill sites. Nowadays, under pressure from legislation, new processes are being introduced, such as pyrolysis. Another solution would be to burn it in cement kilns. Exploited oil and other chemicals, must be delivered to enterprises licensed for the treatment of specified waste.

3.8.2. Disposal

The hazardous waste, primarily oil, will be sold and delivered to the companies that have specific authorization to deal with the hazardous waste, for them to process it or dispose on adequate locations.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 54 4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS

This chapter describes existing conditions in the area close to the project site. Section 3.1 describes various environmental conditions, and section 3.2 describes socioeconomic conditions.

4.1. Environmental Baseline

4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate

The climate in Serbia is very heterogeneous and 8 main types of climate have been identified: Danubian, Illyric, Moesian, Mountain-illyric, Oro-mesian, Mountain-submediterranean- adriatic, Mountain-submediterranean-aegean, Pannonian while the Annual solar radiation ranges between 1500 and 2200 hours annually. (Serbian CBD report, 2010) In northern Serbia, the climate is more continental with cold winters, and hot, humid summers. The continental pattern of precipitation is characterized by higher amounts of rainfalls in the warmer period of the year. Most precipitation occurs in June and May, while February and October have the least.

The project area is located on the municipality of Alibunar which characterized by a Central European climate, with distinctive continental characteristics, intensified by the winds coming from the plain of Wallachia in through the “Iron Gate”. Because of its proximity to the Carpathian Mountains, the area is exposed to the impact of high winds, especially “Košava” and “Severca”. “Košava” is a very strong wind that blows through the valley of the Danube from in eastern Serbia until Vukovar and Osijek in that affects mainly northern Serbia but can be felt until Niš in south-eastern Serbia The coldest month is January (average temperature 0.5 ° C) and the warmest July (22.1 ° C). The average annual amount of precipitation is 619.1 mm, the wettest month is June (89.5 mm) and the driest month is February (23.8 mm). The average annual number of days with precipitations of rain is 125,4 and the average annual number of days with precipitations of snow is 20.7 days while the average annual number of days with snow cover is 31.2.

The municipality of Alibunar is located in a very windy area. The most frequent wind is blowing from the southeast at a speed of 5.5 m/s. The second most common wind is a northwestern wind blowing at a speed of 3.6 m/s. The period when the winds are the strongest is in November and December while in summer the winds are weaker, especially in July and August. The wind “Košava » dries out the soil while the northern winds bring pleasant shade and refreshment, often with rain. The average number of days with strong wind higher than 6 Beaufort is 149.9, and with gusting winds (more than 8 Beaufort) is 30.1.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 55 According to the “Wind Atlas” of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Katić et al, 2008), Alibunar is located in an area with favorable winds (5 to 5.5 m/s) blowing 50 feet above the ground, or 100 feet above the ground which corresponds to the wind favorable to the modern wind farms that need a force of 2 to 2.5 MW for wind energy to be economically viable see the figure hereunder.

Figure 11: Wind speed and potencial energy produced by a wind farm at a height of 50 m

Source: Katić et al, 2008

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 56 Temperature

The Republic hidrometeorological service of Serbia (RMZ) does not provide with tremperature data about the Alibunar municipality. However, the tables hereunder provide data about the cities of Zrenjanin located north of the municipality of Alibunar and Belgrade located southwest from it.

Table 5: Average Monthly temperature in Zrenjanin and in Belgrade from 1981 to 2010

Meteorological station of Zrenjanin

Month Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May Temperature °C Average maximum 23.8 18 10.4 4.9 3.6 6.2 12.2 18 23.5 Average minimum 11.7 7.1 2.5 -1.3 -2.9 -2.1 1.8 6.5 11.4 Normal value 17.1 11.9 6 1.4 0.1 1.6 6.4 12 17.4 Absolute 37.7 30 23.9 20.5 17.7 22.5 27.7 30.1 35.2 maximum Absolute 0.5 -8.6 -13.2 -23.1 -27.3 -21.9 -17.6 -6.7 -0.5 minimum Frost (average 0 2 9 18 21 17 10 1 0 number of day

Meteorological station of Belgrade

Temperature °C

Average maximum 23.9 18.4 11.2 5.8 4.6 7 12.4 18 23.5

Average minimum 13.5 9 4.2 0.2 -1.1 -0.1 3.7 8.3 13

Normal value 18 12.9 7.1 2.7 1.4 3.1 7.6 12.9 18.1 Absolute 37.5 30.7 28.4 22.6 20.7 23.9 28.8 32.2 34.9 maximum Absolute 4.7 -4.5 -7.8 -13.4 -18.2 -15.4 -12.4 -3.4 2.5 minimum Frost (average 0 0 5 15 18 14 5 0 0 number of day

Source : RHMZ, 2013

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 57 Major Landscapes and Ecosystems

The landscape on and around the project area is a very uniform and plane rural area that is part of the Pannonian depression and ranges from 70 to 140m asl, with hills at 170m asl in the area of Deliblatska Pešćara. The project is planned on a loess and sand plateau that ranges from 80 to 140m high and is cut by 3 valleys that are 10 to 45 m deep. The buildings are mainly dwelling places located in the villages: (Alibunar, Vladimirovac, Seleuš, , Padina, etc.) and the rest of the landscape is occupied by open fields and rare natural or semi-natural meadows. Intensive agriculture, the main economic activity is clearly visible in the landscape through huge fields and industrial farms.

The main ecosystem of the project area was initially steppe grassland and some of the flora species are still visible at places that are not cultivated: along the roads, on the steep slopes of some valleys. However, most of this ecosystem has been destroyed by agriculture.

4.1.2. Natural protected areas

Special nature reserve of Deliblato Sands

The only protected area in the vicinity of Alibunar is the Special Nature Reserve Deliblato sands (in Serbian ”Deliblatska Pešćara”). According to the latest descriptions (Cooper et al, 2010), the Deliblato Sands occupy an area of over 300 km2 in the southern part of the Banat region of Serbia between the Danube River and the western slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. Previously known as the „European Sahara“, this is the largest and most unique area of wind-blown continental sand dunes in Europe. In addition to its extraordinary geological value, the area supports high levels of biodiversity associated with a complex mosaic of rare steppe grassland, sand, wet meadow/marsh and natural forest habitats surrounded by fertile agricultural areas. The Deliblato Sands are famous for their high degree of endemism, including many unique plants, reptiles and insects associated with the fragile ecosystems characteristic of the region. The sands are also home to a great diversity of bird and mammal species, many of which are of European and global conservation importance. In 1977, part of the Deliblato Sands was declared a special nature reserve, which currently covers an area of almost 35,000 hectares. It is managed by the Vojvodina Forests (Vojvodinašume) public enterprise. Part of the area have been classified as a Ramsar site - Labudovo okno; Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCI); Important Plant Areas (IPA), Important Bird Areas (IBA) (Labudovo okno, Deliblato Sands), and Prime Butterfly Areas (PBA). The Deliblato Sands experience a semi-arid climate. Maximum precipitation occurs in June and November, while minimum precipitation occurs in February and September. The average annual rainfall is between 637 and 720 mm, which is higher than the average for the surrounding Vojvodina Province (611 mm).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 58 The pedological cover of Deliblato Sands has evolved over a relatively short period of time and comprises several types and sub-types of soil. These include: sierozem with a significant presence of calcium-carbonate and small quantities of humus and clay; organo-genetic pararendzine; and sandy chernozem. The dunes are covered with a layer of black sand (50–100 cm in depth) over which greyish-yellow sand is piled up. The borders of the Deliblato Sands can be characterized as a transition zone from sand to loess and sandy chernozem to pure chernozem. Although surrounded by intensively managed farmland, the biodiversity value of Deliblato Sands has largely been maintained through traditional, low intensity farming practices, especially extensive grazing by Podolian cattle, sheep and goats. Once widespread both within the area of Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve and its wider surroundings, these low- intensity farming practices are now only found in the pastures at the edge of the sands. This decline in livestock production stems from the prohibition of grazing in the Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve in the 1970s, resulting in the loss of traditional grazing and hay-making. Valuable open habitats of the Pannonian sand steppes disappeared through the invasion of meadows and pastures with tree and shrub species, including blackthorn and acacia. The disappearance of the European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) from many localities, and the decline of the nesting population of Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in recent decades are directly connected to the scrubbing up of former grazing areas.

The key species found in Deliblato Sands which are dependent on the maintenance of open habitats through low-intensity grazing include: ‐ Mammals: European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus), Southern Birch Mouse (Sicista subtilis), Lesser Mole Rat (Spalax leucodon), Geoffroy’s Bat (Myotis emarginatus), Natterer’s Bat (Myotis nattereri), Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus). ‐ Birds: White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga), Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina), Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Red Kite (Milvus milvus), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Common Raven (Corvus corax), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster), Roller (Coracias garrulus), Lesser Grey Shrike (Lanius minor), Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra). ‐ Amphibians and reptiles: European Lizard (Lacerta viridis), Schmidt’s Whip Snake (Coluber caspius), European Copper Skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii), Meadow Lizard (Darevskia praticola), Balkan Wall Lizard (Podarcis tauricus), Aesculapean Snake (Zamenis longissimus), Green Toad (Pseudepidalea viridis). ‐ Plants: Fern-Leaf Peony (Paeonia tenuifolia), Pančić’s Wormwood (Artemisia pancici), Rindera (Rindera umbellata), Dwarf Everlast (Helichrysum arenarium). (Cooper et al, 2010)

Patches of land included into the Serbian Ecological Network

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 59 Several localities are designated as the part of the Serbian ecological network (Decree on the Ecological Network, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia “No 102/10). These localities include all the natural and semi-natural habitats in Vojvodina, and therefore the three valleys around the project site. These areas are not officially protected, but are designated as such and conserved from future alterations. The closest turbines, proposed by the project, are at least 1km from these areas.

4.1.3. Geology/geomorphology

The wider project area represents the continuation of Deliblato Sands, a formation of aeolian origin, between the Danube and the western Carpathian slopes. Morphologically, the area is an undulating plateau that stretches from the depression of Alibunar to the river Tamiš.

The territory of Alibunar municipality is situated on pedological formations made of loess terrace, loess plateau, and alluvial plain and aeolian sands. The geological layers made of aeolian sand and loess are dated from the Pleistocene and the sandy aleurites are dated from the Holocene period. These geomorphic deposits have caused the formation of several soil types.

Figure 12: Pedological map1 of Alibunar Municipality

1 Translated from Serbian by Biotope d.o.o. Beograd

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 60 The previous figure above presents the soil map of Alibunar municipality, showing soil types, which we can be divided into five main groups, as shown in the table 4.

Table 6: Basic land types in the territory of municipality Alibunar

No. Type Surface (ha) Percentage (%) 1. Chernozem 37.369,01 62,17 2. Soils meadow 3.483,15 5,80 3. Marsh soil 9.301,59 15,48 4. Salty meadows 5.555,03 9,24 5. Sandy soil 4.394,25 7,31 Source: OGMA, No. 15/09

As shown in the table above, most common primary soil type of the area, occupying 62.17% of total area is the chernozem: a soil of great quality. The meadow soils occupy 5.80% and are also first-class soil type, while the marsh soil occupying 15.48% is potentially fertile with the use of certain cultural practices. Some of the Alibunar municipality surfaces are occupied by saline (9.24%) and sandy soils (7.31%).

Chernozem is a natural resource of importance for the successful development of agricultural production. It is characterized by a deep humus layer, very favorable chemical, physical and production characteristics. In majority of its distribution chernozem is a first-class soil for agricultural production, which allows easy processing. Because of its outstanding production values, despite the fact that it is quite frequent in the municipal area, it is reasonable to plan the use of this soil type, primarily for agricultural purposes. Meadow soils are characterized by relatively deep humus layer, excellent structure, favorable water to air regime, chemical, physical and production characteristics. According to its characteristics it is classified as a first-class soil type, on which all crops can be grown with success. The group of the marshy soils is composed out of two subtypes, which are potentially fertile soils. They differ in their physical and chemical characteristics and production, but with proper use of cultural practices can be used in agricultural production for all crops. Salty meadow soils belong to the defective soils because of the harmful salts and poor physical properties. Such soils are generally not suitable for crop production, and in the Alibunar municipality, 2 types are present: solonchak and solonetz. Sandy soils are located in the southeastern part of the municipality. The production characteristics of this soil type are quite weak. On the other hand, successful production fruits in orchards and vineyard is possible on such soils, but with a proper application of the scientific farming methods. According to the stated above, a large area of the municipality is favorable for crops or fruit production, which can lead to significant results in agricultural production. (OGMA, No. 15/09)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 61 The elevations in the area range from 75 to 80 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in the Alibunar depression. In the upper parts of the ground, or the loess plateau, elevations range from 110.00 to 140.00 m a.s.l.

4.1.4. Hydrology/Hydrogeology

There are no natural water courses or permanent surface waters on the territory of Alibunar municipality. There is the artificial canal Danube-Tisa-Danube that makes the Northeastern border of the municipality and that largely condition the movement of the underground water level.

There is also a small pond on the study area that was formed by the wastewater emitted by a pig farm.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 62 Figure 13: Hydrogeological map2 of Vojvodina

While analyzing the geological structures of the area, it has been concluded that there are two hydrogeological collectors. ‐ A first hydrogeological collector is situated at a depth of 50m. It is an unconfined aquifer that has been formed within this collector through accumulation of the available ground water. The recharge of this aquifer is exclusively made through infiltration of precipitation, and it is being discharged into the deeper layers. This collector is not interesting as water supply because of low yields and chemical pollution. ‐ The second hydrogeological collector extends from a depth of 90 meters to about 130 meters below the surface. Sporadically a 5 meter thick clay layer stratifies the aquifer into two levels, which is particularly evident in Alibunar. Aquifer recharge is done mostly with the side filtration from the outer rim of the Pannonian Basin. This aquifer has a broad regional distribution and can be found in Alibunar, in , in Seleuš, in Ilandža and in Vladimirovac). Water from this aquifer is the highest quality drinking water, and is generally used as a water supply in the region. The capacity of the wells pumping in this aquifer is good and ranges from 10 l/s to 20 l/s (OGMA, No. 15/09).

2 Translated from Serbian by Biotope d.o.o. Beograd

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 63 Uncontrolled rising of the underground water is not a problem on the upper terrace of the municipality of Alibunar located west from the road Alibunar-Seleuš. However, on the lower terrace located east from the road Alibunar-Seleuš, underground water rising happens. A network of channels had been constructed in order to avoid water logging in the fields but lately, irregular maintenance of the channels and the retention basins has reduced their capacity to regulate water. This leads to a frequent water logging of the land that has a negative impact on crops and makes the area suitable for the development of mosquito larvae. This also manifests as a reduced inflow to the pumping stations, and the flooding of farmland. (OGMA, No. 15/09

One of the hydrologic particularities of the municipality of Alibunar is a borehole called Je-17 situated close to Janošik village and famous to be one of the 6 thermal baths of Vojvodina. Originally, it was used for oil extraction from the earth but after the oil had been completely exhausted, the well was used for the exploitation of the thermal-mineral water. In 1973, the first thermal-mineral water was drawn up from the depth of 700-800 m. The borehole gives 300 l of water per minute, and the temperature of the water is 48°C. Chemical analysis showed that this water contains large quantities of bromine, iodine, hydrogen sulfide and strontium, iron and barium. The Institute for nuclear sciences „Boris Kidrič“ in Vinča examined radioactivity of the water and found that it contains 88pCi/l, and that it originates from radon and radium. Although the radioactivity is high, the water can be used for therapeutic purposes (Tomić, et Romelić, 2000).

Through the Alibunar Municipality runs the main channel in the Province, Danube – Tisza - Danube (DTD), whose existence is largely defining the movement of the underground water level. Otherwise, the channel is insufficiently used for commercial purposes, particularly in terms of irrigation of agricultural areas, water supply for the industry, transport and the like. (OGMA, No. 15/09)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 64 4.1.5. Seismology

There has not been any macro seismic study on the territory of the municipality of Alibunar. The only available data is the official map about macro seismic zoning published in the Official Gazette of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina („Službeni list SAP Vojvodine”, br. 20/79). According to the data given by this map, on the study area there is a possibility for earthquake of 7°M.SC. (Mercalli Scale) and even 8°M.SC. in the future.

Figure 14: Macroseismic zoning in Vojvodina

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 65 4.1.6. Waste Management

Water waste management In the Alibunar Municipality, a major problem is the absence of waste water treatment, and the lack of sewage systems in many villages, where the wastewater is collected in septic tanks, which have largely been improperly installed. The management of wastewater from animal farms is an important problem. The situation is especially risky in the villages Vladimirovac and Banataski Karlovac, where larger farms do not have properly solved waste deposit location, not to mention wastewater treatment. Another problem is the management of wastewater from the local slaughterhouses and industrial companies located by the canal Danube-Tisza-Danube that discharge their wastewater directly into the canal. (OGMA, No. 15/09).

Solid waste management Currently, every village has one or two municipal solid waste landfills, which are completely unregulated. On these sites waste is being dumped with no particular order and without prior separation of recyclable materials. It is not a rare situation in which the landfill is on completely inappropriate places, close to public roads or near the urban construction zones and residential areas in settlements. This is especially the case in Banatski Karlovac, where after a gradual spreading of the construction zone a municipal landfill ended up in the middle of residential area. In the Municipality of Alibunar, the process of separation of garbage by type is still in its infancy. Every village in the municipality has a location for animal waste disposal, which are entirely unequipped and uncontrolled. At these locations, the only safety procedure applied is waste covering. (OGMA, No. 15/09).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 66 4.1.7. Noise level

As the municipality of Alibunar does not have any completed acoustic zoning, a field survey has been undertaken by the Institute IMS ad Beograd, in order to determine the existing communal noise.

Methodology

Organization of the field survey The noise experts went on the field and made measures in the villages of Seleuš and Vladimirovac. The measurements have been done during 24 hours from 20.12.2012 at 10am until 21.12.2012 at 10 am, at the following locations: ‐ Census point: MM1, Geographical location: N 45°7’10.7”; E 20°54’16.5”, ‐ Census point: MM2, Geographical location: N 45°2’4.5”; E 20°51’4.8”, ‐ Census point: MM3, Geographical location: N 45°2’25.9“; E 20°50’57.5“ ‐ Census point: MM4, Geographical location: N 45°2’2.8”; E 20°51’1.92” (see figure hereafter).

Figure 15: Noise recording points

During the field survey, the experts also did a second measurement in order to satisfy the other standards: IEC 61400-11 (IEC, 2012). The measurements have been done at the same localities as the first one, on two occasions: 01.02.2013. and 12.02.2013. If the acoustic zoning of the Alibunar Municipality had been done, these locations would be classified as the Zone 3: Purely residential areas.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 67

Recording devices The communal noise is measured per standards described in the SRPS ISO 1996-2:2010 (ISS, 2010). The survey methodology consisted of continuous monitoring of noise in duration of 24h at every recording point, following the standards and monitoring the following parameters: LAeq,15min, LA1,15min, LA5,15min, LA10,15min, LA50,15min and LA90,15min, in a 15 minute intervals. The following devices have been used for noise measurements: ‐ Phonometer RION, model NL - 32; No. 01161946, with a microphone UC-53A No. 311049 and a filter card NX 22RT. ‐ Phonometer RION, model NL-32; No 00240664, with a microphone UC-53A, No 305891 and a filter card NX 22J. ‐ Phonometer RION, model NA – 28; No. 01260208, with a microphone UC-59, No 00291. ‐ Phonometer RION, model NL-18; No 00770469, with a microphone UC-53A, No 76119. The calibration of the measurement systems has been done before and after the measurements with the calibrators: ‐ RION, type NC-73, No. 10876318 and ‐ RION type NC-74 No. 34883956. The wind speed has been measured with the following devices: ‐ TFA Nexus Weather Station at h = 3 m and ‐ Anemometer KIMO VT100, on the ground level.

Results The ambient noise level at sampling points is:

Table 7: Baseline survey for noise pollution LAeq [dB] Census Settlement Geographical location points Noise during Noise during the day the night MM1 Seleuš N 45°7’10.7”; E 20°54’16.5” 39.0 31.1 MM2 Vladimirovac N 45°2’4.5”; E 20°51’4.8”, 41.5 44.2 MM3 Vladimirovac N 45°2’25.9”; E 20°50’57.5” 38.0 26.6 MM4 Vladimirovac N 45°2’2.8”; E 20°51’1.92” 52.8 38.2

The measured values of LAeq (Equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level) at the measuring point showing the highest noise level were: ‐ Lday = 52.8 dB at the point MM4 and ‐ Lnight = 44.2 dB for the night at the point MM2

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 68 4.1.8. Other environmental pollution

There is no available information about the level of environmental pollution in the Municipality of Alibunar. However, the wastewater and solid waste management problems are an obvious source of water and soil pollution. There is no record of soil pollution on the project site.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 69 4.1.9. Birds

Methodology for ornithological field survey

The survey on birds on the study area has been carried out during 12 months, as required from the Nature Conservation Institute of Vojvodina, from July 2011 until June 2012 (see annexes) because they represent a particularly sensitive group of animals when it comes to wind farm projects. It has been undertaken by the environmental consultancy Biotope d.o.o. and involved a team of 5 ornithologists.

General methodology for ornithological field survey

Monitoring of birds and analysis of the impacts that wind-farm could generate have been done according to the guidelines recommended by the European Commission (European Commission, 2010) and the report supplied to the Council of Europe by BirdLife International (Langston et Pullan, 2003), but with some adjustments in accordance with the sensitivity of species, defined on the basis of known mortality (Durr, 2012) and the characteristics of the local avifauna. Bird monitoring was performed using the point count method (Bibby et al, 2000) and limited transect method (Matvejev, 1988). The birds have been identified visually as well by the species specific calls. Movement on the field has been done mostly by foot, with the occasional use of vehicles. The census points have been chosen in a way that would offer the best coverage of a wide area in order to accurately detect the movement patterns of the species through the area, as well as the places of the aggregation of birds. To achieve so, points have been positioned so as to avoid blocking of the field of view by trees, hedges, woodland and dunes. The points have been evenly distributed throughout the area to cover all the habitats types present, and to be accessible from the existing dirt road network. The transect method was used to connect the census points and exceptionally for the bird mapping on locations that had not been covered with point count method. The frequency of visits paid to different census points largely depended on the importance of the point and its proximity to the planned find farm.

The birds have been monitored for a total of 35 days, with a 286 hours spent on the field. Presentation of the dynamics of field activities implemented by month is shown in the table hereunder, where we present the number of days and hours spent on the field.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 70 Table 8: Dynamics of field activities on the field

Month Days in the month Total No. of days Total hours July 24,25,26 3 34 August 19,20,21 3 30 September 12,13,14 3 26 October 1,2,16 3 12 November 29 1 9 December 24,25 2 19 February 27 1 9 March 3,22,23,27,28,29 6 42 April 9,10,13 3 29 May 18,19,20,23,24,25 6 48 June 18,19,20,21 4 28 Total 35 35 286

The data have been recorded in a GPS device in a format that defines the location and time of the occurrence of species, and if the species has been observed in the altitude of the rotor (critical height of 50-200 m), and additional codes were added, for the altitude, direction and the type of activity. The codes for altitude have been defined within 4 categories, as seen in the table hereunder, designed according to the technical characteristics of wind turbines (rotor height of 60-190m from the ground). For critical categories, we considered those above 50 m a.s.l.

Table 9: Presentation of the altitude categories used during census

Code representing altitude range Altitude range A 0-50 B 50-150 C 150-200 D 200+

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 71 Specificity of Saker Falcon monitoring

After the first five months, we have determined that the Saker Falcon is one of the species potentially threatened by the project development. Therefore we undertook a research to determine the number of breeding pairs in the proximity of the project, as well as the main dispersion patterns of present individuals. Knowing that they need power-line breeding Ravens or Hooded Crows as nest donors (Puzović, 2008) and that in terms of food they largely depend on the pigeon population from the villages throughout the year and the natural populations of Sousliks during breeding season, we took this 4 species and their habitats into account when monitoring Saker Falcon. Methodology for the monitoring of the Saker Falcon had four main components: - Search for the nests of Corvids along the power-lines - Checking the potential habitats of Sousliks in order to determine those that have higher value for the Saker - Checking the previously discovered nests and their occupancy by Saker Falcon. - Monitoring the Saker Falcon and its dispersion.

Description of ornithological results

General ornithological results In the wider area of influence, 151 species of birds have been recorded. Out of this number, 97 species have been observed within the project area, 108 species have been observed within the close area of influence and 148 have been observed within the medium area of influence. Unsecure determinations and general level ones have not been considered in the final analysis. For 85 species, breeding have been confirmed, while 11 species have been defined as potential breeders, and additional 56 have been observed during migration or local movement. In the table hereafter, we can clearly see the decline in numbers of breeding birds as well as the decrease in space utilization as we go narrower toward the project area, comprised almost exclusively of arable land.

Table 10: Biological status of observed ornithofauna in different areas of influence Wide area of Project Close area of Medium area of influence area influence (1km) influence (5km) (15km) Breeding 19 28 74 85 Passage 78 80 57 56 Potential breeding 0 0 18 11 Total 97 108 148 151

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 72 The majority of recorded species is abundant in the region and can be found equally throughout the area at appropriate habitats. However, there are some species that have been recorded in very low numbers and are confined to very small areas located in one or few localities. Following the national legislative, 126 strictly protected species of birds were observed on the entire study area (close, medium and large area of influence) and additional 24 are considered protected. As shown in Appendices, from the total number of recorded species, 70 (46%) of the recorded species are listed either as SPEC species (BLI) or Annex I of the Birds Directive (Official Journal of the European Union 2009/147/EC) which means that they are species of global or European conservation concern. From the total number of recorded species, 34 are under Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and consequently should be the subject of special conservation measures concerning their habitat in order to ensure their survival and reproduction in their area of distribution. When taking into consideration the IUCN criteria, 1 species is considered endangered (Falco cherug) on the international level, 1 is Vulnerable (Aquila heliaca) and 5 are considered to be Near Threatened (Falco vespertinus, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Aythya nyroca, Crex crex i Gallinago media). Considering the statuses defined on population trends of birds, defined by Bird Life International (Birds in Europe 2, 2004), 6 species fall under SPEC 1 category (Species of global conservation concern), 18 under SPEC 2 (main area of distribution is within the European continent, and their conservation status is unfavorable - endangered species) and 37 under SPEC 3 category (main area of distribution is outside of the European continent, and their conservation status is unfavorable - endangered species). A total of 96 species are on the list of strictly protected species by the Bern Convention (“Official Gazette of RS” no. 102/07, Annex II), while 48 species are on the list of protected species (Annex III). When it comes to the Bonn Convention (Official Gazette no. 102/07), the total of 4 species from Annex-I (endangered species) are present as well as the 65 species from the Annex-II - migratory species with an unfavorable conservation status and whose status can be significantly improved by international conservation projects (see table hereafter).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 73 Table 11: Protection and conservation statuses in numbers

Law/institution Status No. of species

Strictly protected 125 National legislative Protected 26 NT 5 IUCN VU 1 EN 1 SPEC 1 6 BLI SPEC 2 18 SPEC 3 37 Annex I 34 BD Annex II 31 Annex III 11 Annex II 96 Bern Annex III 48 Annex I 4 Bonn Annex II 65

From the 151 recorded species, 41 species are considered of particular importance because they have been designated by BirdLife International as SPEC 1, SPEC 2 or SPEC 3 (Burfield et van Bommel, 2004), or because they are listed in Annex-I of the EU Birds Directive. The Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) has been selected because of its abundance and sensitivity to wind-farms whilst Raven Corvus corax has been chosen as the main nest builder for Saker Falcon.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 74 Results of Saker Falcon monitoring In total, 14 nests have been found on power-lines, 3 of which were occupied by the Raven (Corvus corax) and one by the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix). The remaining nests were mostly old Raven nests from previous seasons, in different state of deterioration. Two nests have been occupied by the Saker Falcon and two other by the Hobby (Falco subbbuteo). The artificial nests, placed for Saker along the power-lines (Puzović, 2008) were not occupied by any of the species (see figure hereafter). The fact that groups of Raven nests have been observed on the neighboring power-line poles means that they are probably traditional nesting sites for this species, and therefore for the Saker as well.

Figure 16: Nest box for Sakers on power line

©Biotope

The monitoring of the nests has shown the dispersion pattern of the species, presented in the map hereafter. According to it, the only two nests that have been discovered are positioned on the power-lines north from the project area, respectively 5.5 and 10km away from it. The main patterns of flight are mostly directed to inhabited places, because the pigeons are big part of the species diet, at the same time, as expected, birds tend to feed with Sousliks during the period in which they raise the young resulting in an increase of visits to these areas. The activity of the species have been recorded only twice within the project area, with all the other findings being positioned north from the site. The dispersion of the species from the recorded nests toward south was not recorded in significant amount (see Appendix X).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 75 Map 2: Saker falcon dispersion model

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 76 Places of bird aggregation and migration corridors

During the 12 month long research on birds, several important locations for birds have been discovered. These places include important migratory corridors and stopover locations for many long distance migrants, such as Cranes, Geese, Swallows etc. Hereunder, those will be presented in details.

Project site Considering that the project area has no distinctive morphological features and natural landscapes, there are no exceptionally attractive areas for birds within it. This should not be taken for granted, because at certain occasions, there are numerous flocks or high number of individuals of some species. During the research, we have discovered the following aggregations of birds in the area: - after the harvest, mostly in July, there are some residual crops on the meadows, attracting some species as Feral Pigeons Columba livia domestica and Collared doves Streptopelia turtur in high numbers. - In July and August, in a two separate occasions small to medium flocks (70 and 120, respectively) of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica have been observed roosting in the corn-fields for the night. - In late July, a very large flock (approximately 2000 individuals) of Common Swifts Apus apus went through the area, taking some time to fly around the wind- speed measure mast (around 20 min). - In August and September, a very high number of Whinchats Saxicola rubetra can be seen, probably feeding here before the autumn migration. - In September, very high numbers of Quails Coturnix coturnix can be observed, sometimes at incredible densities. This can be explained with illegal hunting of the species, where hunters position powerful calling devices, imitating the call of the species, aggregating them to a narrow area large as the radius range of the device, some 4km approximately. All the noticed aggregations of birds and high number of individuals have been observed also in the surrounding agricultural landscape, as well as in some natural landscapes, therefore it can be concluded that the project area does not stand out in this matter compared to the surrounding landscapes. The only exception is Quail, where hunters choose this location because it is remote and therefore easier for their activities to be covered. No distinct migratory corridors have been observed on the project area.

Surrounding area Area around the project site is similar in characteristics to the project site itself, especially looking north and west. Looking toward south, there is a narrow corridor of natural steppe grassland, and after it, there is agricultural landscape, followed by the Special Nature Reserve “Deliblato sands” and a loess valley, some 5.5 km to the south-east. East from the project site there are two loess valleys, the bigger of them being a very valuable natural landscape, important for biodiversity. Further east, the altitude drops and on the right side of the road there are some salty meadows, which are abundant also further north and south, close to the villages

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 77 Alibunar, Seleuš and Ilandža. North-west from the project site, there is a loess valley that is continuing for several kilometers, until village Padina. All this distinctive areas can be observed in the map hereafter. During the research, we have discovered the following important aggregations of birds in the area: - on the salty meadows east and north-east from the project site, big flocks of Storks Ciconia ciconia and especially Cranes Grus grus can be observed during March and April. These salty meadows are part of a regionally important migration corridor, because it is connecting big fishponds to the north with the wide wintering places on Danube, that sometimes hold more than 50000 waterfowl daily (Labudovo okno). The same corridor seems to be important for other species, most interesting of them being the Spotted Eagle, Aquila pomarina. - along the local corridor south from the project site, there is a frequent circulation of Corvids, which are going from the roosting site in Valdimirovac to the feeding grounds on agricultural fields and salty meadows east from the project site. The same corridor is being used by other species on migration, primarily Harriers Circus sp., but to a lesser extent also by other bird species such as geese and other birds of prey. The same corridor has an exceptional importance for the hunting and movement of local breeding ornithofauna, primarily Kestrels Falco tinnunculus, but also some rare Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris and vary rare Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla hungarica. - Close to Vladimirovac, 1.25 km south from the project area, there is a small lake, actually representing a waste disposal site from a local pig farm. This place is an important breeding site for some species, such as Shelduck Tadorna tadorna and a Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus, but also an important stopover place for many waterfowl and waders. - Northernmost part of Deliblato sands, 5.5 km away from the project site, is an important habitat for Souslik Spermophilus citellus and it has a very large surface of 2.5 km2 therefore attracting large number of birds of prey, primarily Buzzards, but also some rare species such as Booted Eagle Aquila pennata. All the described localities bare importance for ornithofauna on the local and regional level, and had to be considered in this study in order to recognize the patterns in which the birds utilize the space. Project site itself should not make a significant barrier to the movement of birds in the future, primarily because of the fact that birds already avoid this area in a great extent.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 78 Map 3: Ecological corridors

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 79 4.1.10. Bats

Methodology for field survey

The bat species have been monitored for one year from July 2011 until June 2012 by the company Biotope d.o.o. The guidelines used for this field survey are the EUROBAT Secretariat’s official guidelines on bat monitoring (Battersby et al., 2010) and on bat and wind farms (Rodrigues et al. 2008) as well as guidelines in focusing on Serbian context (Paunović, Karapandža et Ivanović, 2011). A methodology of transects and census points have been implemented and Sound MeterBat ultrasound recorders have been used.

The field work has been organized around three main periods in order to adapt to the ecological cycle of the bats: spring migration, reproduction, fall migration. ‐ Late August and September have been considered as the best months for getting data on bats fall migration of bats (Hutterer, 2005). ‐ April and May have been considered as the best months for getting data on bats spring migration ‐ June has been considered as the best month for getting data on bat reproduction

In order to assess the level of bat species activity, a methodology developed by Biotope in France has been used. The ultrasounds emitted by the bats when flying are recorded permanently. When a sequence of ultrasounds is recorded, it is considered as only one contact during a whole minute. After this minute, if a new sound is emitted, it will be considered as a second contact. The level of activity is assessed by counting the number of contact per hour or per night. Since 1992, Biotope bat experts have been undertaking many bat field survey in France and in Europe and have saved the level of bat activities species by species in a database. The level of activity found in Alibunar species by species has been compared to the level recorded in the data base on order to distinguish between low, moderate, high and very high activity.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 80 Description of results

List of species

On the studied area, 15 bat species were recorded:

13 bat species from the Vespertilionidae family: ‐ Barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus) ‐ Serotine Bat (Eptesicus serotinus) ‐ Daubenton's Bat (Myotis daubentonii) ‐ Whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus) ‐ Leisser noctule (Nyctalus Leisleri) ‐ Common Noctule (Nyctalus noctula) ‐ Kuhl's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii) ‐ Nathusius's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii) ‐ Commone Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) ‐ Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) ‐ Brown long-eared bat or Common long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) ‐ Grey long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus) ‐ Parti-coloured bat or rearmouse (Vespertilio murinus)

1 bat species from the Miniopteridae family: ‐ Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) Barbastella barbastellus ©Biotope 1 bat species from the Rhinolophidae family:

‐ Greater Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 81 Level of activity recorded on the project site

The intensity of bat activities varies from species to species. Some species have been recorded in very low numbers (e.g. Barbastella barbastellus or Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and other species in very high numbers (e.g. Nyctalus noctula).The overall intensity of activity of bat species on the study area is quite high. The table here after shows the intensity of activity species by species during fall migration in 2011, during spring migration in 2012 and during the reproduction period in 2012 (Biotope, 2012). Table 12: Intensity of bat activity on the project site Fall migration Spring Reproduction Bat species 2011 migration 2012 2012 Barbastella barbastellus low - - Eptesicus serotinus moderate low moderate Miniopterus schreibersii high low low Myotis daubentonii low - very high Myotis mystacinus low - very high Nyctalus leisleri moderate low - Nyctalus noctula very high very high high Pipistrellus kuhlii high high - Pipistrellus pipistrellus low low - Pipistrellus nathusii high high low Pipistrellus pygmaeus low low - Plecotus auritus low low - Plecotus austriacus moderate - low Vespertilio murinus low low low Rhinolophus ferrumequinum low low -

Source: Biotope 2012 The bats have mainly been recorded moving along the local ecological corridor described in the Baseline chapter on birds. In the parks of Alibunar and Vladimirovac, 5 roosts of Nyctalus noctula were found in September 2011.

Species of ecological concern

A species is of ecological concern when its protection is described by the national and international legal documents as mandatory and of high importance and this concern increase if the trend of the population is negative.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 82 Legal protection: The bat species identified on the site are protected under different legal documents: - They are strictly protected species according to the Rulebook on the announcement and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi (Official Gazette of RS”, broj 5/10 i 47/11) - They are protected under the Habitat directive (92/43/CEE) of the European Union and as a candidate country Serbia may start implementing the directive. 3 species (Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Barbastella barbastellus) are in Annex II which means that their conservation may require the designation of a Special Areas of Conservation. The 12 other species are strictly protected under Annex IV. - They are strictly protected under the Bern Convention “on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats” (Annex II) of the Council of Europe, except for Pipistrellus pipistrellus which is considered as protected (Annex III). - They are protected under the Bonn Convention “on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals” (Appendix II) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). That means that these species “need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation.” Both the Bern and the Bonn Conventions have been transposed into Serbian Law (Official Gazette of RS: 102/07) and entered into force in Serbia in 2008.

Vrste Rulebook on Bern Bonn Habitat Directive Strictly Protected Convention Convention (92/43/CEE), Species (Of.g. RS: annex: annex: annex: 5/2010) Barbastella barbastellus x II II II, IV Eptesicus serotinus x II II IV Myotis daubentonii x II II IV Myotis mystacinus x II II IV Nyctalus Leisleri x II II IV Nyctalus noctula x II II IV Pipistrellus kuhlii x II II IV Pipistrellus nathusii x II II IV Pipistrellus pipistrellus x III II IV Pipistrellus pygmaeus x II II IV Plecotus auritus x II II IV Plecotus austriacus x II II IV Vespertilio murinus x II II IV Miniopterus Schreibersii x II II II/IV Rhinolophus ferrumequinum x II II II/IV

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 83 Population trends

Population trends of the bat species recorded on the project site are given in the table hereafter. - The international trends and status are given by the International Union for Nature Conservation (IUCN). - The Serbian trends and status were made according to the IUCN recommendations and are given in Karapandža et Paunović (2009).

Table 13: Assessment of ecological concern for bat species

Species Status3 Population Status Population Breeding trend trend 2009 recorded? Barbastella barbastellus NT stable/declining VU stable yes Eptesicus serotinus LC unknown LC stable yes Myotis daubentonii LC increasing LC increasing Doubtful Myotis mystacinus LC unknown LC stable yes Nyctalus Leisleri LC unknown LC stable Ne Nyctalus noctula LC unknown LC stable Doubtful Pipistrellus kuhlii LC unknown LC increasing yes Pipistrellus nathusii LC unknown LC stable Ne Pipistrellus pipistrellus LC stable LC stable/declining yes Pipistrellus pygmaeus LC unknown DD stable Doubtful Plecotus auritus LC stable NT stable/declining yes Plecotus austriacus LC unknown LC stable yes Vespertilio murinus LC stable LC increasing Ne Miniopterus Schreibersii NT declining LC stable yes Rhinolophus ferrumequinum LC declining LC stable yes

According to the table above, Barbastella barbastellus is considered globally as nearly threatened and in Serbia as vulnerable, and Plecotus auritus is considered as nearly threatened in Serbia while globally, it is considered as least concern.

All the bat species recorded on the Alibunar project site are considered of ecological concern, especially Barbastella barbastellus and Plecotus auritus.

3 LC: Least concern, NT: Nearly threatened (not threatened but to be soon) DD: Data Deficient, VU: Vulnerable

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 84 4.1.11. Non flying fauna

This chapter presents the non-flying species observed in the close and medium area of the wind farm project from July 2011 to June 2012 by the company Biotope d.o.o. Beograd. Given that the ESIA study is about a wind-farm project, the species at risk are mainly flying fauna and for this reason, flying fauna has been studied in greater detailed that non-flying fauna. Because of the importance for biodiversity of the semi-natural and natural habitats of the valleys recorded around the project, names have been given to them and have been showed in the picture under: ‐ “valley A”- in red ‐ “valley B”- in orange; ‐ “valley C”- in yellow The green color shows the natural and semi natural habitats between the pond and the valley that is called ecological corridor and is described in greater details in the chapter on birds.

Figure 17: Overview of habits of species

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 85 Presentation of recorded species

Due to their higher resilience to wind farm project, non-flying fauna has been observed in lesser details in the study area during the one-year birds and bats monitoring study. A list of strictly protected (SP) and protected species (P) according to the Serbian Law is presented in the table here after for the reptiles, insects, amphibians and non-flying mammals. When species have been observed within the project area (where the turbines are going to be built) and not only in the larger study area, it is stated.

Table 14: Recorded non flying species

Group Protection Species names Observed in status the project area Mammals SP Souslik (Spermophilus citellus) P Common mole (Talpa x europaea) P4 Golden jackal (Canis aureus) x P Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) x P Badger (Meles meles) x P Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) x P Wild boar (Sus scrofa) x P Brown hare (Lepus europaeus) x Insects SP Acrida ungarica x SP Saga pedo Amphibians SP Green toad (Pseudepidalea x viridis) Reptiles SP Dolichophis caspius

Source: Biotope 2012

Golden jackal (Canis aureus) Ecology of the species: Golden Jackal is one of the most common species of Canidae, which occurs in southeastern Europe, North and East Africa and in a large part Asia. In the recent decades the population is going through a rapid increase toward north, now having the core population in Europe, concentrated in the Balkans. It has just recently spreaded north from Danube. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Stoyanov, 2012) Location on the study area: It has been heard several times, footprints have been found inside the project area at the southern and the western limit and it has been observed in July 2011 and in May 2012.

4 Can be hunt under certain conditions

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 86 Souslik (Spermophilus citellus) Ecology of the species: The European souslik is endemic to central and south-eastern Europe, where it occurs at altitudes of 0-2,500 m. In optimal habitat, densities of 18-48 individuals per hectare have been recorded, although lower figures of 5-14 individuals per hectare are also reported. The European souslik avoids cultivated land and is restricted to short-grass steppe and similar artificial habitats (pastures, lawns, sports fields, golf courses) on light, well-drained soils, where it can excavate its burrows. The main threats to this species are the conversion of steppe-grassland and pasture to cultivated fields or forestry, and the abandonment of pasture and its subsequent reversion to tall-grass meadows or scrubby habitats which are not suitable for the souslik (Kryštufek 1999 in Coroiu et al. 2008). Although there are still some large and apparently stable subpopulations, there have been many reports of declines, especially in the north-western part of its range; it is also declining in the southern part of the range. This species is considered by IUCN International: as vulnerable with decreasing population trend. (Coroiu et al. 2008)

Figure 18: Souslik (Spermophilus citellus)

©Biotope

Importance of the species for the study: This species has been studied in great detail during a field survey from April to June 2012 because of its importance for the Saker falcon (Bagyura et al, 1994), as its primary prey during breeding season. The goal of the study was to map the colonies of sousliks in the vicinity of the project and to understand how and in which proportion Saker falcon depend on them (see Map on “Saker falcon feeding dispersal model”). For the study area, all potential habitats free from ground water have been considered and visited, in the radius of 15km from the project site. The

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 87 abundance of Souslik holes and animals themselves on these habitats was the primary factor for population estimation. Location on the study area: In the study area, the sousliks have not been recorded inside the project area. It has been recorded in valleys A and B, in valley C in high density, in the meadows around Vladimirovac, in the meadows around Novi Kozjak in very high density and in very small density on the right side of the road going from Alibunar to Seleuš.

Common mole (Talpa europaea) Ecology of the species: It is generally widespread on the European continent, although absent from southern Iberia, southern Italy, the southern Balkans. It is present in most habitats where there is sufficiently deep soil to permit the construction of its extensive burrows. It prefers meadows, pastures, arable land. This species is widespread and abundant, with no serious threats at present. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern. (Amori et al, 2008) Location on the study area: It has been recorded inside and outside of the project area in small numbers on agricultural area. On semi-natural habitats it has been observed in higher density.

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Ecology of the species: The roe deer has a large range in the Palearctic. It is found through most of Europe, including western Russia. Outside Europe, it occurs in Turkey, northern Syria, northern Iraq, northern Iran, and the Caucasus. It occupies a wide variety of habitats, including deciduous, mixed or coniferous forests, moorland, pastures, arable land, and suburban areas with large gardens. It prefers landscapes with a mosaic of woodland and farmland. Roe deer are well adapted to modern agricultural landscapes. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Lovari et al. 2008) Location on the study area: It is present unregularly in small numbers on the project area and in higher densities in the valleys A, B and C.

Badger (Meles meles) Ecology of the species: It has a large areal in the Western Palearctic, being abundant throughout its range. Population in Europe is increasing in the last decades, mostly as a consequence of the reduction of rabies and hunting pressure. It prefers deciduous woods with clearings, or open pastureland with small patches of woodland. It is also found in mixed and coniferous woodland, scrub, suburban areas and urban parks. It is very well adapted to agricultural landscapes, for as long as there are patches of natural habitats. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Kranz et al. 2008) Location on the study area: It is present in high numbers on the project location and in adjacent areas. In total 7 dens have been found.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 88 Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Ecology of the species: Distributed across the entire northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa, Central America, and the Asiatic steppes, the Red Fox has the widest geographical range of any member of the order Carnivora (covering nearly 70 million km²). Red Foxes have been recorded in habitats as diverse as tundra, desert and forest, as well as in city centers (including London, Paris, Stockholm, etc.). Natural habitat is dry, mixed landscape, with abundant "edge" of scrub and woodland. In many habitats, foxes appear to be closely associated with man, even thriving in intensive agricultural areas. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Macdonald et Reynolds, 2008) Location on the study area: It has been observed in medium density inside the project area and in high density inside the ecological corridor and the loess valleys.

Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Ecology of the species: The Eurasian wild boar has one of the widest geographic distributions of all terrestrial mammals, and this range has been greatly expanded by humans. The species now occurs in pure wild or barely modified feral form on all continents excepting Antarctica. The Eurasian wild pig occupies a wide variety of temperate and tropical habitats, from semi- desert to tropical rain forests, temperate woodlands, grasslands and reed jungles; often venturing onto agricultural land to forage. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Olivier et Leus, 2008) Location on the study area: It has been observed in low density inside and around the project area, predominantly in the valleys.

Hare (Lepus europaus) Ecology of the species: The current Eurasian distribution of Lepus europaeus extends from the northern provinces of Spain, to introduced populations in the United Kingdom and southern regions of Scandinavia, south to northern portions of the Middle East, and has naturally expanded east to sections of Siberia. It is a highly adaptable species that can persist in any number of habitat types. When available, weeds and wild grasses are selected for food; however, intensified agro-practices have reduced this food source resulting in the selection of crop species. It is currently listed as Least Concern. (Smith et Johnston, 2008) Location on the study area: It has been observed in low density inside and around the project area

Large Whip Snake (Dolichophis caspius) Ecology of the species: Distributed Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia. It inhabits mainly Mediterranean maquis and steppe. It is avoiding swamps, dense forests and areas with high humidity throughout the year. It hibernates between December and March in the hollows in the rock, stone walls or rodent holes. Mating takes place between March and May. It is currently assessed as Data Deficient by IUCN. (Janev Hutinec et Lupret-Obradović, 2005) Location on the study area: It has been recorded in small numbers in the valleys A and B

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 89 Pannonian Locust (Acrida ungarica ungarica) Ecology of the species: Mediterranean species, which extends into eastern and central Europe. It is namely distributed in Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Serbia and Romania and prefers natural steppe and forest steppe habitats. The subspecies (Acrida ungarica ungarica) is endemic from the Pannonian basin. The adults can be found from July to October. They are xerothermic phytophagous species feeding on various grasses, such as Sesleria and Festuca. Data Deficient by IUCN. (Trnka, 2008) Location on the study area: It has been recorded in small numbers in the project area and in higher density in the valleys A and B.

Predatory Bush Cricket (Saga pedo) Ecology of the species: Saga pedo has a highly scattered distribution across southern European countries. This "Matriarchal katydid" is one of the largest insects in Europe (12 cm in length). It is a carnivore and parthenogenetic grasshopper that prefers natural habitats of dry grassland or forest steppe. It is currently assessed as Vulnerable. (OSG, 1996) Location on the study area: One individual of the species has been observed in valley B in July 2012.

Figure 19: Insects of ecological concern on the study area

Acrida ungarica ©Biotope Saga pedo ©Biotope

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 90 Green toad (Pseudepidalea viridis) Ecology of the species: It is distributed through much of Europe (excluding much of Fenno- Skandia, the British Isles, almost the whole of Italy, the Iberian Peninsula and almost all of Europe west of the Rhine River) eastwards to Kazakhstan. This species lives in a wide range of forests, forest steppe, scrubland, grassland and alpine habitats. Animals may be present in modified areas including urban centers, city parks and gardens - and often benefits from disturbed habitats. It is currently assessed as Least Concern (Agasyan et al, 2009). Location on the study area: One individual of the species has been observed within the project area in April 2012 and one in the valley B in May 2012.

Assessment of ecological concern

As described above, most of the protected and strictly protected species that were observed in the study area are not of ecological concern. They are widespread species with positive population trend.

The 4 species considered of ecological concern are: ‐ Spermophilus citellus because it is considered by IUCN as a vulnerable species with a decreasing population trend; ‐ Acrida ungarica ungarica because it is an endemic species from the Pannonian basin and there is no information on its population trend. ‐ Saga pedo is a very rare insect considered by IUCN as a vulnerable species and there is no information on its population trend. ‐ Dolichophis caspius is a rare species of snake for Vojvodina and there is no information on its population trend or its status.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 91 4.1.12. Flora species and habitats

This chapter presents the flora species and the natural habitats observed in the close and medium area of the wind farm project from April to July 2012 by the company Biotope d.o.o.

Presentation of recorded plant species

The plant strictly protected and protected plant species presented in the table hereafter have been observed in valleys A and B.

Table 15: Recorded flora species

Protection status Species names

SP Adonis vernalis L., fam. Ranunculaceae SP Iris spuria L. subsp. spuria, fam Iridaceae SP Agrimonia eupatoria Ledeb. subsp. eupatoria, fam. Rosaceae P Allium paniculatum L. subsp. paniculatum, fam Liliaceae P Anthyllis vulneraria L. P Astragalus asper Jacq. P Galium verum L. subsp. verum

Source: Biotope 2012

Figure 20: Flora species from valley A and B

Anthyllis vulneraria ©Biotope

Adonis vernalis ©Biotope ©Biotope

- Adonis vernalis is considered as an endangered Pannonian plant species because of steppe habitat loss and proliferation of invasive plant species occurring in Serbia. However, it is not as endangered as other steppe species because it is poisonous to sheep and is not threatened by over grazing.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 92 - Iris spuria is as very endangered plant species. It is very rare in Vojvodina where it has been recorded in only 15 localities, most of all around Deliblato Sand, Sand and in Fruška . It is present on mesophillus grasslands in the steppe zone. It is threatened by the destruction of humid meadows through draining and plowing for agricultural purposes and invasive species. - Agrimonia eupatoria is a common species that is not considered as endangered. It is collected for medicinal purposes under conditions described by Serbian law. - Allium paniculatum is an extremely rare the steppe species that is present in only 5 localities in Vojvodina. It is a relict plant species that is considered as an indicator for high quality steppe on sand habitats. It is endangered. - Anthyllis vulneraria is a common the steppe species that is an indicator species for good steppe on sand. - Astragalus asper is an endangered plant species, very rare in the Pannonian region that is on the southern border of its range. It can be found in the northern part of Bačka on Subotica Sand. - Galium verum is a common species that is not endangered, under control of collecting, medicinal plant

Assessment of ecological concern for flora species

The plant species observed in valley A and B that are of ecological concern are: - Adonis vernalis because it is “moderately” endangered - Iris spuria because it is very endangered - Allium paniculatum because it is endangered - Astragalus asper because it is endangered

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 93 Presentation of recorded habitats

In Serbia, the natural habitats are not protected but some of them are in the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). The natural habitats that were observed in the study area were identified based on the EUNIS (European Nature Information System) classification and are presented in the table hereafter.

Table 16: Habitats identified on the study area

EUNIS code EUNIS name In the project area I1.12 Medium scale intensive unmixed crops: 1-25ha x I1.13 Small scale intensive unmixed crops: <1ha x E1.2 Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppe

Most of the project area is covered by crops intensively cultivated, which is classified as “I1.12” (Medium scale intensive unmixed crops: 1-25ha) and “I1.13” (Small scale intensive unmixed crops: <1ha). The dominant crops covering the soil are the sunflower (Helianthus annuus), the corn (Zea mays) as well as wheat (Triticum spp.) on smaller surfaces and other types of cereal. On such types of habitats the level of biodiversity increases when the intensity of the agriculture is low and when there are patches of uncultivated lands within the crops, which is not the case on the project area. Some remnants of the steppe habitats can be found along the access roads to the fields on small surfaces.

Figure 21: Remnants of the steppe habitats by the agricultural road

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 94 ©Biotope

The valleys A and B contrast with the monotony of the project area. There can be found a beautiful habitat that is classified by EUNIS as “E1.2” (Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppe). This habitat is very attractive for biodiversity and is threatened in Vojvodina.

Figure 22: Habitat E1.2 in valley B

©Biotope

©Biotope ©Biotope

Assessment of ecological concern for habitats

Assessment of ecological concern for natural habitats The habitat E1.2: (Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppe) is an endangered habitat that is considered of ecological concern

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 95 Map 4: Map of natural and semi-natural habitats

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 96 4.2. Baseline Socio-economic Conditions

As said in Chapter 3, the project site is located on the territory of the “Municipality Alibunar” that comprises 10 settlements: Alibunar, Banatski Karlovac, Vladimirovac, Dobrica, Ilandža, Janošik, Lokve, Nikolinci, Novi Kozjak and Seleuš. This chapter gives socio-economic data about these settlements.

4.2.1. Demographics

Population density According to (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2006), (map2, p 27), the municipality of Alibunar belongs to the area with an average population density of less than 50 inhabitants per km2.

Number of inhabitants The table hereafter shows the population dynamics in the Alibunar Municipality from 1948 to 2011. This table has been made based on (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2006) and updated with information from (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a).

Table 17: Number of inhabitants in the Municipality of Alibunar

Population number Settlements Old census methodology (until 2002) New census methodology 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2011 District of 279,092 292,125 320,187 331,285 340,189 315,633 313,937 293,730 South Banat Alibunar 32,552 31,770 32,932 31,833 29,383 24,930 22,954 20,151 Municipality Alibunar 3,616 3,811 3,705 3,951 3,803 3,630 3,431 3,007 Banatski 5,834 5,186 6,025 6,273 6,319 5,926 5,820 5,082 Karlovac Vladimirovac 5,261 5,294 5,519 5,335 5,106 4,292 4,111 3,868 Dobrica 2,666 2,632 2,617 2,376 2,006 1,575 1,344 1,076 Ilandža 3,132 2,896 2,926 2,805 2,426 1,919 1,727 1,422 Janošik 1,280 1,281 1,467 1,488 1,372 1,211 1,171 966 Lokve 4,184 4,246 4,243 3,826 3,511 2,450 2,002 1,772 Nikolinci 2,862 2,820 2,716 2,377 1,905 1,540 1,240 1,131 Novi Kozjak 1,441 1,415 1,428 1,281 1,170 990 768 636 Seleuš 2,276 2,189 2,286 2,121 1,765 1,397 1,340 1,191 Average per village 3,255 3,177 3,293 3,183 2,938 2,493 2,295 2,015

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 97 According to the census in 2002 the Municipality of Alibunar has 22,954 inhabitants and the average population size is 2,295 people per village.

Population loss

The table hereafter on population loss has been extrapolated from the table above.

Table 18: Population loss in the municipality of Alibunar Population numbers Old census Population loss (%) New census methodology Settlements methodology 1981- 1991- 2002- 1981 1991 1991 2002 2011 1991 2002 2011 District of 340,189 328,428 315,633 313,937 293,730 -3,46 -0,54 -6,44 South Banat Alibunar 29,383 26,535 24,930 22,954 20,151 -9,69 -7,93 -12,21 Municipality Alibunar 3,803 3,738 3,630 3,431 3,007 -1,71 -5,48 -12,36 Banatski 6,319 6,286 5,926 5,820 5,082 -0,52 -1,79 -12,68 Karlovac Vladimirovac 5,106 4,539 4,292 4,111 3,868 -11,10 -4,22 -5,91 Dobrica 2,006 1,621 1,575 1,344 1,076 -19,19 -14,67 -19,94 Ilandža 2,426 2,023 1,919 1,727 1,422 -16,61 -10,01 -17,66 Janošik 1,372 1,225 1,211 1,171 966 -10,71 -3,30 -17,51 Lokve 3,511 2,973 2,450 2,002 1,772 -15,32 -18,29 -11,49 Nikolinci 1,905 1,634 1,540 1,240 1,131 -14,23 -19,48 -8,79 Novi Kozjak 1,170 997 990 768 636 -14,79 -22,42 -17,19 Seleuš 1,765 1,499 1,397 1,340 1,191 -15,07 -4,08 -11,12 Source : data extrapolated from Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2006 and 2012a As shown on the table above, the censuses of 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011 have shown a constant decrease of the population in every of the 10 villages of the municipality. This is the case in all South Banat but the trend in the Municipality of Alibunar is particularly fast. Between 1981 and 1991, the Alibunar Municipality lost 10% of its population the village of Dobrica lost 20% and the villages of Ilandža, Lokve, Novi Kozjak and Seleuš lost around 16% of their population. Between 1991 and 2002, the Alibunar Municipality lost 8% of its population, the village of Novi Kozjak 22%, the villages of Lokve and Nikolinci lost around 19% and the village of Dobrica lost around 15% of its population. Between 2002 and 2011, the Alibunar Municipality lost 12% of its population, Dobrica lost around 20%, Novi Kozjak lost around 18% and the villages of Ilandža and Janošik lost around 18% of their population.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 98 From 1981 to 2011, the villages that lost the higher percentage of population are Dobrica, Lokve, Novi Kozjak and the villages that lost the lower percentage of population are Alibunar and Vladimirovac. This population loss can be explained by rural exodus (younger generations leave their village to go work in the cities that are more dynamic economic centers) and also by a very negative natural growth.

Natural growth of the population

The table here after show data about natural growth in South Banat and in the municipality of Alibunar for the year 2011 (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012c)

Table 19: Natural growth of the population

Year 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 South Banat Population 331,285.0 340,189.0 328,428.0 332,317.0 295,731.0 Region Live births 4,563.0 4 ,645.00 3,660.0 3,158.0 2,555.0 Deaths 3 585,0 3,888.00 4,310.0 4,681.0 4,504.0 Natural 978,0 757.0 -650.0 -1,523.0 -1,949.0 increase Natural 0.30 0.22 -0.20 -0.46 -0.66 increase (%) Alibunar Population 31,833.0 29,383.0 26,535.0 25,603.0 20,376.0 Municipality Live births 381.0 313.0 280.0 207.0 137.0 Deaths 397.0 372.0 399.0 413.0 373.0 Natural -16.0 -59.0 -119.00 -206.0 -236.0 increase Natural -0.05 -0.20 -0.45 -0.80 -1,16 increase (%)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 99 Age and sex of the population

Life expectancy for men is 69,9 years in the South Banat Region and 67,3 years in the Municipality of Alibunar while for women it is 75,8 years in the South Banat Region and 67,3 years in the Municipality of Alibunar, as shown in the table hereafter,

Table 20: Life expectancy Life expectancy Settlements Men Women South Banat Region 69,9 75,8 Municipality of Alibunar 67,3 74,6 Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia,2012c

The table hereafter shows the sex and the age of the population in the different settlements of Alibunar. This table has been made based on official data (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2006).

Table 21: Sex repartition and age of the population

Numbers Adults (above Average Working age Settlement Sex Numbers (%) 18, %) age (15-65, in %) T 20,151 100,0 82,29 43,5 66,08 Municipality of M 9,951 49,4 81,61 41,9 69,15 Alibunar F 10,200 50,6 82,96 45 63,08 T 3,007 100,0 83,7 42,9 69,97 Alibunar M 1,446 48,1 83,46 41,8 71,9 F 1,561 51,9 83,98 43,9 68,23 T 5,082 100,0 84,53 44,2 68,61 Banatski M 2,461 48,4 84,27 42,8 72,25 Karlovac F 2,621 51,6 84,78 45,5 65,2 T 3,868 100,0 79,03 41,7 65,23 Vladimirovac M 1,946 50,3 79,19 40,5 68,45 F 1,922 49,7 78,88 43 61,97 T 1,076 100,0 81,88 44,5 61,62 Dobrica M 571 53,1 80,91 42,5 65,5 F 505 46,9 82,97 46,7 57,23 T 1,422 100,0 83,47 45,5 63,15 Ilandža M 713 50,1 82,19 43,4 67,04 F 709 49,9 84,77 47,7 59,24 T 966 100,0 83,44 44,3 67,08 Janošik M 476 49,3 82,35 42,7 69,96 F 490 50,7 84,49 45,8 64,29 Lokve T 1,772 100,0 82,11 44,4 62,19

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 100 Numbers Adults (above Average Working age Settlement Sex Numbers (%) 18, %) age (15-65, in %) M 881 49,7 80,93 43 65,15 F 891 50,3 83,28 45,9 59,26 T 1,131 100,0 78,96 41,5 63,31 Nikolinci M 548 48,5 76,09 39,2 64,96 F 583 51,5 81,65 43,7 61,75 T 636 100,0 83,18 45,3 63,52 Novi Kozjak M 313 49,2 84,03 44,1 67,41 F 323 50,8 82,35 46,5 59,75 T 1,191 100,0 80,77 42,9 64,65 Seleuš M 596 50,0 78,36 40,3 68,12 F 595 50,0 83,19 45,4 61,18 Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a As shown in the table above, according to the last census in 2011, the repartition in numbers between men and women in the municipality of Alibunar is balanced with 0, 49% of men and 0.51% of women. The average age is 43.5 years: 41.9 years for males and 45 years for females. 66% of the population of the municipality of Alibunar is within the working age.

Ethnic composition of the population

In this area important people migrations have been taking place from the 18th and 19 century with people coming from the northwest and the north (Germans, and ), from the northeast and the east (, Bulgarians) and from the south (, Greeks, Roma). These migrations gave a very diverse ethnic structure to the population. The table hereafter shows the sex and the age of the population in the different settlements of Alibunar according to the last census in 2011. This table has been made based on official data (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a).

Table 22: Ethnic composition of the population Population in the Municipality of Alibunar Ethnic identity Total Total (%) Men Men (%) Female Female (%) Total 20,151 100,00 9,951 100,00 10,200 100,00 Serbs 12,234 60,71 6,077 61,07 6,157 60,36 Albanians 7 0,03 6 0,06 1 0,01 Bosnians 5 0,02 4 0,04 1 0,01 Bulgarians 12 0,06 4 0,04 8 0,08 Bunjevci 2 0,01 - - 2 0,02 Vlachs 13 0,06 10 0,10 3 0,03 Goranci 1 0,00 1 0,01 - - 47 0,23 24 0,24 23 0,23 Hungarians 227 1,13 99 0,99 128 1,25

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 101 Population in the Municipality of Alibunar Ethnic identity Total Total (%) Men Men (%) Female Female (%) Macedonians 115 0,57 44 0,44 71 0,70 17 0,08 8 0,08 9 0,09 Germans 17 0,08 5 0,05 12 0,12 Roma People 833 4,13 425 4,27 408 4,00 Romanians 4,870 24,17 2,408 24,20 2,462 24,14 Russians 10 0,05 7 0,07 3 0,03 Ruthenians ------Slovaks 965 4,79 455 4,57 510 5,00 Slovenians 11 0,05 4 0,04 7 0,07 Ukrainians 3 0,01 - - 3 0,03 43 0,21 17 0,17 26 0,25 37 0,18 20 0,20 17 0,17 Other 23 0,11 12 0,12 11 0,11 Did not declare 344 1,71 162 1,63 182 1,78 Regional 64 0,32 39 0,39 25 0,25 affiliation Unknown 251 1,25 120 1,21 131 1,28 Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a

As shown in the table above, the ethnic identity in the Municipality of Alibunar is very diverse. Majority of the inhabitants, 61% declare being Serbian, 24% declare being Romanian, 5% declare being Slovak, 4% declare being Roma and 1% declare being Hungarian.

Religious structure of the population

Multi-ethnicity is one of the main characteristic of Vojvodina, and it is also true for the Alibunar municipality. The main religion is Orthodox with 82%, followed by Protestant and Catholic 1.75%. The other groups are marginally present, mostly Atheist and Islam, both under 2‰. More than 12% did not declare any religious belief (Statistical Office of RS, 2003)

Immigrants

Despite of the negative population trend, some immigrants came to South Banat and to the Municipality of Alibunar in 2011 (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b), as shown in the tables hereafter. Approximately half of them are working and half of them are dependent on social welfare.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 102 Table 23: Immigrants in 2011

Municipality Population of South Banat South Banat Municipality of Alibunar immigrants in 2011 Region Region (%) of Alibunar (%) Total Population 3,010 100,00 220 100 Persons with 95 3,16 4 1,82 personal income Persons dependents 1377 45,75 102 46,36 on social welfare Active population 1472 48,90 106 48,18 Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b

Most of the workers immigrating to South Banat and Alibunar are not qualified workers as shown in the table here after

Table 24: Occupation of working immigrants in 2011

South Municipality Occupations of immigrants who South Banat Municipality Banat of Alibunar came in 2011 Region (%) of Alibunar Region (%) Total active population of 1472 100,00 106 100 immigrants Farmers and related workers 58 3,94 3 2,83 Workers in mining, manufacturing 22 1,49 1 0,94 and related workers Workers in trade 70 4,76 2 1,89 Workers in service activities 64 4,35 8 7,55 Employees in social protection 19 1,29 2 1,89 Administrative and related 41 2,79 4 3,77 workers Managers 172 11,68 16 15,09 Experts and artists - - - - Other occupations 366 24,86 25 23,58 Workers without occupations 726 49,32 53 50,00 Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 103 Refugees

Between 1991 and 1995 because of the war in Bosnia and in Croatia, and in 1999 because of the war in Kosovo, mainly people were forced to leave their country and came to South Banat as refugees. Based on the population census of 2002, there are 16,850 refugees in the South Banat Region and 1,020 refugees in the Municipality of Alibunar (Lađević et Stanković, 2004).

Table 25: Refugees

Settlements South Banat Municipality Region of Alibunar Total (according to the 2002 census) 16,850.00 1,020.00 Refugees of 3,897.00 183.00 Serbian nationality Croatia 11,050.00 747.00 Other ethnic identity from ex- 402.00 26.00 and unknown Total 15,349.00 959.00 Refugees of other Bosnia and Herzegovina 475.00 22.00 nationalities Croatia 749.00 36.00 Other ethnic identity from ex- 277.00 6.00 Yugoslavia and unknown Total 1,501.00 64.00

Source : Lađević et Stanković, 2004

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 104 4.2.2. Infrastructure

The following paragraph describes the existing infrastructure in the municipality of Alibunar. Most of the information has been taken from the development strategy of the Alibunar Municipality for 2010-2014 (Official Gazette of the Municipality of Alibunar (OGMA) No. 15/09).

4.2.2.1. Transport infrastructure

The area of Alibunar is covered by a moderately developed transport network of roads and rail and by the canal system Danube-Tisa-Danube. The international road E-70 that connects Belgrade to Pančevo, to Vršac and to Timisoara goes through Alibunar enabling a good connection to the regional and international centers. This road, renovated in 2007, is in good condition and encourages a moderately developed domestic and foreign tourism that is mainly targeting the Deliblato Sands nature reserve. The municipality is intersected by two smaller roads: one connects Alibunar to Plandište and then to Zrenjanin or Vršac and the other one connects Alibunar to Ilandža and then to Zrenjanin.

The table here after shows the traffic pressure on the road section Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to Alibunar from 2007 to 2011 according to the information available on the official website of the public company “Putevi srbije” in charge of road management in Serbia.

Table 26: Traffic pressure on the road section Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to Alibunar

Average Annual Daily Traffic on the road "Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to

Alibunar" (31,8 km long) Five years Vehicles types 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 daily average Car 4,988 4,861 4,918 5,099 3,852 4,744 Bus 90 162 164 170 83 134 Light truck 120 466 471 488 75 324 Middle size truck 220 243 246 255 103 213 Heavy truck 230 37 38 38 54 79 Semi-trailer 310 327 331 343 300 322 Truck Total 5,958 6,097 6,168 6,393 4,467 5,817 Source: public company “Putevi srbije”, 2012

As shown in the table, between 2007 and 2011, the traffic pressure decreased for all types of vehicles but especially for trucks. In 2007, there was a daily traffic of 230 heavy trucks, 220 middle size trucks and 120 light trucks, whereas in 2011 there was a daily traffic of only 54 heavy trucks, 103 middle size truck and 75 light trucks. This can be explained in a decrease of economic activity.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 105

The international railroad (Belgrade- -Vršac-Timisoara) is old, slow and mainly used for freight transit. Once a day, there is a train open to passengers but people travel more by autobus when using public transportation because it is a lot modern and faster. About ten years ago there were railway lines operating from Alibunar to Zrenjanin and intramunicipal rail from Seleuš to Janošik but there routes are not anymore functioning. In the last few years only one train a day can transport passenger between Belgrade and Bucharest.

The only way for water transport in the municipality Alibunar is the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal, which runs through the northern part of the municipality and is a potential link with the area of central Banat and Vršac and with the Romanian border in the east. The channel is suitable for operation with small river boats, but is navigable only in a few places in the municipality. For these reasons, water transport is currently completely absent in the municipality.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 106 Map 5: Map of transportation infrastructure

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 107

4.2.2.2. Telecommunication infrastructure

On the territory of Alibunar there are 11 post offices: one in every town and one in Devojački Bunar, a very small settlement on the territory of Seleuš. The network of fixed telephone lines completely covers the area of the municipality, and thereby the number of telephone lines per 100 inhabitants in the community is greater than the corresponding value for the . However, there is still no digital telephone exchange in six villages. The entire territory of Alibunar has the coverage of all three mobile operators. There are some problems with the Internet network, because outdated systems that do not meet the needs properly are still in use. (OGMA, No. 15/09)

Water supply

There are about 7,000 water connections on the territory of Alibunar and the entire area is covered with the water supply network. Water quality is satisfactory according to the Serbian regulation. However, there are some problems with supplying the required amount of water in periods of increased water spending. The main reasons for this are that the wells are of insufficient capacity and that the pumps and other equipment are outdated. This causes frequent interruptions when the pumps have to work at maximum capacity and can lead to a complete interruption of water supplies in summer. Much of the water network (85%) consists of 30 to 40-year-old cement asbestos pipes which are not sold anymore for those purposes. At least 50% of the total length of water mains is in poor condition (OGMA, No. 15/09).

Sewage infrastructure

The sewage network is rather underdeveloped. Only Banatski Karlovac, Janošik and Alibunar have bought sewer systems. Thus, the percentage coverage of the municipality sewage system does not meet contemporary needs. (OGMA, No. 15/09)

Gas network

The municipality has built a gas networks in 10 out of 11 settlements. There are about 6,000 connections and the network is being managed by the distributor, "NIS-GAS". The network has sufficient capacity. (OGMA, No. 15/09)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 108 Electricity production and distribution

1. Electricity production and distribution in Serbia

Sources of electricity in Serbia Electricity production in Serbia is mainly from 3 sources - Thermal Power Plants (TPPs) - Hydro Power Plants (HPPs) - Combined Heat and Power Plants that produce both electricity and heat (hot water used to warm up buildings) The table hereafter shows the latest figures for electricity production and generation capacity in Serbia (EPS, 2012).

Table 27: Electricity production and generation capacity in Serbia in 2012 Electricity production Generation (GWh) capacity (MW) Thermal Power Plants 26,462 3,936 Hydro Power Plants 9,180 2,835 Combined Heat and Power Plants 408 353 Total 36,050 7,124 Source: EPS, 2012

A small percentage of electricity is obtained from private power plants through procurements but most the electricity is produced by state-owned companies.

Figure 23: Figure: Electricity production sources in Serbia

Source: EPS, 2012

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 109 State of electricity production infrastructure in Serbia The electric power transmission system of Serbia consists of a high voltage system amounting to 400 kV, 220 kV, and 110 kV as well as other power plants, telecommunication system, information system and other facilities necessary for the power system’s operation. The total length of the transmission lines (excluding Kosovo) is 8.864 km. The electricity infrastructure of Serbia has been intensely bombed by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) during the war in 1999. Since then, it has been continuously rebuilt and improved. In 2010, the national electricity company (EPS, 2010) states that in the last 5-6 years the efficiency of the transmission network has significantly improved. Transmission system losses have decreased from values around 4% in 1998-99 to 2.8% in 2007, as the amount of delivered energy continuously increases. EMS has six regional transmission units, namely Belgrade, Bor, , Kruševac, Novi Sad and Oblic

Share of renewable energy production in the current electricity production According to the Serbian Energy Balance, the only renewable energy source (RES) utilized for electricity generation is hydropower (EPS, 2009). Non-commercial use of biomass and geothermal energy for private purposes also occurs at very small scale (Slunge et al, 2008).

State ambition for wind power In 2009, the Ministry of Energy and Mining estimated that the wind energy share in the total electricity potential of the RES in Serbia was about 0.19 million toe annually (around 5% of the whole potential). This assessment was made based on data of the existent hydro-meteorological stations, which measured the wind at 10m altitude and 100m altitude (Josimović et Pucar, 2010).

Table 28: Potential of energy production of different RES Type of RES Technical Potential (Mtoe) Biomass 2,40 Small Hydro Plants (up to 10MW) 0,40 Solar 0,64 Geothermal 0,20 Wind 0,19 Total 3,83 Source: Ministry of Energy and Mining. Renewable Energy in Serbia, 2009

The real potential of wind energy in Serbia has been estimated to be about 1.300 MW installed power (" Official Gazette of RS "No. 99/09) and the Serbian State committed to give a feed-in tariff of 9.5 c€/kWh until a total installed capacity of 540 MW from wind farms is reached (“Official Gazette of RS” No. 72/09).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 110 2. Electricity production and distribution in the Municipality of Alibunar

The electricity network is covering the entire territory of Alibunar but it is generally underdeveloped in terms of capacity. There is an insufficient number of existing substations and in some places the network itself is rather old and unfavorably spatially positioned. The private company “Elektrovojvodina d.o.o.” manages the electricity infrastructure. There is currently no production of alternative and renewable energy in the municipality of Alibunar while the territory is extremely favorable for wind energy. (OGMA, No. 15/09)

4.2.3. Economics

According to the “Decision on the criteria for determining the status of undeveloped and developed municipalities in Vojvodina” (Official Gazette of AP Vojvodina, No. 8/2006) which is based on several economic development indicators (value of national income per capita, employment rate, number of telephone lines, etc...), the municipality of Alibunar is regarded as one of the underdeveloped municipality of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

Employment

In 2006, the employment rate in the Municipality of Alibunar was significantly lower than the average in Vojvodina or in the South Banat District (OG AP Vojvodina, No. 8/2006). The table hereunder shows a recent estimation of employment in the Municipality of Alibunar (SIEPA 2012) as well as in AP Voivodina and in Serbia (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012e). There are more people unemployed in the Municipality of Alibunar (27.4%) than in AP Vojvodina (25.7%) or in Serbia (22.5%).

Table 29: Employment

Municipality of Vojvodina Serbia Alibunar Province Total population 20,151.00 1,663,687.00 6,272,286.00 Employed 7,409.00 581,430.00 2,299 ;068.00 Capable of working 10,205.00 782,462.00 2,964,542.00 Unemployed 2,796.00 201,032.00 665,474.00 Unemployed (%) 27.4 25.7 22.5 Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b

The economic sector that employs the most people in the M. of Alibunar is agriculture. In 2007, agriculture employed 21.9% of people in M. of Alibunar, 7.3% in South Banat and 6% in AP Vojvodina (OGMA, No. 15/09).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 111

Salaries and wages

In 2012, in the municipality of Alibunar, the salaries (including per diems) are significantly lower than in the South Banat Region, the Vojvodina Province and the Republic of Serbia (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012d). The average net monthly salary during the period January to November 2012 is 255€ in the Municipality of Alibunar and 377€ in South Banat as shown in the table here after.

Table 30: Salaries

Gross salaries in 2012 Net salaries in 2012 Average Average Locations Nov 2012 Nov 2012 (Jan-Nov 2012) (Jan-Nov 2012) RSD € RSD € RSD € RSD € Republic of 58,914.0 519,63 56,724.0 500,32 42,395.0 373,93 40,872.0 360,50 Serbia Vojvodina 57,616.0 508,19 55,145.0 486,39 41,417.0 365,31 39,723.0 350,37 Province South Banat 61,246.0 540,20 59,313.0 523,15 44,082.0 388,81 42,730.0 376,89 Region Municipality 42,576.0 375,53 40,083.0 353,54 30,637.0 270,23 28,897.0 254,88 of Alibunar Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012d

Share of economic activities in the income

The main economic activity in the municipality in Alibunar is agriculture. The table hereafter shows the share of income generated by industry, agriculture and business in 2000, 2002 and in 2004 (OGMA, No. 15/09). Agriculture becomes more and more important: it represents 71% of the income in 2000, 72% in 2002 and 76% in 2004. Business (wholesale and retail trade) became also more and more important: it represents 2% of the income in 2000, 3% in 2004 and 9% in 2006. The share of industry in the income decreases a lot: it represents 22% in 2000, 20% in 2002 and 9% in 2004.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 112 Figure 24: Income by economic sector in the municipality Alibunar

Income by sector in M. Alibunar 80

70

60

50 Industry 40 Agriculture

30 Wholesale and retail trade

20

10

0 2000 2002 2004

Source: OGMA, No. 15/09 The municipality of Alibunar produces large quantities of raw materials but is unable to process them within small and medium enterprises or within larger food production factories is almost gone. Tackling this problem would increase the share of industry in the income. The main problem for agricultural producers is the lack of adequate space for storing agricultural products. One of the main obstacles for the construction of these warehouses and industrial buildings is the lack of spatial planning.

Land use

In 2007, 85.3% of the land located in the municipality of Alibunar was used as farmland among which 89.7% was arable and mainly fields and gardens. The table hereafter shows land use in the municipality of Alibunar, in South Banat and in AP Vojvodina (OGMA, No. 15/09). Figure 25: Percentage of agricultural land: level of Province, District and Municipality Percentage of farmland

86 84 82 80 78 Percentage of farmland 76

Source: OGMA, No. 15/09

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 113 The share of agricultural land in total land in the county is given in Table 4, whereas the structure of agricultural land according to the categories is shown in Table 5.

Table 31: Share of agricultural land in the Province, District and Municipality

Census Census Census 2004 Census 2007 1991 2002

Agricultural land in Vojvodina (%) 83,20 82,90 83,30 81,25 Agricultural land in South Banat (%) 80,12 80,45 79,27 Agricultural land in M. of Alibunar 86,16 85,60 85,27 (%) Source: OGMA, No. 15/09 Table 32: The structure of agricultural land in M. Alibunar

1993 1998 2002 2004 Total surface of agricultural land (ha) 51,579.00 52,013.00 51,866.00 51,531.00 Arable land 45,630.00 46,018.00 46,172.00 46,309.00 Arable land (%) 88.50 88.50 89.00 89.70 Pastures 5,765.00 5,812.00 5,547.00 5,088.00 Forests 1,923.00 1,923.00 1,923.00 1,923.00

Source: OGMA, No. 15/09

Tourism

Tourism does not represent an important economic activity in M. of Alibunar. The Nature Reserve Deliblato Sand is the main touristic attraction in the municipality but its touristic potential is almost undeveloped. A place called “Devojački Bunar” located on the territory of Seleuš attracts the most tourists because of a beautiful landscape but lacks infrastructure and promotion (OGMA, No. 15/09).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 114 4.2.4. Health

The Health Center (in Serbian “Doma zdravlja”) of the M. Alibunar was created in 1964, employs 77 people, is open 24 hours a day and offers a wide range of services (pediatric, internal medicine, pulmonary, radiology, psychiatric, occupational medicine and gynecology). The ambulance service is equipped with modern vehicles and equipment for emergency. In addition, in each of the 10 villages of the municipality, a clinic can provide people with primary health care services. However, no service is specialized in gerontology and no solution has been found to efficiently transport older people from their home or from nursing homes to the Health Center without using the emergency service that is too expensive and not adapted to these situations. The health center and the clinics located in the villages are working in cooperation with the available public pharmacies and with the two private pharmacies located in Alibunar and in Banatski Karlovac. Buying common or more specific medicine is not a problem in the municipality.

The table hereafter shows the number of inhabitants per doctor which is a good indicator of the capacity of health care in the municipality.

Figure 26/ Number of inhabitants per doctor Nombre of inhabitants per doctor 900 800 700 600 AP Vojvodina 500 South Banat 400 M. Alibunar 300 200 100 0 1991 1997 2002 2007 Source: OGMA, No. 15/09 According to the Serbian Public Health Institute, in the municipality of Alibunar, there are 29 doctors, including generalists and specialist, 7 dentists, 4 pharmacists and 70 nurses. It is estimated that there are 745 doctors per inhabitants, which is significantly higher than in AP Vojvodina or in South Banat. However, some specialists such as X-ray technicians, radiologists, pediatricians, pharmacists and dentists are well distributed geographically and should be reorganized (OGMA, No. 15/09).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 115 4.2.6. Cultural Resources

Cultural life in local communities

There are independent cultural associations in the municipality of Alibunar located in cultural centers and libraries and founded by local communities. Amateur societies are the most common organizators of cultural activities, and they are the most common: folk clubs, drama, recitation, etc. However, professional are lacking to help amateur cultural centers need to be renovated. Many cultural events are taking place in the Municipality of Alibunar as for example a cake competition called "Tortijada" in Banatski Karlovac, in February or a Municipal Folklore and folk music festival in April

Archeological heritage

The period when the first human settlements were built on the territory of what is today the Alibunar Municipality has not been reliably determined. However, based on the discovery of remains of old cultures from the Neolithic and Bronze Age, it is known that people was living there during the prehistorical age. Various items from the period when Romans dominated the Banat region from the time of the Great Migration (VI and VII century AD) are precious information on the past of this region.

Archeological baseline survey The Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Pančevo “Zavod za Zaštitu Spomenika Kulture u Pančevu” (ZZSKP) organized in 2012, on the project site, an archeological field survey in order to assess the archeological potential of the site. Some pieces of objects from the Sarmatian, Medieval and the Turkish period were found in the vicinity of the 13 following turbines: 5, 16-22, 26-30. A protection zone has been drawn around the turbines where these objects have been found and is shown on the map with a red hatched area.

Based in the results, of the baseline survey, ZZSKP have given to conditions to the construction of the wind farm: 1. Any soil excavation within the protection zone will have to be monitored by the archeologists from ZZSKP 2. In the case of exceptional finding, the investor will have to pay for the conservatory works. 3. The work should be stopped in case of any archeological discovery in rest of the project area and the finding should be immediately reported to ZZSKP 4. Any changes in turbine locations should be reported to ZZSKP

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 116 Map 6: Map of archeological findings

Source: archeological field survey, 2012 ( Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture u Pančevu)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 117 Cultural monument

In the Alibunar municipality mainly religious monuments are the witnesses of the historical tolerance for multi-ethnicity and religious choices. The first Orthodox Church has been built in Alibunar in 1735 in an old part of the settlement called the Serbian district “Srpski kraj”. The second Orthodox Church has been built in 1796, followed exactly one century later by the construction in 1896 of the Romanian Orthodox Church and a few decades later in 1913 by the Roman Catholic Church. A third Serbian Orthodox church called “Sveti Nikola” Serbian Orthodox was built in 1848 in Ilandža has been designated by ZZSKP as an historic monument protected by law because of the quality of the paintings (OGMA, 2009).

Figure 27: Cultural monuments in Alibunar (Orthodox churches)

Alibunar Municipality has many monuments of profane architecture, older history and NOB5. There are also many commemorative plaques, as well as another forms of memorials, figurines and busts, while there are very few monuments with practical use such as fountains, drink fountains and libraries In Alibunar municipality, there are also memorials, fountains and libraries of historical interest but they are not protected by Law.

5 NOB – Narodno-oslobodilačka borba – Communist resistance during the Second World War

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 118 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS AND ASSOCIATED MITIGATION MEASURES

This chapter assesses the potential environmental and social impacts that would be expected to occur from construction, operation and decommissioning of the project. The assessment occurs as follow: 1. scoping of the receptors and assessment of their sensitivity to change 2. Scoping of the study area 3. Impact assessment: including mitigation measures and residual impacts

The impact assessment takes into consideration “normal conditions” but also “extreme conditions” in case of hazards. A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse effects that is caused by forces extraneous to Man and is therefore difficult to anticipate.

Vulnerability of the site to hazards

Probability for natural hazards ‐ Land-slide: according to the field survey on geological and geotechnical investigations undertaken in 2011 by GeoMehanika d.o.o., there is no risk of land-slide on the project area that has a flat surface and deep underground water ‐ Wild fire: the project site is in the middle of a large agricultural area with almost now trees, there is no possibility for wild fires ‐ Earth-quake: according to the official macro seismic zoning of Vojvodina („Službeni list SAP Vojvodine”, br. 20/79) there is a possibility for earthquake of 7° °M.SC. (Mercalli Scale) on the project area. An earth quake of this intensity can only make light damage to structure of good design and construction. Therefore, the structures can be altered but are not likely to collapse. ‐ Storms with very violent winds: the probability of very violent winds during a storm is quite low. In the municipality of Alibunar, the winds blow very often but around of 3.6 to of 5.5m/s, almost never at high speed. The impact assessment will take into account the probability of earth-quakes and storms with very violent winds.

Probability for technical hazards ‐ Fire: in the nacelle of the wind turbine or at the transformer substation, there is a very small chance for fire in case of technical problem. There is no risk of man-made fire for agricultural purpose because this practice is not implemented by farmers on the project area. ‐ Collapse of structure: in case of storm with very violent winds, the rotor of the wind turbines are not likely to fall because in case of danger the blades are taking a neutral position where it is not vulnerable to wind

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 119 ‐ Leak in the liquid retention system the nacelle of the wind turbine and the transformer substations have a liquid retention system. There is an extremely small chance for this system to have faulties. The impact assessment will take into account the probability of fire and leak due to faulty to the retention system.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 120 5.1. Assessment of environmental impacts

The paragraphs here after present the potential impacts on the environment that can be very high, high, moderate or low.

5.1.1. AIR QUALITY

Clean air is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a basic requirement of human health and well-being. According to this institution, air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Motor vehicles, industrial facilities and combustion are common sources of air pollution because the release pollutants of major public health such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems (WHO, 2006).

Sensitivity of the air quality

Where air quality is degraded, it is likely to be of higher sensitivity to additional impacts than where air quality is good. This is because air quality thresholds and standards may be exceeded and impacts may arise on human health or vegetation. The air quality in the municipality of Alibunar is acceptable because they are no major industrial facilities emitting large quantities of Green House Gases. However home heating fires and regular traffic on the roads, especially on the E70 international road are sources of air pollution. The sources of emissions are present, but not likely to exceed international standards. The air quality sensitivity to change is medium.

Methodology for assessing impacts on air quality

Area of influence and boundaries We considered air quality at different levels: the pollution is at the scale of the municipality of Alibunar, the improvement of air quality is at the scale of Serbia.

Methodology As wind farms do not include combustion sources, the only possible air quality impacts are very low. For this reason, our methodology is a quantitative assessment based on a qualitative estimation of the air sensitivity and of the possible impact based on experience.

Impact assessment on air quality and mitigation measures

Wind farms do not include combustion sources and therefore, the only possible air quality impacts are associated with the release of fugitive dust emissions and pollutant emissions from

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 121 vehicles and equipment during construction and decommissioning, and at very rare occasions during project maintenance activities.

A. Impacts on air during construction and decommissioning

1. Fugitive dust Construction activities, including material moving activities, site preparation, and vehicle traffic, if not properly monitored and controlled, have the potential to generate large amounts of fugitive dust. The fugitive dust emissions sources can be: ‐ Disturbed surface areas: portion of earth’s surface that has been physically moved, uncovered, destabilized, or otherwise modified from its undisturbed natural soil condition, thereby increasing the potential for emissions of fugitive dust. ‐ Storage piles: accumulation of bulk material, often soil or aggregate, that is not fully enclosed or otherwise covered or chemically stabilized. Fugitive dust emissions may occur at several points in the storage pile cycle, including material loading or unloading and dust entrainment in wind currents on the exposed slopes of the storage pile. ‐ Earthmoving: refers to a broad range of construction activities using heavy equipment to clear land. The activities may directly expose soil material to wind erosion through excavation, hauling, loading, transferring, and other material moving activities. ‐ Vehicular traffic: Worker vehicles, equipment deliveries, and heavy construction vehicle traffic over unpaved surfaces causes the material on the road to become lifted, dropped, and then entrained into the turbulent air currents caused by the velocity of the vehicle. The impact of fugitive dust on air quality during construction phase and decommissioning is assessed as low short-term direct negative impact

2. Vehicles and equipment emissions Construction activities typically involves the use of gasoline- or diesel-fueled vehicles and equipment to transport workers, remove debris from the work area, conduct earthwork, erect structures, deploy conductor, and other activities. The operation of such vehicles and equipment result in emissions of carbon monoxide, NOx, SO2, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. The total contributions of vehicle emissions are expected to be minor and temporary. The impact of vehicles and equipment emissions on air quality during construction phase and decommissioning is assessed as low short-term direct negative impact

Both fugitive dust and pollution due to fuel emission represent negative impacts that exist for every construction project. They will be very localized and will only affect the air quality on the construction site to a very small extent.

B. Impacts on air during operation and maintenance

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 122 1. Vehicle and equipment emissions Worker in charge of control or maintenance activities on the wind-farm will use gasoline- or diesel-fueled vehicles and equipment. This will result in emissions of carbon monoxide, NOx, SO2, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Maintenance and control activity on the wind-farm are expected to be very limited in frequency and duration. The total contributions of vehicle emissions are expected to be minor and temporary. The impact of vehicles and equipment emissions on air quality during operation and maintenance is assessed as negligible.

2. Indirect reduction of greenhouse gas emissions A wind-farm produces energy without burning fuel and therefore does not emit pollution. There is no negative impact. The main beneficial impact of the project will be to reduce the need for electricity produced from thermal power plants using fossil energies (e.g. coal) and emitting large quantities of greenhouse gas. The reduction of greenhouse gas emission contributes to limiting global warming. An estimate of greenhouse gas savings potential for this project has been calculated using EBRD’s Greenhouse Gas Assessment Methodology, where renewable energy power generation projects are assumed to displace the emissions associated with the national average grid electricity generation. Based on 63 wind turbines of 2,5 - 3MW in constant use with a possible annual generation of 1379, 67 to 1655,6GWh, the Alibunar wind farm will provide CO2 emissions savings in the order of 1,1 - 1,31Mt CO2-e/year. The above total does not take into account emissions associated with the construction phase and other life cycle impacts, and that wind turbines will not be in constant operation and operate at ideal wind speed throughout a year. The wind-farm has a high indirect long-term positive impact on air quality.

C. Impacts on air quality in case of hazard

If for technical reasons (break down, human mistake) or natural reasons (fire, storm) the substations and the wind turbines are damaged, a fire can happen that would result in releasing in the air chemicals or particulate matter. The quantity of these pollutants would not be significant for the air quality in the municipality of Alibunar. The impact on air quality in case of hazard is assessed as negligible.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 123 D. Mitigation measures and associated residual impact

In order to reduce the risk for the impacts described above, mitigation measures should be implemented.

Reduce the risk of fugitive dust emissions 1. Minimize surface clearing to minimum required for operations. 2. Minimize size of material/spoil storage piles. 3. Restrict unnecessary traffic. 4. Minimize and strictly regulate offsite hauling of debris. 5. Use truck bed covers when hauling materials. 6. Supply workforce with dust masks. 7. Use gravel for the access roads. 8. Spray the roads with water during warm period to suppress dust. 9. Plant vegetation where relevant. While these measures implemented, the impact of fugitive dust on air quality during construction phase and decommissioning is assessed as negligible.

Reduce emission of contaminants from vehicles and equipment 1. Implement regular vehicle maintenance and repair procedures. 2. Utilize fuel efficient equipment and vehicles. 3. Utilize emission control devices such as catalytic converters. While these measures implemented, the impact of emission of contaminants from vehicles and equipment during construction phase and decommissioning is assessed as negligible.

Monitoring program

Monitoring dust emission during construction and decommissioning Every day, for 30min, the foreman will be controlling the level of dust and particulate matter on the construction site at the end of the working hours. The results will be written down in a report. Once a week, the information reported in the report will be reviewed and discussed by the project developer in order to implement additional Best Management Practices if necessary.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 124 5.1.2. SOIL

The geology of the soil has been thoroughly studied during a fieldwork survey undertaken in the project area in 2011 by the private company GeoMehanika.

Sensitivity of the soils to change

The soil is sensitive to change because it needs particular conditions to be able to fully provide ecosystem services such as water filter, water and nutrient retention, carbon storage, habitats for plants or many fauna species…etc. For example, if the soil is sealed by a layer of concrete, or if pedological horizons are destroyed due to machines or erosion, or if the soil is polluted, it cannot undertake ecological functions anymore. In some cases, the soils can recover over time or technics can be used to restore the soil (depollution, restoration), but in most of cases soils are damaged permanently and it takes thousands to millions of years for a new soil to form. On the study area, as explain in the baseline chapter, the soil is mainly chernozem: a very good type of soil for agriculture due to its high content in organic matter. The second most common soil on the project area is meadow soil that is also a first-class soil type for agriculture. Other soils as marsh, saline and sandy soils are not as good but are not as common. Historical soil pollutions have never been encountered in the project area and are very unlikely because the land has always been used for agriculture The soil on the project is a receptor of high sensitivity.

Methodology for assessing impacts on soil

Area of influence and boundaries The assessment of impact on site is limited to the project area because the project will impact only the soils located on the project area.

Methodology Our impact assessment is based on knowledge about soil properties and about the technical characteristics of the project.

Impact assessment on soil

The proposed wind farm project will alter the soil during the construction of the platforms for the wind turbine, of the transformer substation and of the electric pylons of the transmission power line. The widening of the access roads will not affect the legal size of the agricultural parcels because the space reserved for roads in land planning documents is large enough to enable widening. As shown in the table hereafter, a total of about 18 hectares of arable land will be destroyed.

Table 33: Surface of agricultural land destroyed by the project

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 125 Type of structure Number Surface Total (ha) surface (ha) Wind turbine’s platforms 63 0,22 13,86 Transformer substation parcel 2 1,78 3,56 Electric pillar’s foundation (barrel 40 0,0144 0,576 type) Total 17,996

The soil is a sensitive natural resource but the surface impacted will be small compared to the total project area.

The main impacts on soils and geology are likely to arise during the site preparation and during the construction activities. In a very small extent, some impacts can occur during operation and maintenance phase. Cumulative impact due to the presence in the soil of pollution from historical sources that could sum up to potential project pollution is not considered as an option because the long agricultural land use of the site makes the presence of historical contamination very unlikely

A. Impacts on soil during construction phase The construction phase will involve the following activities on the soil: ‐ Vegetation clearing and grubbing ‐ Soil compaction ‐ Soil sealing ‐ Soil excavation

1. Erosion due to clearing and grubbing The vegetation cover forms a layer that protects the soils from erosion due to wind and precipitation and that fixes it with the roots. During the construction phase clearing of vegetation and grubbing will be necessary in order to enlarge the access roads. As a consequence, the soil will not be protected anymore and will be damaged by erosion, fugitive dust will be emitted and the amount of sedimentation carried in storm water runoff will increase. However, the project area is mainly agricultural land with some patches of grasses and shrubs on extremely small areas, and its surface is flat so that storm water runoff will not be a concern. There is no impact on soil associated with erosion due to clearing and grubbing.

2. Soil compacting Soil compaction is the process in which a stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. Compacted soils become less able to absorb rainfall, which leads to increased runoff and erosion. Compacted soils are also less favorable to plants that have difficulties to grow roots and to burrowing animals because denser soils are more difficult to penetrate

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 126 The soils will be compacted intentionally during the construction process of the platforms of the wind turbines, the platforms of the electric pylons and the substations. The soils will also be compacted by the circulation or the parking of vehicles and other construction equipment. However the surfaces where this compaction is going to happen are small. The impact of compaction on soil is assesses as a low direct negative permanent impact.

3. Soil excavation When digging the soil, the horizons are destroyed or disorganized which destroys or reduces the capacity of the soil to provide ecological services. Excavating the soil will be necessary to build the platforms and the foundations of the wind turbines, the foundations of the electric pylons and the foundations of the transformer substation. The surfaces were excavation will occur are small. The impact of soil excavation is assessed as a low direct negative permanent impact.

4. Soil sealing Soil sealing is the covering of the soil by completely or partly impermeable artificial material as (asphalt, concrete, etc.). It is the most intense form of land take and is essentially an irreversible process (Prokop et al. 2011). Sealed soils are not able to absorb rainfall so there is no possibility of aquifer recharge and soils lose their function of habitat for biodiversity. On the project area, the soils will be sealed in order to build the platforms of the wind turbines, the platforms of the electric pylons and the substations. These surfaces are very small. The impact of soil sealing on soil is assessed as a low direct negative permanent impact.

5. Soil pollution During construction and decommissioning, soil contamination can occur from the use, improper handling and spilling of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood preservatives, paints, fuel and other toxic substances which could be used during the construction of the project. It can also result from leaks from vehicles and equipment. These risks exist for any construction site and the surface that could be impacted are small. The impact of soil pollution is assessed as a low long-term negative impact.

6. Mud carrying off the site As the platforms and the access roads will be covered by gravel, the quantity of mud likely to be carried off the site on vehicle tires is extremely small. There is no impact related to mud carrying off-site.

.

B. Impacts on soil during operation and maintenance

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 127 During operation and maintenance of the project, excavation and sealing will not be necessary. Soil compaction is not a danger because the machines and vehicles will stay on the platforms and access roads. However, the following activities might be implemented: ‐ Soil pollution

Soil pollution During operation and maintenance, soil contamination can occur from the use, improper handling and spilling of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood preservatives, paints, and other toxic substances as herbicides and other toxic substances which could be used during the construction of the project. It can also result by fuel leaks from vehicles and equipment Large quantities of lubricants will be used both in the nacelles of the wind turbines and in the transformer substation and could pollute the soil in case of leak. However a collecting system (drip tray, tanks) is already integrated in the design of both the nacelles and the transformer substation and will prevent the leak of lubricants and other chemicals and regularly emptied during maintenance. The impact of soil pollution is assessed as a low direct long-term negative impact.

C. Impacts on soil in case of hazard Soil pollution due to accident ‐ If there is an accident with a vehicles or a machine on the construction site, some fuels or lubricants can be spilled. However, the quantities of fuels in the vehicles would not be very large. In case of vehicle accident, and related fuel leak, the impact on soil would be a low long-term, direct, negative impact.

Soil pollution due to damage to the infrastructure ‐ If for technical reasons (break down, human mistake) or natural reasons (earth quake, storm) the retention system of the substations and the wind turbines are damaged, this could result into an important leak of the lubricants that are used in these infrastructures and collected into retention system. In case of damage to the infrastructure, soil pollution could be assessed as a moderate long- term, direct, negative impact.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 128 D. Mitigation measures and associated residual impact for the soil Prevent soil compaction 1. Clearly identify and demarcate access roads and parking place on large scale topographic maps before construction and confine vehicles and equipment to them in order to avoid damaging larger areas 2. Clearly identify and demarcate the limits of the construction sites including places where construction equipment will be moved and stored and places where shelters and sanitary equipment for the workers will be installed. The residual impact on soil compaction if these mitigation measures are implemented is negligible.

Prevent soil pollution 1. Clearly identify and demarcate access roads and parking places 2. Clearly identify and demarcate the limits of the construction sites 3. Establish a secured designated fuel and chemical storage area, with an impervious soil covering and sufficient containment volume and store all chemicals at this place 4. Develop procedures for emergency/ spill response, and for the storage and handling of fuels, construction materials and wastes. 5. Check hoses and valves regularly for leaks ensure they are turned off and securely locked when not in use. 6. Make sure to have recipients that can collect fuels in case of leaks as well as a minimum of 3 kg of environmentally friendly substances able to absorb fuel and other spills 7. Conduct regular inspections of construction vehicles to identify and repair leaks or damaged fuel/lubricant lines. 8. Restrict refueling of vehicles or equipment to impermeable hard-standing areas with strict spill controls. 9. Place diesel pumps and similar items on drip trays to collect minor spillages. Check trays regularly and remove any accumulated oil. 10. Separate polluted soils and treat it as hazardous waste. 11. Undertake vegetation control using manual techniques which do not require the use of herbicides where possible 12. Use non-toxic paints and preservatives where possible. 13. Contain, excavate, and containerize all spills of hazardous material in accordance with local regulations The residual impact on soil pollution if these mitigation measures are implemented is negligible.

Properly manage excavated soil 1. Store excavated soil without mixing up the horizons, protect it from pollution and backfill material in the same stratigraphic sequence at the same location and if not possible on other locations. 2. Reuse the soil excavated when digging the turbines on another construction site but make sure to use fertile topsoil for recultivation of damaged areas 3. Stockpiles will be a maximum of 2 m high

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 129 The residual impact on excavated soil if these mitigation measures are implemented is negligible.

Monitoring program  during construction and decommissioning

1. Look for chemical leaks: Once a day, for 30 min, the foreman will look for chemical leaks on the locations where the workers have been working and will ask the rest of the team if they noticed a leak. In case of leak, the name and the estimated volume of pollutants spilled, as well as the measures taken to stop and remove the pollution will be written in a report. Once a week, the information reported in the report will be reviewed and discussed by the project developer in order to implement additional Best Management Practices if necessary. 2. Monitor waste management: Once a day for 15 min, the foreman of the construction team will control the management of waste including domestic solid waste, domestic waste water and hazardous waste. For every type of waste, he will make sure that they are adequately disposed and that there are no leaks. In case of problems, he will take the appropriate measures. The foreman will write down in a report the problems encountered and the measures taken to solve them.

 during operation and maintenance

1. Look for chemical leaks: During operation, in intervals defined by the equipment producer, the maintenance team will be emptying and controlling the retention system in the nacelles and in the transformer substation. The volume of chemicals found in the retention system and the reason for the leak as well as the measures implemented to solve the problem will be reported in a report. Once a month, the information reported in the report will be reviewed and discussed by the project developer in order to implement additional Best Management Practices if necessary. 2. Monitor waste management: During operation, the foreman of maintenance team will control the management of waste including domestic solid waste, domestic waste water and hazardous waste. Upon noticing of waste on the site, it should be removed as soon as possible. Semi-annual controls of the entire area for vaste should be done. For each type of waste, the foreman will make sure that they are adequately disposed and that there are no leaks. In case of problems, he will take the appropriate measures. The foreman will write down in a report the problems encountered and the measures taken to solve them. 3. Control the state of the lubricating system: During operation, in intervals defined by the equipment producer, the maintenance team will control the level of lubricants in the nacelles of the wind turbines and in the transformer substation and will empty the retention system. In a report, he will describe the level of lubricants, the state of the retention system, the problems encountered and the measures taken to solve them.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 130 5.1.3. WATER

Sensitivity of the water to change

Surface water bodies On the study area, the only surface water body is a pond that was formed by wastewater emitted by a pig farm. This surface water is polluted with nitrates and chemicals that were used for raising the pigs (hormones and medicines). For this reason the water is not drinkable and is not used for agricultural purposes. However the pond is used as habitat by many interesting species of birds. The sensitivity to change of this pond has been assessed as low.

Underground water bodies There are two aquifers containing underground water in the project area: ‐ The shallow aquifer situated at a depth of 50m is not used as water supply because of low yields and chemical pollution. The permeability of the overlying sediments is compensated by the relatively deep location of the groundwater table (50 m bgl). The sensitivity of this aquifer is assessed as low. ‐ The deepest aquifer situated at a depth of 90 meters to about 130 meters is drinkable and used as a water supply. Therefore its vulnerability is higher. However, the permeability of the overlying sediments is compensated by the deep location of the groundwater table (90 to 130 m bgl). Consequently, the sensitivity of the second aquifer is also assessed as low.

Methodology for assessing impacts on water

Area of influence and boundaries The surface water bodies taken into consideration is a pond limited to the study area. The underground water bodies taken into consideration are located under the project area but are flowing further away. For these aquifers, the area of influence is the Municipality of Alibunar.

Methodology Our impact assessment is based on knowledge about water and soil properties and about the characteristics of the project. Knowledge about hydrology in the area is based on available literature (OGMA, No. 15/09) and on the fieldwork survey undertaken by GeoMehanika in 2011.

Impact assessment on water

Construction and operation of the project is not anticipated to have any long-term impact on surface water or groundwater resources. Water availability is not a significant issue because there are no consumptive uses or large amounts of water needed for withdrawal for construction, maintenance, or operation of the wind farm.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 131 The main project activities with the greatest potential to impact surface water and groundwater include enlarging access roads, excavation for wind turbines, substation and electrical tower foundations.

A. Impacts on water during construction and decommissioning

1. Change in the aquifer recharge system During operation, the project will have no water demands and no discharges will be made. During excavation works water levels will be controlled using pumping and cut-off drains if necessary. As the first aquifer is 50 bgl, dewatering operations in order to temporarily lower groundwater levels may not be necessary. There will be no impact on groundwater level.

2. Groundwater pollution Potential impacts to the groundwater resource during construction may occur from leaks or spills of diesel or lubricants on the site from equipment or machinery. However, contaminants originating from leaks from machines and vehicles are unlikely to reach the aquifer because these leaks would represent small volumes and the aquifer is 50 m bgl. There will be no pollution impact on groundwater.

3. Surface water pollution ‐ Chemical pollution: Potential impacts to surface water during construction may occur from the use, improper handling and spills of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood preservatives, paints, herbicides and other toxic substances which could be used during the operation and maintenance of the project. These contaminants would represent small volumes. ‐ Sediments and dust pollution: Earthmoving activities as excavation disturb soil and create fugitive dust and particulate matter which can be washed by storm water runoff and carried to nearby surface waters resulting in increased levels of turbidity and sediment deposition. It is unlikely that storm water runoff would be carried more than 100 meters from each construction site so the water surface pollution will be very limited and it cannot reach the pond. As the study area is very large, the impact on runoff would be negligible and would not reach the pond located at least 1.30km from the closest turbine. There will be no pollution impact on surface water.

B. Impacts on water during operation and maintenance

1. Change in the aquifer recharge system During operation, the project will have no water demands and no discharges will be made. Soil sealing on the project area will be limited and will not bring any significant change in the aquifer recharge system. There will be no impact on groundwater level.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 132 2. Groundwater pollution ‐ Leak from the wind turbines: there is no risk of leaks from the nacelles of the wind turbines thanks to the retention system ‐ Leak from the transformer substation: there is no risk of leaks from the transformer substation thanks to the retention system There will be no pollution impact on groundwater.

4. Surface water pollution Potential impacts to surface water during construction may occur from the use, improper handling and spills of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood preservatives, paints, herbicides and other toxic substances which could be used during the operation and maintenance of the project. These contaminants would represent small volumes. As the study area is very large, the impact on runoff would be negligible and would not reach the pond located at least 1.30km from the closest turbine. There will be no pollution impact on surface water.

C. In case of hazards

Water pollution due to accident If there is an accident with a vehicles or a machine on the construction site, some fuels or lubricants can be spilled. However, the quantities of fuels in the vehicles would not be very large and is not likely to reach the second aquifer. In case of vehicle accident, and related fuel leak, the impact on underground water would be negligible.

Water pollution due to damage to the infrastructure If for technical reasons (break down, human mistake) or natural reasons (earth quake, storm) the retention system of the substations and the wind turbines are damaged, this could result into an important leak of the lubricants that are used in these infrastructures and collected into retention system. The foundations of the turbines could create a preferential pathway for contaminants to reach aquifers but given that the concrete foundations depth will be limited to 5 m bgl and that the aquifer was not encountered by the geotechnical boreholes advances to 50 m bgl the groundwater contamination risk related to foundation can be considered low. In case of damage to the infrastructure, soil pollution could be assessed as a low long-term, direct, negative impact.

D. Conclusion on impact on water

The project has been designed so as eliminate any kind of impact on water. What is more, the sensitivity of water bodies on the site is low. The project is not likely to have any impact on water, except a low impact in case of hazard if the retention system in the wind turbines or the transformer substation is damaged.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 133 5.1.4. NOISE AND VIBRATIONS

Background information

Any construction project creates noise during construction and decommissioning phases. Wind- farm projects also create noise during operation that can have an impact on the surrounding communities. International guidelines and the Serbian legislation define permissible limits for noise levels in different areas. Table 34: Noise limit recommended by the IFC Noise Level Guidelines Permissible limits for noise levels LAeq (dB)

Receptor Daytime: 07:00-22:00 Nighttime: 22:00-07:00

Residential, institutional 55 45 and educational Industrial and commercial 70 70 Source: IFC, 2007

Table 35: Noise limits according to Serbian law Degree Use of the space Noise limits in dB(A) Day Night I. Areas for recreation, areas around hospitals, areas for cultural 50 40 events, large parks II. Tourist areas, small and big towns, camps, general educational 50 45 areas III. Purely residential areas 55 45 IV. Business - residential areas, commercial - residential areas, 60 50 children's playgrounds V. Central city areas, manufacturing and commercial areas, 65 55 administrative areas, areas around highways and regional roads VI. Industrial zones, warehouse service areas and transportation At the border area terminals without housing of the complex it is not allowed to exceed the noise levels permitted for adjacent areas Source : Rulebook on permitted noise level in the environment “JUS U.J6.205”, (Sl. glasnik RS", br. 54/92)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 134 Sensitivity of the receptors to noise an vibrations The sensitivity to noise depends on the proximity of receptors and existing noise environment. A receptor may be defined as any point on the premises occupied by persons where extraneous noise and/or vibration are received (IFC, 2007). The identified receptors for the noise and vibrations that will be emitted by the wind farm during operation are the residents from the villages of Vladimirovac and Seleuš because residents of other communities will not be able to perceive the sound emitted by the wind farm (IMS 2013).According to Serbian Law, these receptors fall into degree III „Purely residential areas” and their sensitivity have considereed as moderate for this study (high sensitivity receptors are classidied as degree I and II and low sensitivity receptors as degree V and VI). The identified receptors for the noise due to traffic increase are the settlements located along the road E70: Pančevo, , Vladimirovac and Alibunar. The sensitivity of these receptors is moderate.

Methodology for assessing noise and vibration impacts

Area of influence and boundaries The study area for this impact assessment includes all the potential receptors: Pančevo, Banatsko Novo Selo, Vladimirovac, Alibunar and Seleuš;

Methodology The methodology used for this impact assessment is based on the noise impact assessment study undertaken for this project by the IMS institute (IMS 2013) and on literature research. Noise predictions were carried out under worst-case downwind propagation conditions. - The sound power levels of the wind turbines used as a basis of the assessment are also measured under down-wind conditions. The factors considered for undertaking predictions of noise levels are: - decrease in sound energy with distance; - absorption of sound energy in air; - attenuation of sound energy by passage over acoustically "soft" ground; - screening of the turbines by topography and other obstacles; and meteorological conditions. The calculation method described in ISO 9613 was used as a reference for our calculations.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 135 Impact assessment on noise Noise from vehicles and heavy equipment during construction, operation and maintenance could disturb nearby residents and others. It will be managed by controlling working hours: 08:00 to 19:00 Monday to Friday and 08:00 – 14:00 on Saturday. Construction is anticipated to take approximately 18 months in duration and operation is supposed to take 10 months. The nearest residential receptor in Vladimirovac is approximately 1.07 km from the site boundary. The project site will be sufficiently distant from dwellings to avoid noise impacts on residents.

A. Noise impact during construction and decommissioning

Road Traffic Noise The table here under shows an assessment of the impact of traffic flow changes on noise level as well as the associate significance of impact. (UK Highways Agency, 2011)

Table 36: Impact of road traffic flow changes on noise level

Change in Noise change Significance traffic flow (dB) of impact 0 No change 0.1 – 0.9 Negligible 25% increase or 1 – 2.9 Minor 20% decrease 100% increase or 3 – 4.9 Moderate 50% decrease 5+ Major Source : UK Highways Agency, 2011

A change in noise level of 1 dB is equivalent to a 25% increase or a 20% decrease in traffic flow, assuming other factors remain unchanged and a change in noise level of 3 dB is equivalent to a 100% increase or a 50% decrease in traffic flow. As shown in the Baseline studies on the road E-70, that connects Alibunar to Belgrade, Pančevo and Vršac, from 2007 to 2011, there was a daily average traffic of 4,744 cars and 614 trucks (among which 79 heavy trucks). During the worst case period, there will be up to 40 heavy vehicle movements per day and up to 30 light vehicle movements. This would represent a short term traffic flow increase lower than 25%, that means less than 0.1 to 0.9 decibel noise change. The increase in traffic flow due to construction and decommissioning of the wind-farm will have a low direct negative impact.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 136 B. Noise impact during operation and maintenance

In order to assess the noise impact that the wind farm might have on receptors, both potential modeled noise impact from wind turbines and local environmental noise have been considered.

Ambient noise level at the receptors As shown in the baseline chapter, the measured values of LAeq (Equivalent continuous A- weighted sound pressure level) during the day period at the receptors showed that the highest noise level are: ‐ Lday = 52.8 dB and ‐ Lnight = 44.2 dB for the night (see the baseline chapter)

Noise from wind turbines The IMS Institute has assessed the potential noise impact created by the Alibunar Wind Farm during operation (IMS 2013). Those calculations have been carried out using the software Win Pro ver. 2.6. The program has consistently implemented calculation method designed according to the standard SRPS ISO 1996-2:2010, (ISS, 2010). The calculation method has followed the general theoretical principles of acoustics and rules of the sound waves propagation. The noise was compared to the assumed criteria for a permissible level for Zone 3: purely residential areas. The calculations are presented in the graphical layout plan as isophone lines. At low speeds, the wind noise has the lowest values, and with an increased wind speed, the noise level grows to a certain value, and then it becomes constant and does not depend on the wind speed. According to the study done by the IMS Institute, the constant noise level is reached at the wind speed of 7m/s. The predicted noise levels generated by the wind farm are presented on the map hereafter, for the two different wind speed conditions.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 137 Map 7: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s

Source: IMS Institute, 2013

As shown by the figure above, at a wind speed of 5 m/s, the only affected residential area will be Vladimirovac.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 138 Map 8: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s

Source: IMS Institute, 2013

As shown by the figure above, at a wind speed of 8 m/s, both Seleuš and Vladimirovac will be affected.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 139 Considering that Serbian legislation allows a noise level up to 55dB during the day and up to 45 dB during the night in residential areas and that the highest recorded ambiance noise is 52.8 dB during the day and 44.2 dB during the night (see baseline chapter), it can be concluded that the noise level of 30-39 dB, caused by the wind turbines, will not exceed the ambiance noise currently present, and will stay within the legal limits prescribed by regulation. The impact of the operating wind farm on nearby residential areas will be low.

Wind turbine vibrations Wind turbines during operation do not emit vibrations that could impact human health or the environment. There are no direct health effects from noise at the level of noise generated by wind turbines (Leventhall et al., 2003) because the infrasonic noise and vibration radiated from modern, upwind configuration wind turbines are below the threshold of perception. There is no impact due to wind turbine vibrations.

Road Traffic Noise During operation the vehicle movements to the site is estimated to be 7 light vehicle movements (14 trips) per week, as a worst case scenario. Given the existing levels of road traffic, road traffic noise from operation is not considered significant. Increase in traffic flow due to operation and maintenance of the wind-farm does not have any significant noise impact on the environment.

Noise and vibrations due to the power line or transformer substation During operation, a low buzzing sound will be audible directly under the line and perhaps a few meters outside the line’s width. This could be louder during wet weather. However, it will not be audible from the closest houses that will be more than 1km away. Noise and vibrations due to the power line or the transformer substation will not impact the environment.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 140 C. Mitigation measures and residual impact

In order to avoid increase in road traffic noise during construction and decommissioning, it is recommended to: 1. Confine construction activities to daylight hours within 5 km of residential areas. 2. Truck access from the regional road E70 to the site, should be arranged so that they do not pass through the streets of lower rank in the urban areas. 3. Put information signs along the road in order to inform people of noise disturbance during working hours. After implementation of this measure, the residual impact of road traffic increase during construction and decommissioning is assessed as negligible.

Monitoring program for noise during operation

In order to make sure that the noise and vibration does not exceed the prevision of this study a continuous noise monitoring program should be implemented close to the closest houses of Seleuš and Vladimirovac settlements. This program should be elaborated by the experts of IMS institute.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 141 5.1.5. SHADOW FLICKER

Baseline information on shadow flicker

As the blades of a wind turbine rotate in sunny conditions, they cast moving shadows on the ground resulting in alternating changes in light intensity. This phenomenon is termed shadow flicker. Shadow flicker is different from a related strobe-like phenomenon that is caused by intermittent chopping of the sunlight behind the rotating blades. Shadow flicker intensity is defined as the difference or variation in brightness at a given location in the presence and absence of a shadow. The speed of shadow flicker increases with wind- turbine rotor speed. (Risser et al, 2007). Shadow flicker is a function of several factors, including the location of people relative to the turbine, the wind speed and direction, the diurnal variation of sunlight, the geographic latitude of the location, the local topography, and the presence of any obstructions (Nielsen 2003 in Risser et al, 2007). Shadow flicker can be considered as a nuisance to people living near especially when its intensity and the frequency of the shadow flicker is important. Flicker frequency due to a turbine is on the order of the rotor frequency (i.e., 0.6-1.0 Hz), which is harmless to humans. According to the Epilepsy Foundation of America, only frequencies above 10 Hz are likely to cause epileptic seizures (Risser et al, 2007). Shadow flicker’s impact on health is controversial. There is limited scientific evidence of an association between annoyance from prolonged shadow flicker (exceeding 30 minutes per day) and potential transitory cognitive and physical health effects. (Ellenbogenet al. 2012). However, as it has not been proved that shadow flicker does not have any health impact, the risk should be assessed. Disturbance due to shadow flicker can be a problem for local residents that have a shadow flicker on their window or to local drivers who can be distracted while driving. There are no official regulations of shadow flicker. Best practice in Germany suggested that the maximum number of hours of allowed shadow flicker per year (when there are awaken people in the house) is 30 hours, while in Denmark it is 10 hours. (Risser et al., 2007).

Sensitivity of the receptors The receptors are the residents living near the project area. Their sensitivity is low because there are no houses within the buffer area of 1km around the project area (close area of influence).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 142 Impact assessment

Study area The study area is the buffer area of 5 km around the project area called before “medium area of influence” and that includes Vladimirovac, Seleuš and some houses in Alibunar Scoping The source of shadow flicker can only be wind turbines during the operation phase of the project. Methodology for impact assessment The shadow flicker on the study area has been analytically modeled using specific software and a “Map of shadows” (see before) have been made that shows the annual variation of hours of exposure to moving shadows according to changes in position and distances to the wind turbines.

Impact assessment According to the results, only 2 or 3 houses could be impacted by shadow flicker in Kolonija and would not be exposed to more than 10 to 25 hours a year. As shadow flicker only lasts for a short time each day, rarely more than half an hour and is observed only for a few weeks in the winter season (Risser et al., 2007), this is a low intensity exposure Given the low number of houses affected and the low number of hours of annual exposure, the impact is assessed as negligible.

Monitoring program

The rotor frequency should be monitored permanently in order to know how it fluctuates along the year. Once a year, the project developer should meet with the local farmers who will work on the project area and with people living in the houses that could be impacted by the shadow flicker and ask if they are suffering from any health problem. If people complain about health problems, doctors should be consulted for further examination in order to be sure that they are related to shadow flicker. If it is the case (very unlikely) compensation or reduction measures should be taken.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 143 Map 9: Map of shadows

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 144

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 145 5.1.6. ICE THROW

When temperatures are negative or around zero, wind turbines may be covered by ice. If a wind turbine operates in icing conditions, two types of risks may occur if the rotor blades collect ice. The fragments from the rotor are thrown off from the operating turbine due to aerodynamic and centrifugal forces or they fall down from the turbine when it is shut down or idling without power production. Ice throw depends upon the weather and especially the wind conditions, on the instrumentation of the wind turbine's control system, and on the strategy of the control system itself. (…) Observations show that the ice fragments don’t hit the ground as long slender parts but break off immediately after detaching from the blade into small fragments. (Seifert et. al. 2003) Wind turbine icing occurs only a few days per year during extreme winter conditions. During these icing days only situations with a proper wind speed and wind direction in combination with detachment of ice fragments at the right time and right location will cause a hit at a certain spot at the ground. Provided that a person stays exactly at that time on that location an incident or accident occurs. If 15,000 persons pass the road close to the wind turbine per year there might be one accident in 300 years. The risk for this situation to happen is therefore very low (Seifert et. al. 2003).

Sensitivity of the receptors to change The wind turbines will be erected close to agricultural roads and in farm land. The potential receptors are local farmers who are working often close to wind turbines and the maintenance staff. The sensitivity of the receptor has been assessed as moderate. Potential visitors who could walk close to the turbines are not taken into consideration because the project area is not attractive.

Methodology for assessing ice throw impacts

Area of influence and boundaries It has been established that the safety distance between the turbine and the nearest object can be calculated as: 1.5*(hub height + rotor diameter) (Tammelin et al. 1998). For the Alibunar project, the area where ice throw could happen is within a radius of about 400m around wind turbines.

Table 37: Zone under ice throw risk Vestas Enercon Sinovel Technical specifications Vestas V126 V112 E-101 SL3000/113 hub height (m) 119 100 99 110 rotor diameter (m) 126 100 101 113 1.5*(hub height + rotor diameter) 367,5 300 300 334,5

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 146 Methodology Our impact assessment methodology is based on available literature and the characteristic of the project and of the study area.

Ice throw impact assessment

A. During operation and maintenance

As shown in the Baseline chapter, Serbia is characterized by a continental climate with average temperature around zero from December to February and with days of frost from October to April. In these climatic conditions, icing of wind turbines is likely to occur. In the 400m radius risk zone around wind turbines there are no houses but there are agricultural roads that are driven regularly by farmers, and there are some fields where farmers are working from time to time. Because of maintenance activity, maintenance staff will work regularly on the wind turbines. The impact of ice throw is assessed as direct, negative low impact.

There is a low risk for ice throwing that can be avoided if the following precautions measures presented hereafter are taken.

B. Mitigation measures and residual impact

Warning about the risk 1. Use warning signs in order to signal the area of risk around the turbine. 2. Inform operational staff and local farmers about the conditions likely to lead to ice accretion on the turbine, of the risk of ice falling from the rotor and of the areas of risk.

In case of danger 1. If a defined deviation is detected which can be related to a beginning rotor blade icing, the turbine should be shut down If these measures are implemented properly, there is no residual impact due to ice throw.

Monitoring program

- Continuously check the power curve and the ambient air temperature using an ice free anemometer and a heated wind vane (Seifert et. al. 2003) from September to May.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 147 5.1.7. LANDSCAPE

Background information The European Landscape Convention of the Council of Europe was ratified by the Serbian government on June 2011 and entered into force the same year. It promotes landscape protection, management and planning. In its preamble, the Convention defines “landscape” as “an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors”. (COE, 2000) According to the Council of Europe (COE 2008), wind farms are among the types of projects that strongly influence the quality of a place. The magnitude or size of wind farm elements, and the distance between them and the viewer, are basic physical measures that affect visibility, but the key issue is human perception of visual effects, and that is not simply a function of size and distance. (…) The perception of the viewer depends on experience, the visual field, attention, background, contrast and expectation, (University of Newcastle, 2002). Public perceptions of wind-energy projects vary widely. To some, wind turbines appear visually pleasing, while others view them as intrusive industrial machines (Risser, 2007)

Sensitivity of the receptor to change

Main receptor: human perception of the landscape The receptors are all the persons that can be impacted by the change of the landscape due to the wind-farm project for example: residents, workers, commuters, traveler, tourists, local recreationist (walking, biking, running…etc.) (University of Newcastle, 2002). - The residents are permanently present on the study area and might see the projects from their house. - Commuters and workers (farmers) might be affected during their working day. - Tourists are not numerous in the study area and are not visiting the area for landscape except maybe in Devojački Bunar Residential and leisure areas are located at least 1 km from the project site. The workers that are more likely to be impacted by the project are the farmers that will be working close to the project site. The sensitivity of the receptors is considered as medium.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 148 Methodology for Visual Impact Assessment

Area of influence and boundaries: Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) The study area has been defined according to the Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) of the wind farm. The ZVI map hereafter shows visually affected areas and the number of turbines that can be seen from these areas. The visibility of the wind farm is mainly affected by its size and by local topography. The map shows that because of topography, the wind turbines will not be entirely visible or not visible at all from the valleys close to the project area (A, B and C), from the depression of Alibunar, from the natural reserve “Deliblato Sands”, from the valley south- west from Padina, from the valleys south from Alibunar, from the depression of the Tamiš river, from the valleys located between Kočarevo and Banatsko Novo Selo and south of them. According to the ZVI, the wind farms might be visible up to 30km from the project area. However, at this distance the wind-farm will be hardly noticeable and for this reason we defined the study area as a circle of 20km radius from the project area that includes 16 settlements: Alibunar, Vladimirovac, Seleuš, Banatsko Novo Selo, Nikolinci, Banatski Karlovac, , Kačarevo, Kovačica, Padina, Lokve, Janošnik, Ilandža, Novi Kozjak, Samoš, and Dobrica.

Methodology: selection of 11 view points In order to assess the magnitude of change, 11 viewpoints have been selected in the study area as shown by the map called “Viewpoints location”. These viewpoints are main roads and settlements from which receptors (inhabitants, tourists, commuters and workers can be affected by the visual impact due to the project. The viewpoints have been chosen according to these receptors. Pictures have been taken from these viewpoints so as to show the existing visual resource and the sensitivity of this resource to wind farm development. These pictures have been superimposed with a representation of the proposed design of the project within a photomontage that shows the predicted appearance of the final proposed development. The photomontage was made with software that takes into account the distance between the observation point and the wind turbines and shows the turbines at the size they will appear in the landscape when constructed. The photomontage is shown in Appendixes of this study.

The visual impact of the wind-farm has only been assessed as negative because it is a common reaction among the general public. However, the development of a wind-farm project in this flat and monotonous agricultural could be perceived by some viewers as a modern and interesting object that can give an added value to the landscape.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 149 Map 10: Zone of virtual influence

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 150

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 151 Map 11: Viewpoints location

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 152 Landscape sensitivity due to physical characteristics of the landscape The “landscape sensitivity” or” visual sensitivity” is the extent to which a landscape or visual composition can accommodate of a particular type and scale without adverse effects on its character or value (SNH, 2006). The study area is dominated by a flat and monotonous plateau intensely covered with geometrical agriculture parcels. Some semi-natural habitats patches of salty meadows or steppe grass land can be found but monotonous farm land is dominant. The landscape of the study area does not show high cultural or natural value and is considered to have a low sensitivity to landscape change.

Magnitude of change In order to assess the magnitude of change, at every viewpoint, a table was used that associates human perception to wind farm with a magnitude of change (University of Newcastle, 2002). In this table (see hereafter), the magnitude of change is never assessed as very large because the wind turbines are located at a minimum distance of 1km from the closest houses and at a minimum distance of 2,5 km from the closest road. The viewer does perceive the real size of the wind turbines. The magnitude of change is never assessed as negligible because at this wind-farm does change the landscape in a radius of at least 20km from the turbines.

Table 38: Assessment of magnitude of change

Descriptors – appearance in Magnitude Viewpoints central vision field of change Commanding, controlling the Very large view Seleuš (PM4), Vladimirovac (PM2), road between Vladimirovac and Alibunar (PM3), Standing out, striking, sharp, Large road between Vladimirovac and Banatsko unmistakable, easily seen Novo Selo (PM1) Noticeable, distinct, catching the Road between Alibunar and Lokve (PM11) eye or attention, clearly visible, Moderate well defined Padina (PM7), Novi Kozjak.(PM5), road between Ilandža and Novi Kozjak (PM8), Visible, evident, obvious Small road between Banatsko Novo Selo and Pančevo (PM9), Lokve (PM10) Lacking sharpness of definition, Samoš (PM6) not obvious, indistinct, not clear, Very small obscure, blurred, indefinite Weak, not legible, near limit of Negligible acuity of human eye Source: University of Newcastle, 2002

Impact assessment

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 153 A. Visual impact during operation

Magnitude of change associated with landscape sensitivity The table hereafter shows for every viewpoint its location, the associated to a picture, an assessment of landscape sensitivity and an assessment of magnitude of change. The all photomontage is shown in annex with a better precision

Figure 28: Description of the photomontage

PM1 is a viewpoint located close to the entrance of Banatsko Novo Selo on the road between Banatsko Novo Selo and Vladimirovac. At this location, the landscape is dominated by flat and monotonous intensive agriculture. The wind turbines appear smaller than the tree but are prominent and unmistakable by the commuter. The magnitude of change is large. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long-term, negative, and moderate.

PM2 is located at the entrance of Vladimirovac from the road between Vladimirovac and Alibunar. At this location, the landscape is dominated by flat and monotonous intensive agriculture and is altered by agricultural infrastructure. The wind turbines are easily seen even if they appear smaller than bushes and industrial infrastructure. The magnitude of change is large. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long-term, negative, and moderate.

PM3 is located at the entrance of Alibunar from the road between Vladimirovac and Alibunar. At this location, the landscape is dominated by flat and monotonous intensive agriculture altered by an electric pylon. The wind turbines are standing out and easily seen even if they appear smaller than the electric pylon. The magnitude of change is large. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long-term, negative, and moderate.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 154 PM4 is located at the village of Seleuš. At this location, the landscape is dominated by extremely flat and monotonous intensive agriculture. The wind turbines are striking, sharp and unmistakable. They are controlling the view. The magnitude of change is large. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long-term, negative, and moderate.

PM5 is located at the village of Novi Kozjak. At this location, the landscape is flat and covered with steppe grassland of high ecological value for sousliks (Spermophilus citellus) with a small plantation of (Morus sp.) of importance for the reproduction of the rook (Corvus frugilegus). The landscape is assessed as a moderate quality landscape even if it is altered by electric pylons. The wind turbines are obvious. The magnitude of change is small. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long-term, negative, and low.

PM6 is located at the entrance of Samoš from the road between Samoš and Padina. At this location, the landscape is dominated by flat and monotonous intensive agriculture affected by electric pylons. The wind turbines appear blurred and indefinite. The magnitude of change is very small. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long-term, negative, and negligible.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 155

PM7 is located at the village of Padina. At this location, the landscape is dominated by flat and monotonous intensive agriculture. The wind turbines look visible and obvious but look smaller than all the trees on the picture. The magnitude of change is small. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long- term, negative, and low.

PM8 is on the road between Ilandža and Novi Kozjak. At this location, the landscape of flat natural salty meadow slightly altered by electrical pylons can be regarded as of medium quality. The wind turbines look visible and obvious. The magnitude of change is small. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long-term, negative, and low.

PM9 is on the road between Banatsko Novo Selo and Pančevo, south from Kačarevo. At this location, the landscape the landscape is dominated by flat and monotonous intensive agriculture. The wind turbines look visible and obvious even if they are smaller than the house, the trees and even the corn. The magnitude of change is small. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long- term, negative, and low.

PM10 is at the village of Lokve. At this location, the landscape is dominated by flat and monotonous intensive agriculture. The wind turbines look visible and obvious but look smaller than all the trees on the picture. The magnitude of change is small. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long- term, negative, and low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 156

PM11 is on the road between Alibunar and Lokve. At this location, the landscape of altered salty meadow can be assessed as medium quality. The wind turbines look visible and obvious. The magnitude of change is small. The impact on landscape is assessed as direct, long- term, negative, and low.

Source:WindVision 2012

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 157 B. Summary of visual impact assessment

The visual impact assessment can be summarized in the table hereunder:

Table 39: Summary of visual impact assessment

Environmental Project Impact Significance receptor and Risk phase description of impact sensitivity Degradation of landscape from: Seleuš (PM4), Vladimirovac (PM2), road between Direct Vladimirovac and Alibunar Operation negative long- moderate (PM3), road between term Vladimirovac and Banatsko Receptors : Novo Selo (PM1) residents, Degradation of landscape from workers, Padina (PM7), Novi Kozjak commuters, (PM5), road between Ilandža and tourists; Direct Novi Kozjak (PM8), road Sensitivity: Operation negative long- low between Banatsko Novo Selo medium term and Pančevo (PM9), Lokve (PM10), Road between Alibunar and Lokve (PM11) Direct Degradation of landscape from: Operation negative long- negligible Samoš (PM6) term

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 158 5.1.8. BIRDS

Background information on birds and wind-farms

Wind turbines can have a negative impact on birds. Several European field studies have shown that birds can collide with the turbines during local and seasonal migration, or they can become disturbed in their breeding, resting or feeding areas (Langston et Pullan, 2003). The average number of collision fatalities in different European wind farms on land varies between a few birds up to 64 birds per turbine per year (Langston et Pullan, 2003; Everaert et Kuijken, 2007). Also within one wind farm, the impact can strongly differ between individual turbines (Everaert & Stienen 2006), clearly showing that ‘site selection’ can play an important role in limiting the number of collision fatalities. Generally, there are three potential effects that wind power facilities may have on birds. These are (1) collisions, resulting in increased mortality, (2) habitat loss, which may be either direct through destroyed habitats or indirect by causing disturbance and potentially lower population counts locally, and (3) barrier effects (Drewitt & Langston 2008).

Bird collisions into the wind turbines: The fact that birds sometimes collide with towers or the rotors of wind turbines has been known since the early days of wind farming (Erickson et al. 2001). Collisions usually lead to immediate death of the bird or to serious wounds from which it dies later. In addition, birds may collide with infrastructure associated with the wind turbines, such as meteorological towers, power- lines, buildings or traffic (Kuvlesky et al. 2007). The risk for collision depends on the bird and its life habit and behavior, particularly its reaction to the presence of wind turbines. The characteristics of the wind turbines may also be of importance such as the height above the ground, the length of the rotor blades (sweep area) and presence of artificial light sources at or near the turbine. The location of the turbines in relation to the occurrence of birds may be of primary importance. Finally, the risk that birds will collide with a wind turbine could also be related to the time of the year and the prevailing weather (Drewitt & Langston, 2008). When evaluating the consequences of increased mortality from collisions with wind turbines at the population level, it may be important to know that a certain number of dead birds may be much more serious for long-lived species with slow reproduction and late maturity (usually large birds) than for species that mature early and reproduce rapidly (typically small birds). The effect on the population may be particularly serious for slowly reproducing species that also happen to be rare (Desholm, 2009).

Bird habitat loss due to wind farm construction: The construction of a wind farm may affect the density of birds in the vicinity. A direct loss of habitat will certainly occur at the site of construction and perhaps also at a distance from the site (Rydell et al, 2011). To some extent, construction of a wind power facility means increased human activity in the area during and to some extent also after the construction phase (Kuvlesky et al. 2007) and the disturbance caused by this may be significant. Associated roads may provide

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 159 access to previously relatively pristine areas and hence indirectly make them available to forestry and traffic. Such disturbance effects would probably appear during the early construction and may continue with varying intensity (Langston & Pullan 2003).

Barrier effects A barrier effect means that an obstacle such as a wind power facility acts as a barrier to flying birds, so that they avoid the vicinity of the obstacle and take another flight course. This behavior obviously leads to a lower collision risk, but at the same time the birds would have to take a longer route, hence potentially increasing the energy consumption during transports between feeding, breeding and resting areas (Rydell et al, 2011). Barrier effects have primarily been investigated for migrating seabirds near off shore wind farms (Rydell et al, 2011). The birds have usually been observed with radar and their reaction to the presence of wind turbines have been quantified at various distances from the wind turbines (Plonczkier et Simms, 2012). The same principle can be adapted for onshore use. The extra distance the birds have to fly to negotiate a wind farm is probably negligible in most cases, but since birds sometimes fly very long distances and may pass many wind farms on their way, the cumulative effects on their energy consumption may perhaps become significant (Rydell et al, 2011).

Sensitivity of the species

The 41 species of particular importance because of their international protection status are considered of high sensitivity. The Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) is considered of high sensitivity because of its abundance on the study area. The Raven (Corvus corax) is considered of high sensitivity because of is importance as the main nest builder for Saker Falcon (see Baseline chapter).

Assessment of impacts on birds

Vulnerability to the project ‐ Bird species are considered to be vulnerable during the construction phase if they are dependent on vulnerable habitats, which means on a habitat that is likely to be disturbed or destroyed construction activities. ‐ Bird species are considered to be vulnerable during the operation phase if they are often flying at height of the wind turbines and occasionally vulnerable if they are flying occasionally at height of the wind turbines.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 160 Vulnerable species On the study area, only two bird species dependent on habitats likely to be disturbed or destroyed during construction activities have been recorded: Falco cherrug and Calandrella brachydactyla. On the study area, 13 bird species flying at height of the turbines have been recorded: Falco cherrug, Ciconia ciconia, Grus grus, Aquila pennata, Aquila heliaca, Aquila pomarina, Circaetus gallicus, Pernis apivorus, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Egretta garzetta, Chlidonias hybrida, Numenius arquata

Occasionally vulnerable species On the study area, 14 bird species flying occasionally at height of the turbines have been recorded: Delichon urbica, Alauda arvensis, Falco columbarius, Falco vespertinus, Circus pygargus, Circus cyaneus, Circus aeruginosus, Anthus campestris, Hirundo rustica, Riparia riparia, Calandrella brachydactyla, Falco tinnunculus, Buteo buteo, Corvus corax

The 27 vulnerable and occasionally vulnerable species presented above are considered as vulnerable and will be taken into account in the impact assessment.

Some species are flying high but are not vulnerable to the project for ecological reasons: Merops apiaster, Vanellus vanellus, Anser anser, Anser albifrons, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna tadorna and Anser fabalis. All these species, even when numerous at the wind farm sites are known to avoid the turbine field or blades with ease (Plonczkier et Simms, 2012, EU Comission, 2009, Everaert, 2003).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 161 Risk assessment: The risk of the species to collide into the wind turbines is assessed by confronting the presence on the study area site to the vulnerability and the protection status of the species. In the table hereafter, the names of the species at low risk are written in green, the names of the species at moderate risk are written in orange and the names of the species are high risk are written in red.

Table 40: Risk assessment for birds

Presence on the study area Vulnerability Very Common Rare Extremely rare common Vulnerable Falco cherrug Ciconia ciconia, (flying high Grus grus, and dependent Falco vespertinus, on a Aquila pennata, vulnerable Aquila heliaca, habitat) and Aquila pomarina, endangered Circaetus gallicus, Pernis apivorus Calandrella brachydactyla Occasionally Delichon urbica, Anthus campestris, Phalacrocorax vulnerable Alauda arvensis, Hirundo rustica, pygmeus, (flying high Falco columbarius, Riparia riparia, Nycticorax nycticorax, occasionally) Circus pygargus, Egretta garzetta, and Circus cyaneus, Chlidonias hybrida, endangered Circus aeruginosus Numenius arquata

Vulnerable Falco Buteo buteo (flying high) tinnunculus, and not Corvus corax endangered (ecologically important)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 162 Impact assessment

A. During construction and decommissioning

The potential project impact on the birds species are assessed based on the result of this risk assessment and based in the ecological concern existing for every species. Only the species assessed to be “at moderate risk” and “at risk” (see Table “Risk assessment”) are taken into consideration in this impact assessment.

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): The power-line that will connect the wind-farm to the grid will go over a loess valley, parallel to the existing power-line, and connect to the grid close to the known Saker Falcon Falco cherrug nest. The Saker Falcon is generally sensitive to disturbance, and will leave the nest if the human presence is common or permanent (Bagyura et al, 2006), the same stands for machinery. The potential project impact on the Saker Falcon during construction is assessed as moderate.

Short-toed lark (Calandrella brachydactyla) South from the project site, on the corridor of local importance for birds, the first breeding pair for Vojvodina of the Short-toed Lark Callandrella brachydactyla, a subspecies endemic for the Pannonian plain, has been discovered. Construction activities or high human presence on the road during the reproduction period from April to August could push the birds to abandon their nests. The potential project impact on the Short-toed Lark during construction is assessed as moderate.

B. During operation

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): It has been observed often in the area north from the project site, but only twice within it. The species is going through a serious decline during last decades throughout its range, and thus it has been ©Biotope declared as Endangered by the IUCN. Also, it has been declared as an Annex I species (BD) and a SPEC 1 species (BLI). The decline has been witnessed in Serbia too, and therefore it has been

classified as the high risk species. The potential project impact on the Saker falcon has been assessed as moderate.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 163 Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca): Only one individual has been observed at one occasion, approximately 5km north from the project site. Considering the fact that it is an IUCN Vulnerable, Annex I (BD) and SPEC 1 (BLI) species, it has to be considered seriously, especially considering the fact that Serbia has only 3 known breeding pairs. It has been classified as species of moderate risk and is very rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Imperial Eagle has been assessed as moderate. Booted Eagle (Aquila pennata): The species has been observed only once above the northern part of Deliblatska Peščara in June 2012 hunting for sousliks and flying south after a successful hunt. It is an Annex I BD species, as well as SPEC 3, very rare in Vojvodina (Puzović et al, 2002). Considering the low number of sightings and a distance from the project site, it has been designated as a moderate risk species, very rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Booted eagle has been assessed as low.

Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina): There have been 3 sightings of the species, one in March, one in April and one in May 2012 (during spring migration). All observations were above the salty meadows on the right side of the road going from Banatski Karlovac to Ilandža. It is a SPEC 2 and Annex I BD species, facing decline in Serbia (Puzović et al, 2002). Considering the low number of sightings and the fact that the corridor for the migration of this species is situated east from the project site, it has been designated as a moderate risk species, rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Spotted eagle has been assessed as low. White Stork Ciconia ciconia: The species has been observed several times, and places of aggregation of this species have been determined east from the project site, on the salty meadows right from the road Banatski Karlovac – Ilandža. It is an Annex I BD and a SPEC 2 species, with a slight population decrease in Serbia (Puzović et al, 2002). Considering that the project site is on the outer edge of the corridor ©Biotope situated on the east the species has been designated as a moderate risk, very common on the site. The potential project impact on the White stork has been assessed as moderate. Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus): It is an Annex I BD species, rare in Vojvodina (Puzović et al, 2002), and only two individuals have been observed within the project site, out of which only one has been recorded flying at the altitude of the rotors. Because of its low numbers and no defined corridor, as well as the absence of food items for the species on the site, it is considered as a moderate risk species, very rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Honey Buzzard has been assessed as low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 164 House Martin (Delichon urbica): It is a SPEC 3 species, decreasing in Serbia, common on the project are during postnuptial migration, but rare the rest of the time. Because of the high numbers at times, and the fact that it tends to fly in the altitude of the turbines, the risk has been designated as moderate. The potential project impact on the House Martin has been assessed as low.

©Biotope

Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus): It is SPEC 3, Annex I species, rare on breeding in Vojvodina (Puzović et al, 2002) and moderately sensitive to wind farms. There have been total of 3 sightings, two of which at the altitude of the rotors, and one of them being during the breeding period. Considering that no breeding has been confirmed in the wide area of project influence, the risk has been designated as moderate. The potential project impact on the Short-toed eagle has been assessed as moderate.

Crane (Grus grus): It is a SPEC 1, low activity species on the site, but with a very high activity on and above the salty meadows east from the project site. There have been 7 sightings at the altitude of the rotors, with a total of 987 individuals; There has been only one sighting above the project area, total of 3 individuals. The risk for this species has been assessed as moderate, because the project site is outside of the obvious migration route. The potential ©Biotope project impact on the Crane has been assessed as low.

Merlin (Falco columbarius): Observed 11 times, with most of the sightings being at the altitude of 40m. It is an annex I BD species, wintering in Serbia. Because of its unusually high number on the site it has been assessed as a moderate risk species, very common at the site. The potential project impact on the Merlin has been assessed as low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 165 Red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus): It is an IUCN Near Threatened, SPEC 3 and Annex 1 BD species, with a negative population trend throughout its range, as well as in Serbia (Puzović et al, 2002). It has been observed only once at the altitude of the rotors in May 2012, but none above the project site. At the same time no breeding colonies have been discovered within the wide area of project influence. The risk for this species is assessed as moderate because of the level of protection that it enjoys. Is very rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Red-footed falcon has been assessed as low.

©Biotope

Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): The species is very common on the site, with more than 200 observations in total, and about 19 at the altitude of the rotors. Even though the species is very sensitive to wind-farms (Duerr, 2012), it is designated as an average risk species because of the abundance and positive population trend in Vojvodina (Puzović et al, 2002). The potential project impact on the Kestrel ©Biotope has been assessed as moderate.

Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus): It has been observed 4 times during fall migration (October- November) but only once at a critical altitude. It is not breeding in Serbia. Considering that it is a BD Annex I species, it is a moderate risk species. The potential project impact on the Hen Harrier has been assessed as moderate. Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus): Observed only once in April above the valleys east from the project site. It is an Annex 1 BD species, very rare on breeding in Vojvodina (Puzović, 2002). It is therefore a moderate risk species, very rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Montagu’s Harrier has been assessed as low.

©Biotope

Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus): It is an Annex I BD species, observed 22 times at the project site, only during migration. Population in Serbia is large (Puzović et al, 2002) and stable, but because of the high number during migration, the species is assessed as a moderate risk. The potential project impact on the Marsh Harrier has been assessed as low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 166 Raven Corvus corax: 34 sightings of the species at the altitude of the rotors. It is not endangered or strictly protected, nor especially sensitive to wind farms but it has a huge ecological importance for the Saker Falcon, primarily as a nest donor. It is a species of moderate risk. The potential project impact on the Raven has been assessed as low.

©Biotope

Skylark (Alauda arvensis): It is a sensitive species toward wind farms (Durr, 2012), very numerous species at the project site, SPEC 3, decreasing in Serbia due to pesticide use. There have been 117 observations of the species in the altitude of the turbines. Considering that the risk of collision and disturbance for this species is high at the project area, and that it is very abundant in Serbia and that the population size is way above the thresholds for concern, we conclude that species is of moderate risk. The potential project impact on the Raven has been assessed as moderate.

C. In case of hazards

The project will not have any impact on birds in case of hazard.

D. Mitigation measures and residual impact

 to reduce disturbance

1. Limit activity around the Saker falcon’s nests: As explained before, the construction work on the power-line is likely to disturb the Saker falcon during reproduction. Therefore, even though the Saker may benefit from this power-line in the future, because there will be more available places for the Ravens to breed, special care needs to be directed to the time of the power-line construction, in order to avoid the breeding season. There should not be any activities 2km around the Saker nests during breeding season: starting from mid-January with territorial display, all until successful education of the young birds in early-August. This measure might be updated and improved based on the results of the yearly monitoring study on Saker falcon. If this mitigation measure is correctly implemented, the residual potential project impact on the Saker falcon will be low.

2. Limiting activity around the Short-toed Lark’s nest: In order to avoid disturbance of the Short-toed Lark Callandrella brachydactyla during reproduction period, it is recommended not to use the road going through the corridor from April to August. In addition, any transformation that could motivate increased use of this road in the future, like widening and improving the quality of the road should be avoided. In order for the

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 167 workers to be aware of this limitation, marking will be visible on the access road from April to August and an explanatory meeting will be held for the workers. If this mitigation measure is correctly implemented, the residual potential project impact on the Short-toed Lark’s will be low.

 to reduce the risk for birds to collide into the turbines

1. Painting turbines to reduce bird fatality: In order to reduce the risk of bird fatality it is important to reduce the attractiveness of the wind farm area for birds. Insects are attracted by wind turbines and tend to concentrate around them. Bird species that are feeding on insects, as swallows and swifts, may be attracted to insects flying around the turbines and might collide into the rotor while hunting. In order to lower this risk, it has been suggested to paint the wind turbines red or purple perpendicular to the axis of the blade in order to reduce their attractiveness for insects (Long et al. 2010). However, painting the rotor in red or purple might reduce their visibility for birds. White or light grey coloration of the wind turbines are probably near the optimal for their detection by birds (Ödeen & Hĺstad 2007). The Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation of Novi Sad requested for wind generator propellers to be painted in red and white alternating stripes of width 40 to 60cm in its decision number: 03-729/2 and dated: 10.06.2011. This technique might allow both to deter insects and to make the propellers visible to birds. However, this would increase the visual impact of the project on landscape

2. Equip the connection power line with bird deflectors: Above the natural or semi natural habitats, the power line should be equipped with bird deflectors and should be adequately isolated in order to reduce the mortality of medium to large birds from electrocution.

During operation phase

3. Clear vegetation around wind turbines: - To avoid attracting preys: In the decision quoted above, the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation of Novi Sad requested for the bases of each wind generator pillar to be built and ensured in such a way that mammals living subterraneous and are potential prey of predatory birds cannot be driven under them. Also, concrete elements such as turbine foundation might be attractive to burrowing animals (hamsters, voles, mice, etc.) that are themselves prey for raptors. Vegetation around the wind turbines should be cleared regularly in order to discourage burrowing animals to settle under concrete elements such as turbine foundation. - To avoid perching points: All potential perching points (bushes, trees, fences) in a radius of 100m from turbines might be removed in order to discourage birds from perching.

6. Avoiding crop spill on the wind turbines platform: Any accidental crop spill on the wind turbine platforms should be avoided in order not to attract rodents or birds. To

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 168 achieve this goal, farmers should be informed and the maintenance staff should control if this precaution measure is respected, especially during the period of crop collection. In case of accidental spill of crops on the platform surface, all the material should be removed as soon as possible.

7. Remove carcasses around wind turbines: Carcasses of flying fauna killed by wind turbines should be removed as fast as possible in order not to attract scavengers or opportunistic scavengers (e.g. buzzards and harriers or even eagles and falcons). This is especially important during the winter months and migration, when many birds of prey feed on carcasses.

Nota Bene: as it is not possible to be sure that these mitigation measures aiming at reducing the risk for birds to collide into the turbines are going to be effective. The monitoring program will give feedback about the effect of these mitigation measures.

Monitoring program

1. Implement a continuous monitoring radar system: In its decision number: 03-729/2 and dated: 10.06.2011, the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation of Novi Sad requested for wind power plants above 50 MW installed capacity to be equipped to provide continuous monitoring of crossing of birds and bats over the territory occupied by wind power plant this request is based on the „Rulebook on specific technical and technological solutions that enable the safe circulation of wildlife“("Of.g. RS 72/2010), article 10, in order to protected migratory species it is mandatory for wind farms over 50 MW to be equipped in a way so as to provide continuous monitoring of birds and bats flying over the wind farm. The most important for preventing migrating birds to die in large number over the Alibunar wind farm is: - to identify bird’s migration routes - to anticipate the moment when large migrating flock will fly over the wind farm - to understand how migration routes are related to weather conditions In order to answer these questions, a permanent radar monitoring system called Aviscan©Biotope will be installed at a strategic location on the wind farm. The Aviscan radar continuously detects flying objects within a radius that can be set up according to the targeted species  6 km focus on storks and medium to large birds of prey  16 km: flocks of birds The radar will be focusing on the migratory species at risk (Circaetus gallicus, Ciconia ciconia, Circus aeruginosus) Meteorological data will be recorded at the same time and birds behavior will be interpreted in relation to it in order to make a prediction model of birds migration routes around the wind farm.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 169 2. Organize a survey for dead birds: In order to assess the consistency of conclusions of the Baseline field survey on birds as well as the efficiency of the Aviscan continuous monitoring system, a survey for dead birds may also be required. This survey for dead birds will be done under the same condition than the study for bats (see impact assessment on bats).

3. Monitor the Saker falcon’s reproduction success: The feeding dispersion model of the Saker falcon (see Baseline chapter on birds) is based on the location of nests around the wind farm (Biotope 2012) and on available knowledge about the species. As the locations of the nests and the behavior of the species are likely to slightly change over time, we recommend organizing every year a short monitoring campaign on the Saker falcon including nest searching in March and April and nest observation in June. Mitigation measures regarding the Saker falcon will be adapted to the result of this survey.

4. Discuss the results of the monitoring program with the INP: The results of the Aviscan continuous monitoring, the survey for dead birds and the Yearly monitoring of Saker falcon will be assessed by a team of ornithologists who will regularly present their results at the Institute for Nature Protection of Novi Sad. A particular attention will be given to Falco cherrug, Ciconia ciconia, Alauda arvensis, Circaetus gallicus, Pernis apivorus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus pygargus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila heliacal, Aquila pennata, Falco vespertinus, Falco columbarius, Grus grus, Delichon urbica and Corvus corax that can potentially be affected by the project.

Compensation measures to the residual impacts

If despite of the mitigation measures implemented there is still an alarming bird mortality on the wind farm, compensation measures should be implemented in a way that would bring benefit to the specific birds species impacted by the wind farm operation and based on the recommendations given by the Rulebook on compensatory measures (Of. g. of RS: 20/2010) and detailed in Appendix of this study Below we identify a list of compensatory restoration measures based on current available knowledge that aim at achieving the following environmental gains for the populations of endangered species: ‐ Reducing threats to the species, ‐ Increasing breeding success or ‐ Increasing breeding opportunities.

Compensation measures: 1. Retrofit offsite power lines with bird deflectors or isolate them to reduce the mortality of medium to large birds from electrocution 2. Implement habitat restoration measures on relevant areas (offsite) in order to improve the population status of the species impacted by the project

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 170 3. Enhance the nesting opportunities in Serbia by improving existing nests or by building artificial ones in relevant areas (offsite) 4. Fund research to identify successful strategies for reducing the species mortality from a variety of human activities (e.g., fill the knowledge gap needed to quantify environmental gains) 5. Fund an outreach program to educate local communities (for example farmers, hunters or pigeon holders) on the dangers of poisoning the pests and the consequence these actions might have on environment and species (on-/off-site) 6. Re-introduce the species into previously colonized areas (in Vojvodina or Serbia) where populations are currently extirpated (assuming conditions have improved since extinction)

The thresholds for bird mortality that would set off compensation measures should be defined, based on the Rulebook on compensatory measures ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 20/2010), population trend and species abundance, by the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation. All the compensation activities should be implemented by experienced ornithologists in cooperation with the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 171 5.1.9. BATS

Background information

Bat species are vulnerable to wind farm project. They are attracted to wind turbines because of the movement of the rotor (Cryan et Barcley, 2009) or because of the vertical structure likely to attract insects (Kunz et al., 2007). When they fly too close, they collide into the rotor or most of the time, die from barotrauma (Baerwald et Barcley, 2009, Cryan et Brown). Barotrauma is caused by rapid air- pressure reduction near moving turbine blades that provokes rapid or excessive pressure change in bats which kills them. (Baerwald et al., 2008)

European scientists started to monitor the effects of wind farm projects in bats in the 1990’s and the number of bats killed by wind turbines in Europe is reported into a table that is updated every year (Durr 2012). This table is used in this chapter in order to know which species are vulnerable to wind farms.

Sensitivity of the receptors

The receptors are the bat species that have been described in the Baseline chapter as species of ecological concern especially Barbastella barbastellus and Plecotus auritus. These receptors are considered as sensitive.

Assessment of the project’s impact on bats

Study area As described in the Baseline chapter on bats. It includes the close (1km), medium (5km) and wide (15) areas of influence. As flying fauna, bat species are likely to move around the project.

Methodology for the impact assessment

Our methodology is based on the results of the field survey on bats (Biotope 2012), on literature research and on the knowledge about the technical characteristics of the project. There are 4 steps to our impact assessment: 1. Assessing bats species vulnerability to wind farm projects 2. Questioning the intensity of activity of the bats species vulnerable to wind farm projects 3. Assessing the risks for these species to be impacted 4. Assessing the potential project impact on bat species

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 172 Vulnerability to the project

In order to assess the vulnerability of the species to wind farm projects, we analyze behavioral information (Eurobats, 2011) and mortality rates due to wind farm in Europe (Durr 2012). - By knowing the behavior of the species we can predict if they are likely to fly at height of the rotor (50 to 200m) and to know if they are likely to move far away from the places where they have been recorded. - By analyzing the record of species mortality due to wind farm in Europe, we know which species get killed by wind turbines.

Species Height of flight (m) Mortality in Vulnerability Europe Barbastella barbastellus above canopy 2 Low Eptesicus serotinus 50 138 Medium Miniopterus schreibersii 2 to 5 (foraging) and 7 Low open sky (transit) Myotis daubentonii 1 to 5 6 Low Myotis mystacinus up to 15m in the 3 Low canopy Nyctalus leisleri above canopy 291 High Nyctalus noctula 10 to a few hundred 636 High meters Pipistrellus kuhlii 1-10; up to a few 126 Medium hundreds Pipistrellus pipistrellus up to the rotor 867 High Pipistrellus nathusii 1-20 (foraging);30-50 520 High (migration) Pipistrellus pygmaeus up to the rotor 135 Medium Plecotus auritus up to the canopy 5 Low Plecotus austriacus No data 7 Low Vespertilio murinus 20-40 70 Medium Rhinolophus ferrumequinum No data 1 Low Source: Eurobats, 2011 Durr 2012

This table shows that Nyctalus leisleri, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus are sensitive to wind farm projects while Eptesicus serotinus, Pipistrellus kuhlii, Vespertilio murinus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus could be moderately sensitive. For all the other species, the sensitivity to the wind farm projects is low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 173 Intensity of activity of vulnerable species

As shown in the Baseline chapter some species have been recorded in low numbers and other species in high numbers. Species that are vulnerable to wind farms but were recorded in low numbers on the study area are not likely to be impacted to the project. This is the case for Nyctalus leisleri, Vespertilio murinus, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Risk assessment

The table hereafter shows both vulnerability to wind farm and recorded level of activity on the study area.

Vulnerability Level of activity recorded on the site to wind farms Very high High Moderate Low High Nyctalus noctula Pipistrellus nathusii

Medium Pipistrellus Eptesicus kuhlii serotinus Low Myotis Miniopterus Plecotus daubentonii, schreibersii austriacus Myotis mystacinus

Precaution measure integrated into the design of the project The one-year bat baseline survey showed that most of the bat species are moving along the local ecological corridor where semi-natural habitats attract bats to forage. Some bushes located too close from the limit of the project sites have also been identified as attractive to bats. Eptesicus serotinus has been recorded in August 2011 foraging above a bush located at the north-eastern limit of the wind farm while Pipistrellus kuhlii has been recorded in September 2011 on the southern limit of the project site. As a precaution measure, a buffer area was designed in order for all the turbines to be at a minimum distance of 200 m from the ecological corridor and from these bushes, as recommended by Eurobat’s official guidelines (Rodrigues et al. 2008). This precaution measure reduces significantly the risks of bat fatality at the wind farm.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 174 Impact assessment A. During construction and decommissioning

No bats species is dependent on habitats that could be altered or destroyed during the construction or decommissioning of the project. Therefore, there is no impact.

B. During operation and maintanance

In able to assess the project’s potential impacts on this species at risk, a close analysis is made for every species at risk hereafter. Myotis daubentonii and Myotis mystacinus have been recorded in low numbers during fall migration 2011, they have not been recorded during spring migration in 2012 and they have been recorded in very high number during the reproduction period. The recordings were located by the pond or above valley the A and B. These two species are clearly following the ecological corridor north-west from the project site because they need to fly above trees and bushes and they are not likely to fly in open sky through the wind farm. As the wind turbines are located at a minimum distance of 200m from the ecological corridor and as these species show low vulnerability to wind farm projects, they might not be at risk (Rodrigues et al. 2008. The project’s impact on Myotis daubentonii and Myotis mystacinus is assessed as negligible.

Miniopterus schreibersii has been recorded in high number during fall migration in 2011 and in low numbers during spring migration and the reproduction period in 2012. Most of the time, it has been recorded along the ecological corridor by the pond or the valleys A and B, and only two times above the project. The species is foraging at 2 to 5m above the ground and is transiting in the open sky. When foraging the species is flying a lot low altitude and cannot be impacted by the rotor but when transiting it can be flying at altitude of the rotor. However, the species shows low vulnerability to wind farm project. The project’s impact on Miniopterus schreibersii is assessed as negligible.

Plecotus austriacus has been recorded in moderate number during fall migration in 2011 and in low numbers during the reproduction period in 2012. A few times, it has been recorded in the project area in September 2011 probably while migrating. As the level of activity of the species on the study area is moderate and its vulnerability to wind farm projects is low. The project’s impact on Plecotus austriacus has been assessed as negligible.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 175 Pipistrellus nathusii has been recorded in high numbers during fall migration in 2011 and spring migration in 2012. During reproduction period in 2012, it has been recorded in low numbers. As shown on the map hereafter, the bat is very active above the pond and moderately active above the valleys A and B. This species flies at low altitude when foraging (1 to 20meters) and between 30 to 50 meters during migration periods.

Therefore, from time to time, when flying the highest, it is at altitude of the rotor. The species is vulnerable to wind farm (Durr 2012). The project’s impact on Pipistrellus nathusii has been assessed as low.

Pipistrellus kuhlii has been recorded in high numbers during fall migration in 2011 as well as during spring migration and reproduction period in 2012. As shown on the map hereafter, the bat is very active by the pond and around it. It has also been recorded a few times above the project area. his species can fly up to a few hundred meters and is moderately vulnerable to wind farm project (Durr 2012).

The project’s impact on Pipistrellus kuhlii has been assessed as medium.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 176 Eptesicus serotinus has been recorded in moderate numbers during fall migration in 2011 and during reproduction period in 2012. During spring migration in 2012, it has been recorded in low numbers. As shown on the map hereafter, the bat is very active above the pond. A moderate to high activity has also been recorded in June 2012 by a wind turbine, on the northern limit of the project area. The bat species is moderately vulnerable to wind farm project. The project’s impact on Eptesicus serotinus has been assessed as low.

Nyctalus noctula has been recorded in very high numbers during fall migration in 2011 and spring migration in 2012. During reproduction period in 2012, it has been recorded in high numbers. As shown on the map hereafter, the bat is very active above the pond and in its surrounding, as well as above the valleys A and B and above the valley located south west of Alibunar. It is using the ecological corridor. The bat has also been recorded several times above the project area in low to moderate numbers. It is known to fly at an altitude of 10 to a few hundred meters and to fly in open sky when transiting and it is highly vulnerable to wind farm project. The project impact on Nyctalus noctula has been assessed as moderate.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 177

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 178 Map 12: Activity of Nyctalus noctula

C. Mitigation measures and associated residual impact

 When designing the project 1. Design a 200m wide buffer zone between the turbines and the bats’ hunting territories: As explained before, while designing the project, a safety distance of 200m has been respected between the turbines and the location that might be attractive to bats.

 During construction No particular precaution measures should be taken for bats during construction because they are active from dusk to dawn from March to October which shall not be during working hours.

 During operation

1. Stop the turbines when recommended by the bat mortality prediction model There have been considerable efforts to deter bats from approaching wind energy facilities by the use of various technical installations (warning lights, ultrasound and radar) but without real success. The only reduction measure that has proven to be efficient is stopping the turbine rotors when the risk of bat collision or barotrauma is the highest (Rydell, 2012). The great majority of fatalities of bats at wind turbines occur during a restricted time of the year, namely in August and September, always at night and nearly always in particular weather conditions with warm air and slow and usually northern winds. In order to reduce the risk of fatality, the turbine rotors may be stopped during periods with high risk of fatality (Rydell et al.2012) Raising wind-turbine cut-in speed at periods when active bats may be at particular risk from turbines, could reduce bat mortality from 44% to 93% with marginal annual power loss (< 1% of total annual output) (Arnett et al. 2010). The prediction model of bat mortality at each turbine of the Alibunar wind farm built with the Chirotech©Biotope continuous monitoring will be used in order to know under which conditions the wind turbines might be turned off.

1. In case of high mortality rate, cut bushes inside the project area More than occasional occurrence of dead bats on wind farm should lead to another mitigation measure. Upon request from the Institute for Nature Protection, all bushes located in a radius of 200m from the wind turbines should be cut in order to avoid attracting the bats inside the project area (Rodrigues et al. 2008). In order to compensate for the destruction of bushes inside the project area, native species of bushes should be planted along the ecological corridors at places where there is discontinuity (see map on ecological corridor). This compensation measure will be implemented according to the instructions given by the Rulebook on compensatory measures ("Official Gazette of RS" 20/2010)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 179 Nota Bene: as it is not possible to be sure that these mitigation measures aiming at reducing the risk for birds to collide into the turbines are going to be effective. The monitoring program will give feedback about the effect of these mitigation measures.

Monitoring program

In its decision number: 03-729/2 and dated: 10.06.2011, the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation of Novi Sad requested for the Alibunar wind farm to be equipped so as to provide continuous monitoring of crossing of birds and bats over the territory occupied by wind power plant. This request is based on the „Rulebook on specific technical and technological solutions that enable the safe circulation of wildlife“("Official Gazette of RS", 72/2010), article 10, that states that in order to protected migratory species it is mandatory for wind farms over 50 MW to be equipped in a way so as to provide continuous monitoring of birds and bats flying over the wind farm.

1. Continuously monitor bat activity above the Alibunar wind farm The most important thing for preventing bats to die on the Alibunar wind farm is to identify:  the turbines around which the activity is the highest  the species that are fling in the danger zone around the rotor  the weather conditions under which bat activity is the highest around wind turbines In order to answer these questions, a permanent monitoring system called Chirotech©Biotope will be installed on the wind turbines. This system uses SM2bat sound recorders positioned at altitude of the rotor that are set up to record bat activity every night with an omnidirectional angle of detection and up to a distance of 100m. The Sonochiro©Biotope software will be used to analyze and give precise information about bat species and behavior. Meteorological data will be recorded at the same time and bats behavior will be interpreted in relation to it in order to make a prediction model of bat mortality at each turbine in relation with the weather conditions.

2. Research dead bats over the site In order to assess the consistency of conclusions of the Baseline field survey on bats as well as the efficiency of the Chirotech continuous monitoring system, a survey for dead bats may also be required. Post-construction surveys for dead bats are very important to evaluate if mitigation at the wind farm site is needed or not. (Rydell et al. 2012) At operating wind farms, estimation of bat mortality implies searching for carcasses around wind turbines by a team of trained searchers. These searches should be implemented as often as possible by the maintenance staff of the wind farm Alibunar with particular intensity at strategic periods (peak of bat activity). The staff will collect all the visible carcasses found in the vicinity of the turbines, take a picture of them and store the data in a “Fatality register” that will include the exact position (coordinates) of the finding, the date, the description of the carcass and an estimate of the time of the fatality based on the state of the carcass.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 180 The number of carcasses found during the searches will be adjusted by carcass removal (e.g. by scavengers or decay), frequency of searches and searcher efficiency rates. A fatality estimator will be used in order to adjust for imperfect detect ability of carcasses (Eurobats, 2011). Other Best Practices will be used as regular observation of scavenger’s behavior above the wind farm and use of trained dogs (dogs properly trained can detect 96% more carcasses than human experienced searchers (Bernardino et al., 2012).

3. Discuss the results of the monitoring program with the INP The results of the Chirotech continuous monitoring and the survey for dead bats will be assessed by a team of bat experts who will regularly present their results at the Institute for Nature Protection of Novi Sad. A particular attention will be given to Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrellus kuhlii and Eptesicus serotinus that can potentially be affected by the project.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 181 5.1.10. NON FLYING FAUNA SPECIES

Sensitivity of the receptors

The receptors are non-flying fauna species. In the Baseline chapter, only 4 non-flying fauna species have been assessed as of ecological concern and are therefore relevant for this assessment. ‐ Spermophilus citellus ‐ Acrida ungarica ungarica ‐ Saga pedo ‐ Dolichophis caspius

Methodology for impact assessment

Area of influence and boundaries: The area of influence for non-flying fauna species is the medium area of influence (see map “Presentation of the study area”).

Methodology: The methodology used for this impact assessment is ecological knowledge about the non-flying fauna species based on field survey and literature research, as well as knowledge about technical aspects of the project.

Impact assessment

Vulnerability to the project

None of these species is sensitive neither to the transformation of agricultural land nor to disturbance linked to the project ‐ Spermophilus citellus is not present in the project area because it avoids cultivated land and is restricted to short-grass steppe and similar artificial habitats on light, well-drained soils. This species is not vulnerable to the project. ‐ Acrida ungarica ungarica is present in the project area but in very small numbers. As it prefers natural steppe and forest steppe habitats, it is not likely to use farm lands as an important habitat. This species is not vulnerable to the project. ‐ Saga pedo has never been observed on the project area and is not likely to be because it prefers natural habitats of dry grassland or forest steppe. This species is not vulnerable to the project. ‐ Dolichophis caspius is a snake that has not been observed in the project area and is not likely to be because it prefers natural habitats. This species is not vulnerable to the project.

Conclusion on impacts: The proposed project will not have any impact on non-flying fauna.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 182 5.1.11. FLORA SPECIES AND NATURAL HABITATS

Sensitivity of the receptors

The receptors taken into consideration are plant species and natural habitats.

Plant species The plant species considered as sensitive are the 4 species observed in valley A and B that have been assessed as “of ecological concern” in the baseline chapter: - Adonis vernalis - Iris spuria - Allium paniculatum - Astragalus asper No plant species of ecological concern have been found in the project area.

Habitats The habitat species considered as sensitive is the habitat observed in valley A and B: - habitat E1.2: (Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppe) is an interesting habitat that is considered of ecological concern No habitat of ecological concern has been found in the project area.

Methodology for impact assessment

Area of influence and boundaries The area of influence for flora species and natural habitats is the medium area of influence (see map “Presentation of the study area”).

Methodology The methodology used for this impact assessment is ecological knowledge about the flora species and the habitats based on field survey and literature research, as well as knowledge about technical aspects of the project.

Impact assessment

Vulnerability to the project The project area is mainly agricultural land where none of the sensitive flora species or habitats considered of ecological concern are present. Therefore, they cannot be affected by the project.

Impact assessment There are no impacts on flora species or on natural habitats.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 183 5.2. Potential socioeconomic impacts

As described in the baseline chapter, the project site is located near 10 communities and all the houses are at a minimum of 1km from the project site. The key stakeholders from these communities are:  representatives elected by local citizens  representatives of local organizations  any citizen who showed special interested or concern about the project and got involved in the consultation process (a layer, a doctor, a school teacher, an expert in mapping)  land owners who are planning to lease their land to the project  land owners and/or farmers who are not leasing their land but whose parcels are located within the project These key stakeholders are presented in greater details in Appendix of the study.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 184 5.2.1. TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Methodology for assessing impact on telecommunication infrastructure

Area of influence and boundaries

The settlements located close to the project area were taken into particular consideration (Alibunar, Seleuš including Novi Kozjak, Valdimirovac) because their infrastructure are the most likely to be affected. However for transportation issues, our study area takes into consideration the road from Belgrade to Alibunar.

Methodology Our methodology is based on literature review of the available information as well as consultations of the relevant institutions. An initial desktop review of telecommunication infrastructure and related users located in the vicinity of the proposed wind-farm identified the following:  mobile phone services.  television broadcasting using transmission towers and repeater stations; and  aircraft navigation systems and radio towers managed by the Civil Aviation Directorate of the Republic of Serbia The institutions that could be impacted have been consulted as shown in the table hereunder.

Table 41: Institutions consulted for assessing the impact on infrastructure Organization Consulted Comment The Civil Aviation Directorate of 19/10/2011 Setting up a wind farm on the sites close the Republic of Serbia (Direktorat to Novi Kozjak, Seleuš and civilnog vazduhoplovstva) controls Valdimirovac, along with the the conditions for safe and secure air appropriate marking, does not affect the transport preservation of an acceptable level of aviation safety The Broadcasting Institution Radio 12/10/2011 Within the project site RDU-RTS does Television of Serbia (RDU-RTS) not have any objects or buildings, “Radio Difuzna Ustanova Radio neither any plans for building within the Televizija Srbije” is in charge of the project site in the future production and broadcasting of radio and television program. “Telekom Srbija” public enterprise 03/10/2011 Within the project area there are no for telecommunication provides underground or over-head network TT telecommunication services for fixed (earthed neutral) installations. and mobile telephony, internet and multimedia.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 185 Impact assessment on telecommunication infrastructure

A. Impact during construction and decommissioning

There will not be any impact during construction and decommissioning.

B. Impact during operation and maintenance

Wireless services work best if there is a clear path between the source of the signal (the transmitter) and its intended destination (the receiver). Large structures within, or near to, this path can affect the signals either because of physical blocking of the signal either because of reflection from the sides of the structure (OFCOM, 2009).

The wireless services likely to be affected by tall structures are: ‐ television ‐ business radio (for example voice or data communications between commercial premises) ‐ mobile phones

1. Physical blocking of the signal

If a tall structure affects electromagnetic wave, it is only on a limited distance called “shadow zone”. This shadow zone can be delimited into 3 zones: ‐ immediately behind the structure (typically a few tens of meters) where there may be a large reduction in signal level with a possible complete loss of reception, ‐ further away (typically a few hundred meters) where the signal reduction is less severe and some distance away (1-5km) ‐ some distance away (1-5km) where there is no more impact on electromagnetic waves In rare cases, broadcast radio (FM, AM and DAB digital radio) can be affected by physical blocking of the signal. As the wind turbines are located at least 1 km away from any house, there will be no impact due to physical blocking of electromagnetic waves.

2. Reflection of the signal

Wireless signals can be reflected from the sides of many structures, (e.g. tree, house, hill, building) the best reflective material being metal. Wind turbines rotating blades are moving metal objects that can cause a complex reflection effect. Reflections can sometimes cause reception problems when the aerial receiving a signal from a transmitter also picks up a signal that has been reflected from a structure. This happens more to analogue wireless systems than digital wireless systems. ‐ The consequences of signal reflections on analogue television would be a “ghosting” effect or delayed image interference where a pale shadow or shadows appear to the right

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 186 of the main picture on viewers’ television screens (OFCOM, 2009). It is unlikely that digital televisions may be affected except where digital signals are strong. ‐ In rare cases, strong signal reflections can reduce the quality of FM and AM broadcast radio reception. The reflection effect is strong a few tens of meters all around the structure and can be felt up to a maximum distance of 5 km. The reflection effect can be higher if the structure is sited on much higher ground than the surrounding areas. As shown in the table here after, the maximum elevation difference between the highest turbine and the closest house in Novi Kozjak is 20 m, in Vladimirovac is 6 m and in Alibunar is 5 m. The maximum elevation difference between the highest turbine (143m) and the lowest houses is: in Alibunar: 73, Novi Kozjak: 66, Vladimirovac 6. But these houses are located more than

Table 42: Wind turbines located between 1 and 5 km from the villages

Settlements Closest house Turbines within 5 km Turbine elevation s within 1 km Alibunar (70- 118m A1(123m), none 118 m)

Seleuš including 115m A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,A13,A14, none Novi Kozjak A15,A16,A17, A18,A19,A20,A30 (135-126 m) (77-115m)

Vladimirovac 137m A11, A12, A13, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, none (140-137) A26, A27, A28, A32, A33, B2, B3, B4,B5,B6, B7, B8, B9,B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17, B18, B19, B20, B21, B22, B23, B24, B25, B26, B27, B28, B29, B30 (143-127)

As the wind turbines are located at least 1 km away from any house and there is not a big elevation difference between the turbines and the settlements, the potential impact due reflection of the electromagnetic waves will be negligible.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 187 5.2.2. PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Sensitivity of the receptors The receptors of impact on public and occupational health and safety are the workers who will be working on the project site, the farmers who will be working on their land any visitor that could be present on the project site. The sensitivity of the workers is high because they will be working directly on the construction site, or on the operating infrastructure and the sensitivity of the local farmers is moderate because they will be on the project site every working day.

Methodology for impact assessment

Area of influence and boundaries The area of influence is the project site, and for the workers it can also be any place where they have to undertake tasks given in the framework of the project and during working hours.

Methodology Our methodology is based on knowledge about potential impact public and occupational health and safety and knowledge about the technical characteristics of the project area.

Impact assessment

A. During construction and decommissioning

Occupational health problems Despite the mitigation measures that will be undertaken, farmers working on the field could be affected by noise, dust, and other disturbances, mostly during construction of the wind farm. This is true for any construction site. The potential project impact on occupational health is assessed as negative direct low.

B. In case of hazard

Accident at work due to human mistake Workers working on the wind farm or on the transmission line could be subject to injury or death from falls, falling objects, electrocution, heavy equipment use, vehicle accidents, and possibly from contact with solvents or other chemicals. The probability for these accidents to happen is low. The potential project impact on health due to accident in case of human mistake is assesses as negative direct low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 188 Accident in case of natural hazard In case of natural hazard (e.g. earthquakes or high winds), humans (farmers, workers) and or machines could be harmed by falling towers or lines in case of line or tower failure along the power line and by falling rotors around the wind turbines. However, it is very unlikely that in case of natural hazard workers or farmers are near this structure. The potential project impact on health in case of natural hazard is assessed as low.

The wind turbines, the transformer substations and the transmission power line are all grounded elements that are not likely to be dangerous in case of electric storm.

C. Mitigation measures and residual impacts

 during construction and decommission

1. Provide workers with safety equipment to prevent occupational health problems: WindVision will make sure that the workers are provided in sufficient numbers will safety equipment (helmet, protection glasses, ear protection, mask for dust and chemicals, gloves, adapted shoes…etc.) in order to minimize health problem due to construction activity. If these mitigation measures are implemented, the health impact on workers due to construction activity will be negligible.

 during all phases of the project

Prevention measures to avoid accident or to avoid risks in normal situation or in case of hazard should be taken during all phased of the projects.

1. Hold daily safety briefing to reduce the risk for human mistake: Every morning, for 30mn, construction workers/maintenance team will participate in a safety meeting/briefing and will be told the day’s activities, the hazards that may encounter, actions to take or to avoid in order to minimize risk, and how to respond in case of illness or injury. The foreman will hold this meeting and write down the topic and the safety measures recommended in a short report. 2. Train to first aid in order to limit accidents impact on health: the foreman and at least one other person in every crew will be trained in first aid. Each crew will have a first aid kit with them at all times. Foremen will always know where the nearest medical facilities are located, and should have the telephone number available at all times. 3. Make and distribute flyers on safety measures to local communities: Local communities and especially the farmers working on the project site should receive information about the risks linked to the project in case of hazard. Flyers with safety measures will be printed and distributed during meetings. In this pamphlet it will be clearly explained when it is especially dangerous to be under or around the power line or the wind turbines (during extreme winds for example).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 189 4. Organize yearly meeting with local communities: before starting construction, before starting operation and every year during operation, the project developer will organize a meeting with local communities during which the planning of the activities related to the project will be presented and the risks linked to these activities or to natural hazards will be described as well as the steps to take in order to avoid accidents. If these mitigation measures are implemented, potential project impact on health due to accident in case of human mistake or in case of natural hazards would be considered as negligible.

Monitoring program

During construction and decommissioning 1. Organize internal (HSE) audits: once a month, the construction company will make sure that the team of workers has understood and memorized all the safety measures described during the daily meetings by organizing internal health, safety, environment (HSE) audits. The results of these meetings will be written down in a report and will include what has been achieved and what should be improved.

During operation and maintenance 1. Organize internal (HSE) audits: once every 4 months, the project developer will make sure that the maintenance team has understood and memorized all the safety measures described during the daily meetings by organizing internal health, safety, environment (HSE) audits. The results of these meetings will be written down in a report and will include what has been achieved and what should be improved.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 190 5.2.3. INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT

Sensitivity of the receptors

The receptors taken into consideration are mainly people from one of the ten local communities in Alibunar Municipality. These receptors are considered to be sensitive on employment and income topics because, as shown in the baseline chapter, in 2012, in the municipality of Alibunar, the salaries (including per diems) are significantly lower than in the South Banat Region, the Vojvodina Province and the Republic of Serbia. Moreover, as stated in the Baseline chapter on employment, according to the data published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia in 2012, the unemployment rate in the Municipality of Alibunar is 27.4% while the national unemployment rate is 22.5%. With a national unemployment rate of 22.5%, people living in Serbia are also considered as receptors sensitive to employment.

Impact assessment

A. During construction and decommissioning

Income received from employment The construction and decommissioning of the wind farm Alibunar will require workers. The number will not be known until the contractor is hired to do the work, but it will likely be at least several dozen workers. WindVision Windfarm d.o.o. will encourage the Technical Consultant to recruit these workers from the communities near the project site whenever possible and appropriate. All laborers will be paid a standard fair wage and will receive full benefits while employed on the project: salaries, transportation to the working place, health insurance. The rest of the workers will be from other regions and will also benefit from the employment generated by the project. During the construction and decommissioning phase, the project will have a direct moderate positive impact on employment for both local communities and workers from other regions.

B. During operation and maintenance

Income received from employment The operation phase of the project will require qualified electro-technical workers for a period of 10 years. Currently, there are no such workers in the local communities. WindVision Windfarm d.o.o will offer one or more grants a year to students coming from local communities for them to study electro-technical engineering in Belgrade or Novi Sad. Workers and engineers electro-technical expertise and coming from other Serbian regions will be employed for the maintenance and operation of the wind farm.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 191 During the operation phase, the project will have a direct low positive long-term impact on employment for local communities and a direct medium positive long-term impact on workers from other regions in Serbia.

Income received from leasing ‐ For the 63 wind turbines, 66 land owners will receive an income for the leasing of their land. ‐ For the 35 electric pylons, approximately 37 land owners will receive an income for the leasing of their land. If we consider that 18 ha of land will be bought or rented by the project developer for the project, the benefits could be of 180,000€ if everything is sold or 54,000€ a year if everything is rented.

Table 43: Benefits from renting or selling the land

Land surface Price per ha Price per 18 ha (ha) Buying 18 10,000 180,000 Renting (per 18 3,000 54,000 year) Source : WindVision 2012

During the operation phase, the project will have a direct high positive long-term impact on income for local land-owners.

Income received from agriculture As shown in the chapter on Impact assessment on soil a total of about 18 hectares of arable land will be taken for the needs of the project. Within the project area, the crops are mainly wheat (Triticum spp.), corn (Zea mays) and sun flower (Helianthus annuus) and there are also some fields planted with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 192 Table 44: Potential Annual agricultural income

Types of crops Productivity Price Estimated Total Total (kg/ha/year) (din/kg) loss (per ha estimated estimated average 2002- in 2011 per year in loss (per year loss (per year 2011 RSD) in RSD) in €) Wheat (Triticum spp.) 3 965.00 29.61 117,403.65 2,112,796.09 18,598.50

Corn (Zea mays) 5 493.00 27.76 152,485.68 2,744,132.30 24,156.02 Sun flower 2 151.00 42.00 90,342.00 1,625,794.63 14,311.53 (Helianthus annuus) Alfalfa (Medicago 6 693.00 27.00 180,711.00 3,252,075.16 28,627.33 sativa) in 2011 Rapeseed (Brassica 3 000.00 48.00 144,000.00 2,591,424.00 22,811.76 napus) Source: Marjanović-Jeromela, Marinković et Jestrovuć, 2011, Jevtić, Kalenić et Stefanović, 2012, www.proberza.co.rs/, http://www.stips.minpolj.gov.rs/stips/nacionalni, http://www.kvantas.rs/cene/1601-uljana- repica-450-evra-po-toni-

The income that these 18 hectares of farmland would give if entirely covered by these cultivars would range between 14,300 and 28,600€ a year, depending on the type of crops planted. These figures do not take into consideration the purchase of the seeds, the cost of man work and the use of agricultural machinery. Therefore, the farmers would gain more money by leasing these parcels. During the operation phase, the project will have a direct low long-term negative impact on agricultural income for local farmers

Income received from tourism As described in the Baseline chapter, the tourism sector is not an important activity in the Municipality of Alibunar except in Devojački Bunar where there is a low presence of tourists. A wind farm in the landscape could deteriorate the attractiveness of the natural landscapes of Deliblato Sand but the map on Zone of virtual influence shows that the project will be hardly visible from Deliblato Sands and Devojački Bunar. Therefore the project will not have any impact on touristic income. During the operation phase, the project will have no impact on touristic income for communities.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 193 5.2.4. ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE

The components of the wind farm will be transported on boats to Pančevo, then on trucks to the project site via the National Road E70 Pančevo – Vršac and then on the access roads.

Sensitivity of the receptors

The road E-70, that connects Alibunar to Belgrade, Pančevo and Vršac, and the access roads to the project sites are the receptors. The road E-70 is important for national and international transportation so it is considered as a sensitive receptor while the sensitivity of the access roads that are only used by farmers is assessed as low.

Impact assessment

A. During construction and decommission

Deterioration of road E-70 The road E-70 was renovated in 2007 and from its reconstruction until 2011 it supported a daily average of 5,817 vehicles among which 79 heavy trucks (Putevi Srbije, 2012) without any infrastructure problems. This road is a good quality infrastructure and should be strong enough for the heavy trucks that will be used to deliver components needed for the construction of the wind farm. The impact on the quality of the road E-70 during construction and decommissioning is assessed as direct, long-term, negative low.

Improvement of the access roads The access roads will be transformed by WindVision for the purpose of supporting the heavy machinery. Currently these roads are agricultural dirt roads highly damaged by tractors and hardly drivable for a car. In summer, the roads are outgrown with tall hard grass and extremely dusty while in during rainy periods, these roads are hardly usable because of mud. The impact on the quality of the access roads during construction and decommissioning is assessed as direct, long-term, positive high.

Increase of traffic pressure - On the road E-70 Traffic pressure has decreased significantly between 2007 and 2011, (see Baseline chapter) and the road is large and safe enough for cars to easily overtake trucks. Therefore, this road has the capacity to support short-term intensification of truck traffic that will be created by the project. The worst case scenario during the construction phase is the circulation of up to 40 heavy vehicle movements per day and up to 30 light vehicle movements. From 2007 to 2011, there has been an average of 79 heavy trucks and 4,744 cars a day on the road E-70. The traffic increase would be about 50% for heavy vehicles and would be negligible for cars.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 194 - On access roads, except from tractors, there is no traffic. The impact on traffic pressure during construction and decommissioning is assessed as short- term, negative moderate.

B. During operation and maintenance

Impact on road infrastructure quality For the reasons presented above, the quality of the road E-70 and of the access roads is not likely to be impacted by the car and truck traffics due to maintenance. The impact on road quality during operation is assessed as negligible.

Impact on traffic For the reasons presented above, the traffic pressure on the road E-70 due to maintenance will not be an issue. For the reasons presented above, the traffic pressure on the access roads due to maintenance will not be an issue. The impact of traffic on road infrastructure during operation is assessed as negligible.

C. Mitigation measures and residual impact

Avoid traffic perturbation during construction and decommissioning phase

1. Work closely with local police to avoid traffic perturbation: in order to avoid traffic jam, before the transportation of wind turbines components, WindVision will work closely with local police to determine optimal times so as to minimize delays. 2. Inform farmers about the planning of construction activities: In order not to bother farmers in their activities, they will be warned at least one month in advance about the planning of the project activities. If these measures are implemented, the impact on traffic pressure during construction and decommissioning is assessed as short-term, negative low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 195 5.2.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES

Sensitivity of the receptor The receptors are the objects located on the territory of the Municipality of Alibunar that are considered by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Pančevo “Zavod za Zaštitu Spomenika Kulture u Pančevu” (ZZSKP): - a cultural monument protected under Serbian Law: the Serbian Orthodox church “Sveti Nikola” in Ilandža: its sensitivity is assessed as low - a protection zone on the project area that is localizing archeological objects: its sensitivity is assesses as moderate

Methodology for impact assessment

Area of influence and boundaries The study area taken into consideration to assess the impact of the project on cultural resources is the municipality of Alibunar.

Methodology Our impact assessment is based on the results of the archeological field survey organized by ZZSKP in 2012 (see baseline chapter) and the information given by the Map of the Zones of Visual Influence.

Impact assessment

A. During construction and decommissioning

Deterioration of the archeological heritage When digging the ground to build the wind turbine foundations or the foundations of the electrical towers, potential archeological objects could be damaged. The project could have a direct, permanent, negative low impact on the archeological objects.

B. During all phases of the project

Deterioration of the value of the cultural monument The project impact on the Serbian Orthodox church “Sveti Nikola” in Ilandža is similar during construction, operation and decommissioning because it is a landscape impact. As the cultural monument is located about 7 km from the first turbine in a settlement, the project will not impact its visual integrity. The project does not have any impact on the Serbian Orthodox church “Sveti Nikola”.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 196 C. Avoidance measures and residual impact

The project developer commits to the following avoidance measures during the construction phase as required by ZZSKP: 1. Any soil excavation within the protection zone will be monitored by the archeologists from ZZSKP 2. The work will be stopped in case of any archeological discovery in the rest of the project area and the finding should be immediately reported to ZZSKP With the implementation of this avoidance, measures, the residual impacts will be negligible.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 197 5.2.5. ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Sensitivity of the receptors The receptor is the electricity infrastructure: ‐ at the national scale and the scale of Banat, it can be assessed as a moderately sensitive receptor given that it is functioning well despite some losses on the network and non- sustainable sources of electricity production ‐ at scale of the Municipality of Alibunar, it can also be assessed as moderately sensitive because it is distributing electricity to all the citizens but it is aging, at some locations unfavorably spatially positioned and the number of substations is insufficient (OGMA, No. 15/09)

Methodology for impact assessment Area of influence and boundaries The area of influence of the project on electricity infrastructure taken into consideration is the local network in the Municipality of Alibunar and in Banat as well as the whole Serbian territory.

Methodology Our analysis is based on knowledge about the electricity infrastructure in Serbia and characteristics of the project.

Impact assessment A. During construction and decommissioning

Wind turbines and transformer substation The wind turbines and the transformer substation will not have any impact on local or national electricity infrastructure during the construction and decommissioning phases of the project because they will not be connected to any local sources of electricity. As described in Chapter 3, electricity sources during these phases will be independent generators.

Power line The connection of the power line “2 x 220 kV” to the network, may present risks of perturbation for the local network at the scale of the Banat region, because the receptor power transmission line has to be excluded from the national grid for a short period of time, in order to include the new wind farm to the system. This would represent a direct negative short-term low impact.

During construction and decommissioning, there will not be any impact on electricity infrastructure at the scale of the in the Municipality of Alibunar.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 198

B. During operation and maintenance

 Wind farm Increase of the Serbian electricity production from wind energy As explained in the Baseline chapter, in Serbia, apart from large Hydro Power Plants, there are no electricity production sources from renewable energy sources (RES). The state ambition is to increase the production of (RES) from different sources: biomass, small hydro power plants, sun, geothermic, wind. The objective of the state for wind farms is to install a total capacity of 540 MW from wind farms. The creation of the wind farm Alibunar that will generate about 180MW will have a direct high positive long-term impact on the wind energy production capacity at the national scale

 Power line Short perturbation on the local electricity network The maintenance of the power line “2 x 220 kV”, may present risks of perturbation for the local network at the scale of the Banat region. This would represent a direct negative short-term moderate impact.

During operation and maintenance there will not be any impact on electricity infrastructure at the scale of the in the Municipality of Alibunar

C. Mitigation measure and residual impact

1. Work in close cooperation with the manager of the local electricity network: During the connection and the maintenance of the power line “2 x 220 kV, the construction team will work in close cooperation with the company “EMS – Elektro Mreže Srbije” that manages the local electricity infrastructure in order to determine when optimal times are so as to minimize delays. With the implementation of this mitigation measure, the residual impact is direct negative short- term low.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 199 5.2.6. EMF IMPACT ON HEALTH

Introduction to EMF Electric and magnetic fields are produced by any wiring or equipment carrying electric current. The strengths of the fields decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the source (NRL, 2008).  Electric fields are produced by voltage and increase in strength as the voltage increases. The electric field strength is measured in units of volts per meter (V/m) (NIEHS, 2002). Trees and buildings shield electric fields, which can reduce their strength considerably. (NRL, 2008).

 Magnetic fields result from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and increase in strength as the current increases. Magnetic fields are measured in units of gauss (G) or tesla (T). The current must be flowing, for a magnetic field to be produced. (NIEHS, 2002) Magnetic fields are not shielded by trees, buildings or iron roofs but the field strength decreases rapidly with increasing distance from emitting source (NRL, 2008).

Health problems due to EMF Even though electrical equipment, appliances, and power lines produce both electric and magnetic fields, most recent research has focused on potential health effects of magnetic field exposure. This is because some epidemiological studies have reported an increased cancer risk associated with estimates of magnetic field exposure. No similar associations have been reported for electric fields. No consistent pattern of biological effects from exposure to EMF had emerged from laboratory studies with animals or with cells. However, epidemiological studies (studies of disease incidence in human populations) had shown an association between childhood leukemia and exposure to power-frequency EMF. Interpretation of the epidemiological findings has been difficult due to the absence of supporting laboratory evidence or a scientific explanation linking EMF exposures with leukemia (NIEHS, 2002) and (ICNIRP, 1998 and 2009)

Because of the potential impact of EMF on human health, a security distance should be respected between EMF emitter as power lines or transformer substation and residential areas.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 200 International organizations have defined EMF exposure standards as shown here under:

Table 45: international standards for exposure to EMF

Exposure (60 Hz) Electric field Magnetic field Occupational 8.3 kV/m 4.2 G General Public 4.2 kV/m 0.833 G Source: ICNIRP, 1998

In the framework of our project, only power lines and the transformer substation are likely to have effect on human health. Power lines can be either overhead or underground and both of them produce electric fields and magnetic fields during operation. Underground lines do not produce electric fields above ground but may produce magnetic fields above ground (NIEHS, 2002). A 220 kV power line and a (220/35 kV) transformer substation will be built in the framework of the wind-farm Alibunar project. Hereafter we assess the impact on human health of the power line and the transformer substation.

Sensitivity to EMF

Within a buffer zone of 500m from the power line and from the transformer substation, there are neither houses, nor places where people could regularly come (e.g. leisure or sport center, walking paths…etc.). The first house from the power line is in Padina, 1.5 km away and the first house from the substation is in Vladimirovac, 5.4 km away. There are no houses inside a radius of 1km around the power lines and the power substation. The sensitivity of the receptor is very low.

Methodology for assessing impacts on houses

Area of influence and boundaries As a first area of influence, we studied the first 100m around the power lines and the substation where EMF could be perceived. For the all study area, we consider a radius of 1km around the project.

Methodology In order to study the impacts we confront current knowledge about EMF with the characteristics of our project.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 201 Impact assessment

A. Impact of EMF emitted by the power line and the substation during operation

At a distance of 91 m and at times of average electricity demand, the magnetic fields from many lines can be similar to typical background levels found in most homes. The distance at which the magnetic field from the line becomes indistinguishable from typical background levels differs for different types of lines (NIEHS, 2002).

Table 46: Typical EMF Levels for Power Transmission Lines of 115 kV

Voltage of the Power Transmission Line Distance EMF 115 kV 230 kV 500 kV (m) (at 1 m above ground) 0 Electric Field (kV/m) 1.0 2.0 7.0 Mean Magnetic Field (mG) 29.7 57.5 86.7 15 Electric Field (kV/m) 0.5 1.5 Mean Magnetic Field (mG) 6.5 19.5 20 Electric Field (kV/m) 3.0 Mean Magnetic Field (mG) 29.4 30 Electric Field (kV/m) 0.07 0.3 1.0 Mean Magnetic Field (mG) 1.7 7.1 12.6 61 Electric Field (kV/m) 0.01 0.05 0.3 Mean Magnetic Field (mG) 0.4 1.8 3.2 91 Electric Field (kV/m) 0.003 0.01 0.1 Mean Magnetic Field (mG) 0.2 0.8 1.4 Source : NIEHS, 2002

The table above shows that the EMF emitted by different power lines, for a 220 kV power line, at a distance of 91m, the electric field is: 0.01 kV/m, and the magnetic field is 0.8 mG. This is way under international standards for exposure to EMF and this is less than a blender, a micro wave, a dish washer or a vacuum cleaner located 0,61m away from the receptor, as shown by the table hereafter..

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 202 Table 47: Average strength of magnetic fields from house electric appliances

Average strength of magnetic fields (mG) Distance from source (m) Electrical appliances 0,15 0,3 0,61 1,22 BLENDERS 70 10 2 ‐ COFFEE MAKERS 7 ‐ ‐ ‐ MICROWAVE OVENS 200 4 10 2 ELECTRIC OVENS 9 4 0 ‐ DISHWASHERS 20 10 4 ‐ WASHING MACHINES 20 7 1 ‐ VACUUM CLEANERS 300 60 10 1 Source : NIEHS, 2002

Electric fields from power lines are relatively stable because line voltage does not change very much but magnetic fields on most lines fluctuate greatly as current changes in response to changing loads. During peak loads (about 1% of the time), magnetic fields are about twice as strong as the mean levels above. (NIEHS, 2002). Even if the magnetic fields happen to be twice stronger during peak load, at a distance of more than 1 km, there will be no impact on human health. The power line and transformer substation are located far enough from residential areas. There is no impact on human health due to EMF.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 203 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ACTION PLAN (ESAP)

In separate document as part of public disclosure

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 204 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PROGRAM (ESMP)

In accordance with PR1, WindVision has designed the ESMP so that WindVision senior management receive regular performance assessments of the environmental and social management system and/or progress in implementing the ESAP, based on systematic data collection and analysis. The nature, scope and frequency of such reporting has been tailored to the activities identified and undertaken in the ESAP and is described in the table here under. WindVision is committed to provide the EBRD with updates on progress in implementing their ESAP as part of its regular reporting to the Bank

Improvement of the monitoring system Monitoring activities will be adjusted according to performance experience and feedback.

Monitoring of the project by the EBRD WindVision is committed to facilitate monitoring visits to their sites by the EBRD’s environmental or social specialists, or consultants acting on the EBRD’s behalf.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 205 Phase Parameter Description of activity Time Cost/ Cost İnstutituonal Indicator per year Responsibility

Construction Dust emission Site observation and measurements with a 30 min a day part of the Construction Quantity of dust in the air dust level measuring device (as defined contract company by the law) Construction Soil pollution Site observation 30 min a day part of the Construction Number and surface of leaks on the soil (chemical leaks) contract company Construction Soil pollution Site observation 15 min a day part of the Construction Quantity of domestic solid waste not properly (waste contract company disposed management) Construction Occupational Internal health, safety, environment 1 h a month part of the Construction Workers' knowledge about OHS standards Health and (HSE) audits contract company and measures to take to implement them Safety Measures Operation Noise and Noise measurement with adequate 1 day a part of the IMS Institute Level of decibels at nearby residential areas vibration phonometers month contract Operation Shadow flicker Continuous monitoring of rotor continuous part of the Maintenance Graphs showing rotor frequency along the frequency. contract team year. Operation Ice throw Continuously check the power curve and continuous part of the Maintenance Graphs showing power curve and air the ambient air temperature from contract team temperature from September to May. September to May.

Operation Soil pollution Control the level of lubricants in the As defined part of the Maintenance Level of lubricants, state of the retention (lubricants) nacelles of the wind turbines and in the for the the contract team system, transformer substation and empty the device used retention system Operation Soil pollution Control of lubricating oil Routine part of the Maintenance Presence of leaks on the project sites and (chemical leaks) obligation contract team measure taken to solve the problem. following regular activities Operation Soil pollution Site observation Per sighting part of the Maintenance Quantity of domestic solid waste not properly (waste plus controls contract team disposed management)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 206 Phase Parameter Description of activity Time Cost/ Cost İnstutituonal Indicator per year Responsibility

every six months

Operation Occupational Internal health, safety, environment 1 h every 4 part of the Project Maintenance team's knowledge about OHS Health and (HSE) audits months contract developper standards and measures to take to implement Safety (OHS) them Operation Birds Monitoring of the Saker falcon March-June 4 500 € Team of Number and location of nests occupied by the reproduction success (10 days a ornithologists Saker falcon month) Operation Birds Continuous monitoring of birds all year 35 000 € Team of Species identification and numbers of birds migration using radar technology ornithologists and recorded, maps of the migration routes radar experts Operation Bats Continuous monitoring of bats using all year 25 000 € Team of bat and Species identification and numbers of bats Chirotech technology Chirotech recorded in the danger zone of the wind turbines Operation Birds and bats Research dead or injured birds and bats Routine part of the Maintenance Number and location of the dead or injured over the site obligation contract team birds and bats following regular activities Operation Discuss the results of the monitoring 3 hours a part of the Project developer Minutes of the meeting, list and signature of program with the INP in Novi Sad year contract participants, solutions found to improve the efficiency of the mitigaton measures. Operation Shadow flicker, Annual meeting with local stakeholders 3 hours a part of the Project developer Minutes of the meeting, list and signature of Ice throw, OHS who could be affected. year contract participants.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 207 8. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN (SEP)

In separate document as part of public disclosure

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 208 LITERATURE

GUIDELINES

APLIC (Avian Power Line Interaction Committee), 1994, Mitigating bird collisions with power lines: the state of the art in 1994. Washington DC: Edison Electric Institute. BATTERSBY, J. (comp.), 2010, Guidelines for Surveillance and Monitoring of European Bats. EUROBATS Publication Series No. 5. UNEP/EUROBATS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 95 pp, retrieved January 14, 2013 from: http://www.eurobats.org/publications/publication%20series/pubseries_no5_english.pdf COE, 2008. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the guidelines for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention, CM/Rec(2008)3, Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 6 February 2008 at the 1017th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies of the Council of Europe, retrieved February 11, 2013 from: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CM/Rec(2008)3&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=or iginal&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=9999CC&BackColorIntranet=FFBB55&BackCol orLogged=FFAC75 EBRD, 2008, EBRD’s Environmental and Social Policy 2008, http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/policies/2008policy.pdf EBRD, EBRD Performance Requirements, http://www.ebrd.com/environment/e- manual/e31ebrd-performance-requirements.html EBRD, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, http://www.ebrd.com/environment/e- manual/r16eia.html EBRD 2011, Public Information Policy, As approved by the Board of Directors at its meeting on 26/27 July 2011, retrieved March 18, 2013 from http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/policies/pip/pipe.pdf EBRD 2009, Guide for EBRD clients on the Project Complaint Mechanism for the Project, retrieved March 25, 2013 from http://www.ebrd.com/pages/project/pcm/about.shtml EPS, (J.P. ElektroPrivredaSrbije), 2009. Information regarding the energy sector of Serbia. EPS, Public Relation Sector. EPS (J.P. ElektroPrivredaSrbije), 2012. Annual Report of the Electric Power Industry of Serbia for 2011. Electric Power Industry of Serbia. Belgrade, ed. Mirosavljević, M. (2012), retrieved February 20 from: http://www.eps.rs/Eng/Godisnji%20Izvestaji/Godisnjak%20EPS%202011_en_web.pdf IFC, 2012, IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability - Effective January 1, 2012, http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/c8f524004a73daeca09afdf998895a12/IFC_Perfo rmance_Standards.pdf?MOD=AJPERES IFC, 2012, IFC Sustainability Framework –Effective January 1, 2012, http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b9dacb004a73e7a8a273fff998895a12/IFC_Susta inability_+Framework.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 209 IFC, 2007. International Finance Corporation, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. April 30, 2007, retrieved from http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2 B-%2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES ICNIRP, 2009, Statement On The “Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To Time‐Varying Electric, Magnetic, And Electromagnetic Fields (Up To 300 Ghz)”, Published In: Health Physics 97(3):257‐258; 2009, ICNIRP Publication – 2009, retrieved February 9 from http://www.icnirp.de/documents/StatementEMF.pdf ICNIRP, 1998, Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To Time‐Varying Electric, Magnetic And Electromagnetic Fields (Up To 300 Ghz), Published In: Health Physics 74 (4):494‐522; 1998, ICNIRP Publication – 1998, retrieved February 9, 2013 from http://www.icnirp.de/documents/emfgdl.pdf JOSIMOVIC, B. and PUCAR, M., 2010. The strategic environmental impact assessment of electric wind plants: Case study “Bavaniste” (Serbia). Renewable Energy. 35(7), 1509- 1519.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148109005412 MELKI, 2002. Guide pour la prise en compte des milieux naturels dans les études d’impact. DIREN, Midi-Pyrénées, 70 pp., NIEHS, 2002. Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with the Use of Electric Power, Questions & Answers. prepared by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, United States of America, June 2002, retrieved February 9 from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials/electric_and_magnetic_fields_associated_wit h_the_use_of_electric_power_questions_and_answers_english_508.pdf NRL, 2008. ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS AND YOUR HEALTH Information on electric and magnetic fields associated with transmission lines, distribution lines and electrical equipment, Copyright: 2008, National Radiation Laboratory (NRL), Ministry of Health of New Zealand, retrieved February 9, 2013 from http://www.who.int/peh- emf/project/mapnatreps/nznrl_emfbooklet2008.pdf OFCOM, 2009. Tall structures and their impact on broadcast and other wireless services. 26 August 2009, retrieved February 7 from http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/spectrum/fixed-terrestrial-links/wind- farms/tall_structures.pdf RODRIGUES L., et al. 2008. Guidelines for consideration of bats in wind farm projects. EUROBATS Publication Series No. 3 (English version). UNEP/EUROBATS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 51 pp. retrieved February 14th, 2013 from http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/EUROBATS%20wind%20guidelines-2.pdf SLUNGE, D., EKBOM, A. and DAHLBERG, E., 2008. Serbia Environmental and Climate Impact Analysis. Environmental Economics Unit, Department of Economics, Göteborg University, School of Economics and Commercial Law, retrieved February 18th from http://www.sida.se/Global/Countries%20and%20regions/Europe%20incl.%20Central% 20Asia/Serbia/Environmental%20policy%20brief%20Serbia.pdf

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 210 SNH, 2006. Visual Representation of wind farms, Good Practice Guidance. 29 March 2006. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report FO3 AA 308/2, retrieved February 13 from: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A305436.pdf UK Highways Agency, 2011, Noise and Vibration, Design manual for roads and bridges, HD 213/11, volume 11, section 3, Part 7, revision 1, November 2011, http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol11/section3/hd21311.pdf

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 211 PAPERS

AGASYAN et al., 2009. Pseudepidalea viridis. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013.

AMORI, G., et al. Hutterer, 2008. Talpa europaea. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. (Amori et al. 2008)

ARNETT, E. B., et al. 2010; Altering turbine speed reduces bat mortality at wind-energy facilities. Front Ecol E-nviron 2010; doi:10.1890/100103, retrieved February 14th, 2013 from http://www.batsandwind.org/pdf/Arnett%20et%20al.%202011%20Altering%20turbine %20speed.pdf BAERWALDE, E.F, et al., 2008. Barotrauma is a significant cause of bats fatalities at wind turbines. Current Biology 18, n°. 116: 695-696. BAERWALDE, E. F, and R. M. R BARCLEY., 2009, Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1341- 1349. BAGYURA, J., FIDLÓCZKY, J., and PROMMER, M. 2006. Conservation of Falco cherrug in the Carpathian Basin. MME/BirdLife Hungary. Budapest, Hungary BAGYURA, J., HARASZTHY, L. and SZITTA, T., 1994. Methods and results of Saker Falcon Falco cherrug management and conservation in Hungary. Pages 391-395 in B.- U. Meyburg and R. D. Chancellor (eds.) , Raptor conservation today. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Pica Press, Berlin and London. BERNARDINO, J., et al., 2012. Are we properly assessing bird and bat mortality at onshore wind farms?, 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 27 May- 1 June 2012, Porto – Portugal, retrieved February 14th, 2013 from: http://www.iaia.org/conferences/iaia12/uploadpapers/Final%20papers%20review%20pr ocess/Costa,%20Hugo.%20%20Are%20we%20properly%20assessing%20bird%20and %20bat%20mortality%20at%20onshore%20wind%20farms.pdf BJELOBRK et al., 2012, Natural changes of population in the Republic of Serbia: by municipalities: 1961-2010. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade. 251 pp. BIBBY, C.J., BURGESS, N.D., HILL, D.A. and MUSTOE, S.H. 2000. Bird Census Techniques. 2nd edition. Academic Press, London.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 212 COOPER, T. et al, 2010. Developing a National Agri-Environment Programme for Serbia. Gland, Switzerland and Belgrade, Serbia: IUCN Programme Office for South-Eastern Europe. 88pp COROIU, C., et al. 2008. Spermophilus citellus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. CRYAN, P. M, and A. C BROWN, 2007, Migration of bats past a remote island offers clues toward the problem of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Biological Conservation 139, n°. 1: 1-11. CRYAN, P. M, and BARCLEY, R. M. R., 2009. Causes of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines: Hypotheses and Predictions. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1330-1340. DESHOLM, M. 2009. Avian sensitivity to mortality: Prioritising migratory bird species for assessment at proposed wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 90, 2672- 2679. DREWITT, A. L. and LANGSTON R. H. W, 2008. Collision effects of wind-power generators and other obstacles on birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1134, 233-266. DÜRR, T., 2007, Die bundesweite Kartei zur Dokumentation von Fledermausverlusten an Windenergieanlagen - ein Rückblick auf 5 Jahre Datenerfassung. Nyctalus 12, n°. 2: 108- 114. Bats and birds, updated May, 10, 2012, retrieved June 30, 2012, http://www.mugv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/bb2.c.451792.de ELLENBOGEN, J., M., et al., 2012, Wind Turbine Health Impact Study: Report of Independent Expert Panel, January 2012, Prepared for: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, retrieved on February 2012 from: http://www.mass.gov/dep/energy/wind/turbine_impact_study.pdf ERICKSON, W. P. et al. 2001. Avian collisions with wind turbines: A summary of existing studies and comparisons to other sources of avian collision mortality in the United states. National Wind Coordinating Committee. EVERAERT, J. and KUIJKEN.E., 2007. Wind turbines and birds in Flanders (Belgium). Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO). EVERAERT J. and STIENEN E., 2006. Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium). Significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions. Biodiversity and Conservation, November 2007, Volume 16, Issue 12, pp 3345-3359 EVERAERT, J., 2003. Wind turbines and birds in Flanders: preliminary study results and recommendations. Natuur.Oriolus 69(4): 145-155. retrieved February 14th, 2013, http://www.fws.gov/midwest/wind/references/Flandersmortstudy.pdf HUTTERER, R., et al., 2005, Bat migration in Europe a review of literature, and analysis of banding data, NATURSCHUTZ UND BIOLOGISCHE VIELFALT 28, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation in Germany, No. 28: 1-172.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 213 IVANDIĆ, I., i MRKONJIĆ, Z., 2011: „Elaborat o geotehničkim karakteristikama terena“, unpublished study done for WindVision in the framework of the Alibunar Wind-farm project JANEV HUTINEC, B., LUPRET-OBRADOVIĆ, S., 2005. Zmije Hrvatske, priručnik za određivanje vrsta, Zagreb JEVTIĆ, M., KALENIĆ, M. and STEFANOVIĆ, E., 2012. Serbia agriculture: fact sheet 2012. Ministry of Agiculture, Trade, Forestryad Water Management, retrieved July 15, 2012 from http://www.mpt.gov.rs/postavljen/171/FACT%20SHEET_FINAL%20VERSION.pdf KARAPANĐA, B., et PAUNOVIĆ, M., 2008, National Report on the implementation of the Agreement on the conservation of Bats in Europe 2008, update May 2009, Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning of Serbia, retrieved February 14th, 2013 from: http://www.eurobats.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/National_Reports/nat_rep_Se rb_2010.pdf KATIĆ, V. et.al., 2008: Studija: Atlas vetrova AP Vojvodine, Fakultet tehničkih nauka, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu http://www.psemr.vojvodina.gov.rs/studije_pdf_2009/Studija_Atlas_Vetrova_APV_20 08.pdf KRANZ, A. et al., 2008. Meles meles. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. KUVLESKY, W. P., et al. 2007. Wind energy development and wildlife conservation:Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 2487- 2498. KUNZ, T. H, et al., 2007. Assessing Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats: A Guidance Document. Journal Of Wildlife Management 71, n°. 8: 2449–2486. LANGSTON, R.H.W. and PULLAN, J.D., 2003. Windfarms and Birds: An analysis of the effects of windfarms on birds, and guidance on environmental assessment criteria and site selection issues, Report written by BirdLife International on behalf of the Bern Convention, 11 September 2003, retrieved July 10, 2012 from http://www.birdlife.org/eu/pdfs/BirdLife_Bern_windfarms.pdf LAĐEVIĆ, P. and STANKOVIĆ, V., 2004. Refugee corpus in Serbia, according to the data of the population census in 2002, Ministry of Human and Minority Rights Serbia and . Belgrade http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2002/pdf/G20024060.pdf LEVENTHALL, G., et al. 2003, A review of Published Research on Low Frequency Noise and its Effects. Report for DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom), retrieved February 6, 2013 from http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/noise/research/lowfrequency/documents /lowfreqnoise.pdf

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 214 LONG, C. V., FLINT, J. A. and LEPPER, P. A. 2010. Insect attraction to wind turbines: does colour play a role? European Journal of Wildlife Research. DOI 10.1007/s10344-010- 0432-7. LOVARI, S., et al. 2008., Capreolus capreolus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. MACDONALD, D.W. and REYNOLDS, J.C., 2008. Vulpes vulpes. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. MATVEJEV, S. D., 1988. Ograničeni transekt - metoda određivanja frekvencije nalaženja vrsta u biotopu (Aves, Orthoptera). Larus 38-39, 147-164. MORGAN, C., BOSSANYI, E. et SEIFERT, H., 1998. Assessment of safety risks arising from wind turbine icing. 31 March - 2 April 1998, Hetta, Finland, retrieved February 10, 2013 from: http://www.windaction.org/documents/14121 MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA, A., MARINKOVIĆ, R. and JESTROVUĆ, Z., 2011. Uljana repica (Brassica napus L.) tehnologija proizvodnje i sortient. Agrosvet, stručna revija, septembar 2011, broj 37, strana 12-15:13. retrieved October 22 from http://www.agromarket.rs/var/ezwebin_site/storage/original/application/b91a10c486857 588d8930be4ab5a2685.pdf ÖDEEN, A. and HĹSTAD, O. 2007. Havsbaserad vindenergi ur ett fĺgelperspektiv kraftverkens synlighet för fĺgelögat. Naturvĺrdsverket, Stockholm, Rapport 5764. OLIVER, W. and LEUS, K. 2008. Sus scrofa. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. ORTHOPTEROID SPECIALIST GROUP (OSG), 1996.: Saga pedo. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. PAUNOVIĆ, M., KARAPANDŽA, B., i IVANOVIĆ, S., 2011, Slepi miševi i procena uticaja na životnu sredinu – Metodološke smernice za procenu uticaja na životnu sredinu i stratešku procenu uticaja na životnu sredinu. Društvo za očuvanje divljih životinja „MUSTELA“, 1-142, Beograd, retrieved February 14, 2013 from http://www.nhmbeo.rs/upload/images/ove_godine/Promocije2011/slepi_misevi_i_proce na_uticaja_na_zivotnu_sredinu_web_lq.pdf PLONCZKIER P, and SIMMS C. I. 2012. Radar monitoring of migrating pink-footed geese: behavioural responses to offshore wind farm development. Journal of Applied Ecology Volume 49, Issue 5, pages 1187–1194, October 2012 PROKOP, G., JOBSTMANN, H. and SCHÖNBAUER, A., 2011. Overview of best practices for limiting soil sealing or mitigating its effects in EU-27, Final report. Study contracted by the European Commission, DG Environment PUZOVIĆ, S. 2008. Gnežđenje ptica na visokonaponskim dalekovodima u Srbiji. Zaštita prirode, vol. 58, br. 1-2, str. 141-155

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 215 PUZOVIĆ et al, 2002. Birds of Serbia and Montenegro – breeding population estimates and trends: 1990–2002. Ciconia 12. 35-120. RISSER, P, et al., 2007, Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects, 2007. Committee on Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy Projects, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, May 2007, The National Academic Press, Washington DC, retrieved on February 2012 from: http://www.vawind.org/assets/nrc/nrc_wind_report_050307.pdf RYDELL, J., et al.2012, The effect of wind power on birds and bats, A synthesis.Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Report 6511, August 2012, retrived February 14, 2013 from http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer6400/978-91- 620-6511-9.pdf SEIFERT, H., et. al. 2003.Risk analysis of ice throw from wind turbines, GmbH, March, 2003, retrieved February 10, 2013 from: http://www.windaction.org/documents/14121 SIMIĆ, D., et al., 2010: Uputstvo za procenu uticaja vetroelektrana na zivotnu sredinu“, UNDP Srbija Beograd, jun 2010. U okviru projekta” zastite zivotne sredine na zapadnom Balkanu” koji je donirala vlada Holandije. SMITH, A.T. and JOHNSTON, C.H., 2008. Lepus europaeus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 17 February 2013. STOYANOV, S., 2012. Šakal (Canis aureus) u bugarskoj: trenutno stanje, rasprostranjenost, demografija i ishrana. Međunarodni simpozijum o lovstvu, “Savremeni aspekti održivog gazdovanja populacijama divljači”. -Beograd, Srbija. pp 46-54. TAMMELIN, B., CAVALIERE, M., HOLTTINEN, H., MORGAN, C., SEIFERT, H. and SÄNTTI, K. 1998. Wind Energy Production in Cold Climate (WECO), Publishable report, Finnish Meteorological Institute, JOR3-CT95-0014, 1 January 1996 to 31 December 1998, retrieved February 10, 2013 from: http://cordis.europa.eu/documents/documentlibrary/47698271EN6.pdf THERKILDSEN, O.R., et al. 2012. Baseline investigations of bats and birds at Wind Turbine Test Centre Østerild. Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, 128 pp. Scientific Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy No. 28, http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR28.pdf TRNKA, F., 2008. Acrida ungarica - saranče uherská. Natura Bohemica 2008 - 2013 ISSN 1805-126X WAHL, D. and GIGUERE, P. 2006. Ice Shedding and Ice Throw – Risk and Mitigation.GE Energy, GER-4262 (04/06), retrieved February 10, 2013 from: http://site.ge- energy.com/prod_serv/products/tech_docs/en/downloads/ger4262.pdf WINDBLATT, Magazine for wind energy, 02/12, 2012, retrieved November 2012 from http://www.enercon.de/en-en/205.htm

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 216 REPORTS AND STRATEGIES

BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL, 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12. BIOTOPE, 2012. One-year birds and bats monitoring study for the wind farm Alibunar project, July 2011-June 2012, report to WindVision windfarm d.o.o., accepted by the Institute for Nature Protection of Novi Sad on July 2012, unpublished EUROBATS, 2011. Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations. 16th Meeting of the Advisory Committee, Tbilisi, Georgia, 4 – 6 April 2011, Doc.EUROBATS.AC16.8, retrieved February 14th, 2013from: http://www.eurobats.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Advisory_Committee/Doc.A C16.8_IWG_Wind_Turbines.pdf EUROPEAN COMISSION, 2009. European Union Management Plan, 2009-2011, for Lapwing Vanellus vanellus. Technical Report - 2009 - 033. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009. Luxembourg REPUBLIC OF SERBIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING, 2006, First National Report of the Republic of Serbia to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, July 2010, retrieved January 14th from http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cs/cs-nr-01-en.pdf RHMZ, 2013. Climatology: Average Monthly and yearly values 1981-2010. Republic hidrometeorological service of Serbia: RHMZ ( Republički hidrometeorološki zavod Srbije), retrived February 11, 2013 from: http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/klimatologija_srednjaci.php retreived on 11.02.2012. STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2012a, Dwellings, 2011. Age and sex, Data by settlements. Belgrade: Republic Statistical Office of Serbia, 2012. http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Starost%20i%20pol- Age%20and%20sex.pdf STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2012b. Demographic Yearbook in the Republic of Serbia, 2011. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade. 345 pp. STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2012c. Population statistics. Vital events in Republic of Serbia, 2011. Statistical release No. 184. Year LXII, 29.06.2012. STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2012d. Statistics of employment and earnings. Salaries and wages per employee, by municipalities and cities - November 2012. Statistical release No. 347. Year LXII, 25.12.2012. http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2012/pdfE/G20121347.pdf

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 217 STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2012e. The Labour Force Survey. October 2012. Statistical release No. 349. Year LXII, 28.12.2012. STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2006, Population: Census of Population, households and Dwellings, 2002. 9, Comparative Survey of Population: 1948, 1953, 1961, 1991 and 2002: data by localities. Belgrade: Republic Statistical Office of Serbia http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2002/pdfE/G20024009.pdf STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2003, Census of Population 2002, Households and Dwellings, Population Religion, Mother Tongue and National or Ethnic Affiliation by Age and Sex, Data by municipalities. Belgrade: Republic Statistical Office of Serbia UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE, 2002. Visual Assessment of Windfarms Best Practice. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report F01AA303A, retrieved February 13 from: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A305437.pdf WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 2006. Air Quality Guidelines For Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide And Sulfur Dioxide,Global Update 2005, Summary Of Risk Assessment. WHO Press

WEBSITES

- GEOSRBIJA, on line GIS information provided by the Serbian Geodesic Institute (RGZ) http://www.geosrbija.rs/rga/default.aspx?gui=1&lang=2 - Kvantas (pijaca u Vršcu), « Uljana repica 450 evra po toni » sreda 06 jul 2011. http://www.kvantas.rs/cene/1601-uljana-repica-450-evra-po-toni- - Putevi Srbije, Serbian public Enterprise for the management of roads, database on traffic http://www.putevi-srbije.rs - SIEPA (Serbian Investment and Export Promotion Agency), Database on municipalities, retrieved on January 25, 2013, http://serbia-locations.rs/municipalities- srb/municipality.php?ID=21 - Produktna berza Novi Sad http://www.proberza.co.rs/ - STIPS: Sistem tržišnih informacija poljoprivrede Srbije http://www.stips.minpolj.gov.rs/stips/nacionalni

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 218 SERBIAN LEGAL DOCUMENTS

Serbian Laws

‐ Law on nature protection: “Zakon o zaštiti prirode” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 36/09 i 88/10); ‐ Law on Environmental Protection “Zakon o zaštiti životne sredine” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 135/2004, 36/2009, 72/2009, 43/2011); ‐ Law on Environmental Impact Assessment studies “Zakon o proceni uticaja na životnu sredinu” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 135/2004, 36/2009); ‐ Law on the Protection of the Environmental Noise “Zakon o zaštiti od buke u životnoj sredini” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 36/2009, 88/2010); ‐ Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju migratornih vrsta divljih životinja”, (Službeni glasnik RS - Međunarodni ugovori, br. 102/2007) ‐ Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and Fauna “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju evropske divlje flore i faune i prirodnih staništa”, Službeni glasnik RS - Međunarodni ugovori, br. 102/2007 ‐ Law on water “Zakon o vodama” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009); ‐ Law on air protection: “Zakon o zaštiti vazduha” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009); ‐ Law on waste management: “Zakon o upravljanju otpadom” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009); ‐ Law on planning and construction: “Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 47/2003, 34/2006, 72/2009, 81/2009, 24/2011); ‐ Law on energy: “Zakon o energetici” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 57/11 i 80/11) ‐ Law on health and safety at work: “Zakon o bezbednosti i zdravlju na radu” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 101/2005); ‐ Law on cultural heritage: “Zakon o kulturnim dobrima” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 71/1994); ‐ Law on protection from fire: “Zakon o zaštiti od požara” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 37/1988, 53/1993, 67/1993, 48/1994, 101/2005);

Serbian rulebooks

‐ Rulebook establishing the list of projects for which it is mandatory to do an EIA study and for which an EIA study might be required “Pravilnik o utvrđivanju liste projekata za koje je obavezna procena uticaja i liste projekata za koje se može sahtevati procena utucaja na životnu sredinu” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 114/2008) ‐ Rulebook on the content of the request on the need to write an EIA study and on the content of the request for the scope and the contents of the EIA study « Pravilnik o sadržini zahteva o potrebi procene uticaja i sadržini zahteva za određivanje obima i

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 219 sadržaja studie o proceni uticaja na životnu sredinu » ("Službeni glasnik RS", br. 69/2005) ‐ Rulebook on methods for measuring noise, content and scope of the report on noise measurement “Pravilnik o metodama merenja buke, sadržini i obimu izveštaja o merenju buke” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 72/2010); ‐ Rulebook on permitted noise level in the environment “Pravilnik o dozvoljenom nivou buke u životnoj sredini” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 54/92) ‐ Rulebook on specific technical and technological solutions that enable the safe circulation of wildlife “Pravilnik o specijalnim tehničko-tehnološkim rešenjima koja omogućavaju nesmetanu i sigurnu komunikaciju divljih životinja” ("Službeni glasnik RS", br. 72/2010); ‐ Rulebook on criteria for classification of habitat, habitats types, sensitivity, vulnerability, occurrence and priority for protection and protective measures for their conservation “Pravilnik o kriterijumima za izdvajanje tipova staništa, o tipovima staništa, osetljivim, ugroženim, retkim i za zaštitu prioritetnim tipovima staništa i o merama zaštite za njihovo očuvanje” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 35/2010). ‐ Rulebook on the announcement and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi “Pravilnik o proglašenju i zaštiti strogo zaštićenih i zaštićenih divljih vrsta biljaka, životinja i gljiva” ("Sl. glasnik RS”, br 5/10 i 47/11) ‐ Rulebook on compensatory measures “Pravilnik o kompenzacijskim merama” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 20/2010) od 31.3.2010.

Serbian decrees

‐ Decree on Implementation of the Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the period 2007 – 2012" “Uredba o utvrđivanju Programa ostvarivanja Strategije razvoja energetike Republike Srbije do 2015. godine za period 2007. do 2012. godine.” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 17/07 i 73/07) ‐ Decree on amendments and supplements to the Program for the Realization of the Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the period 2007 – 2012 “Uredba o izmenama i dopunama Uredbe o utvrđivanju Programa ostvarivanja Strategije razvoja energetike Republike Srbije do 2015. godine za period od 2007. do 2012. Godine” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 99/09) ‐ Decree on the requirements for obtaining the status of the privileged electric producer and the criteria for assessing fulfillment of these requirements “Uredba o uslovima za sticanje statusa povlašćenog proizvođača električne energije i kriterijumima za ocenu ispunjenosti tih uslova” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 72/09) ‐ Decree on Incentive Measures for Electricity Generation using Renewable energy sources and for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Generation ”Uredba o merama podsticaja za proizvodnju električne energije korišćenjem OIE i kombinovanom proizvodnjom električne i toplotne energije” (Sl. glasnik RS, br. 99/09) ‐ Decree on the Ecological Network “Uredba. o ekološkoj mreži.” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 102/2010)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 220 ‐ Decree on noise indicators, limits, methods for evaluating indicators of noise, disturbance and adverse effects of environmental noise “Uredba o indikatorima buke, graničnim vrednostima, metodama za ocenjivanje indikatora buke, uznemiravanja i štetnih efekata buke u životnoj sredini” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 75/2010);

Serbian decisions

‐ Decision on the criteria for determining the status of undeveloped and developed municipalities in Vojvodina “Odluka o kriterijumima za utvrđivanje statusa nerazvijenih i nedovolljno razvijenih opština u AP Vojvodini“ (Sl. glasnik AP Vojvodina, br. 8/2006)

Serbian strategy

‐ Alibunar Municipality rural development strategy for the period 2010-2014. “Strategija ruralnog razvoja opštine Alibunar za period od 2010 do 2014 godine, (Official gazette of the Municipality of Alibunar (OGMA) No. 15/09)) ‐ Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia before 2015 “Strategija razvoja energetike Republike Srbije do 2015. godine, Vlada Republike Srbije, Beograd. 2005 (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 44/05)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 221 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

- European Landscape Convention of the Council of Europe, Florence, 20.X.2000, - Bern Convention “on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats” transposed in (Official Gazette of RS: 102/07) - Bonn Convention “on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals” transposed in (Official Gazette of RS: 102/07)

DIRECTIVES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

‐ « EIA Directive » Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment ‐ « Habitats Directive » Council directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora ‐ “Birds Directive” Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds ‐ Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market“, Official Journal of the European Communities; ‐ Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport“, official Journal of the European Union;

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 222 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: List of preparers

List of Preparers for the ESIA on the wind-farm Alibunar

Name Education Years of Role in ESIA preparation experience Jean-Yves KERNEL Dipl.ing, Project manager ornithologist and Scoping botanist Impact assessment 14 Baseline study and monitoring program for birds and bats Yves BAS PhD in biology, Baseline study on birds and ornithologist and bats 6 chiropterologist Impact assessment on birds and bats Cédric M.Sc. in biology Natural habitats and flora 9 ELLEBOODE and botanist study Marko JANKOVIĆ M.Sc. in Biology, Baseline study on birds

and ornithologist Impact assessment on birds Delphine MORIN M.Sc. in Project coordinator Environmental 3 Socio-economic analysis management Impact assessment

Srećko Milić Dipl.el.ing. Technical characteristics of 10 the power line Impact assessment Ilija M. NIKOLIĆ Dipl.el.ing. Technical characteristics of 11 the transformer substation Impact assessment

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 223 Appendix 2: Location and elevation of the turbines

Turbines of Alibunar project phase

Alibunar

Turbine Coordinates Elevation (m) Reference 1 N45 05.470 E20 53.673 125 m 2 N45 05.808 E20 53.545 126 m 3 N45 06.169 E20 53.407 127 m 4 N45 06.502 E20 53.281 130 m 5 N45 06.381 E20 52.725 129 m 6 N45 06.074 E20 52.836 129 m 7 N45 05.708 E20 52.971 129 m 8 N45 05.368 E20 53.099 132 m 9 N45 05.052 E20 53.220 132 m 10 N45 04.713 E20 53.350 134 m 11 N45 04.245 E20 52.861 136 m 12 N45 04.551 E20 52.714 136 m 13 N45 04.861 E20 52.580 138 m 14 N45 05.231 E20 52.443 135 m 15 N45 05.624 E20 52.291 134 m 16 N45 05.922 E20 52.175 131 m 17 N45 06.255 E20 52.043 131 m 18 N45 06.154 E20 51.483 132 m 19 N45 05.819 E20 51.604 133 m 20 N45 05.163 E20 51.858 135 m 21 N45 04.774 E20 51.959 137 m 22 N45 04.461 E20 52.180 138 m 23 N45 04.165 E20 52.294 141 m 24 N45 03.819 E20 52.185 142 m 25 N45 04.117 E20 51.865 139 m 26 N45 04.377 E20 51.554 138 m 27 N45 04.677 E20 51.355 138 m 28 N45 05.010 E20 51.299 136 m 29 N45 05.720 E20 51.044 135 m 30 N45 06.071 E20 51.071 132 m 31 N45 04.085 E20 51.252 140 m 32 N45 03.814 E20 51.430 140 m 33 N45 03.613 E20 51.773 140 m

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 224 Turbines of Alibunar 2 project phase

Alibunar 2

Turbine Coordinates Elevation (m) Reference 1 N45 05.160 E20 50.053 141 m 2 N45 04.898 E20 50.343 135 m 3 N45 04.624 E20 50.649 134 m 4 N45 04.356 E20 50.947 134 m 5 N45 03.273 E20 51.268 137 m 6 N45 03.553 E20 50.961 136 m 7 N45 03.854 E20 50.748 136 m 8 N45 04.116 E20 50.337 137 m 9 N45 04.361 E20 50.066 136 m 10 N45 04.639 E20 49.760 133 m 11 N45 04.896 E20 49.487 132 m 12 N45 04.601 E20 49.014 132 m 13 N45 04.360 E20 49.276 131 m 14 N45 04.112 E20 49.548 132 m 15 N45 03.838 E20 49.849 134 m 16 N45 03.517 E20 50.209 135 m 17 N45 03.213 E20 50.545 137 m 18 N45 02.997 E20 50.783 141 m 19 N45 02.809 E20 50.368 141 m 20 N45 03.074 E20 50.073 137 m 21 N45 03.331 E20 49.793 135 m 22 N45 03.583 E20 49.507 134 m 23 N45 03.887 E20 49.167 132 m 24 N45 04.101 E20 48.933 131 m 25 N45 03.886 E20 48.289 131 m 26 N45 03.656 E20 48.705 134 m 27 N45 03.353 E20 49.007 135 m 28 N45 03.054 E20 49.233 135 m 29 N45 02.812 E20 49.611 141 m 30 N45 02.476 E20 49.867 141 m

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 225 Appendix 3: Field surveys and studies undertaken for the project

STUDY AUTHORS

Topic Title Date of Names and qualifications of the team Company delivery Biodiversity One‐year baseline 05.07.2012 Jean‐Yves Kernel (Dipl.ing, Biotope study on birds and . ornithologist and botanist), Marko d.o.o. bats Jankovic (M.Sc. in Biology, Beograd ornithologist), Yves Bas (PHD in Biology, ornithologist and chiropterologist), Delphine Morin (M.Sc. in Environmental management) Archeology Final report of the 18.10.2012 Jasna Jovanov(Arheolog‐konzervator) Zavod za archaeological . and Maja Živković (Arheolog‐ zaštitu reconnaissance of konzervator) spomenika the space allocated kulture u for the Alibunar Pančevu wind‐farm project Geology, Study on geological 14.10.2011. Ivica Ivandić (Dipl.ing.geol.) and GeoMehanik hydro‐ and geotechnical Zlatomir Mrkonjić (Dipl.ing.geol.) a doo geology investigations Geodesy Cadastral and 08.2011, Gabrijel Jurašović (Dipl.ing.geod) and Geovizija doo topographic maps 02.2012, Nenad Perić (Dipl.ing.geod) 08.2012 Sound Noise assessment January Borislav Budisavljević (Dipl.ing.), Institut IMS 2013 Aleksandar Milenković (Dipl.ing.) Jean – Michel Durand (Dipl.Ing.mech) WindVision (Belgium) Wind Wind 01.04.2010 Filip Kanački (M.Arch.), Danilo Netinvest measurements and on‐ Komatina (Dipl.ing.el.) d.o.o. going Jean – Michel Durand (Dipl.Ing.mech) WindVision (Belgium) Land Plan of Detail 11.01.2013 Jelena Stojkov (odgovorni urbanista, Direkcija za planning Regulation .ing.arh.), Nataša Tančev Građevinsko (Dipl.ing.arh.), Milan Pavićević Zemljište i (Dipl.ing.saob.) Izgradnju Beograda J.P Srećko Milić (Dipl.ing.el.) Elektroistok izgradnja doo Ilija Nikolić (Dipl.ing.el.) Pro Inel doo Katarina Pandurov (Ing.mat.) Saobraćajni institut CIP

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 226 Appendix 4: List of birds names and conservation status

This annex presents the names of the birds species recorded in the study area as well as their conservation status according to different recognized institutions as explained in the table hereafter.. Table 2: list of bird species and conservation status

Serbian Bird Bern Bonn Nbr. Latin name English name IUCN BirdLife Law Directive Convention Convention Tachybaptus Non- 1 Little Grebe SP LC II ruficollis SPEC Podiceps Great Crested Non- 2 SP LC III cristatus Grebe SPEC Podiceps Black-necked Non- 3 SP LC II nigricollis Grebe SPEC Phalacrocorax Pygmy 4 SP NT SPEC 1 I II II pygmeus Cormorant Phalacrocorax Non- 5 Cormorant P LC III carbo SPEC Non- 6 Egretta garPetta Little Egret SP LC I II SPEC Non- 7 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron SP LC III SPEC Casmerodius Non- 8 Great Egret SP LC II II albus SPEC Nycticorax 9 Night Heron SP LC SPEC 3 I II nycticorax 10 Ciconia ciconia White Stork SP LC SPEC 2 I II II Non- 11 Anser fabalis Bean Goose P LC II/1 III SPECe White-fronted Non- 12 Anser albifrons P LC II/2, III/2 III II Goose SPEC Non- 13 Anser anser Greylag goose SP LC II/1, III/2 III II SPEC Non- 14 Tadorna tadorna Shelduck SP LC II II SPEC 15 Anas strepera Gadwall SP LC SPEC 3 II/1 III II Non- 16 Anas penelope Wigeon P LC II/1, III/2 III II SPECe Anas Non- 17 Mallard P LC II/1; III/1 III II platyrhynchos SPEC 18 Anas clypeata Shoveler SP LC SPEC 3 II/1, III/2 III II

19 Anas acuta Pintail SP LC SPEC 3 II/1, III/2 III II Anas 20 Garganey P LC SPEC 3 II/1 III II querquedula

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 227 Serbian Bird Bern Bonn Nbr. Latin name English name IUCN BirdLife Law Directive Convention Convention Non- 21 Anas crecca Teal P LC II/1, III/2 III II SPEC 22 Aythya ferina Pochard P LC SPEC 2 II/1, III/2 III II Ferrugineous 23 Aythya nyroca SP NT SPEC 1 I III I Duck Non- 24 Pernis apivorus Honey BuPPard SP LC I II II SPECe Circaetus 25 Short-toed Eagle SP LC SPEC 3 I II II gallicus Circus Non- 26 Marsh Harrier SP LC I II II aeruginosus SPEC 27 Circus cyaneus Hen Harrier SP LC SPEC 3 I II II Montagu's Non- 28 Circus pygargus SP LC I II II Harrier SPECe Non- 29 Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk SP LC II II SPEC Non- 30 Accipiter gentilis Goshawk P LC II II SPEC Non- 31 Buteo buteo BuPPard SP LC II II SPEC Lesser Spotted 32 Aquila pomarina SP LC SPEC 2 I II II Eagle 33 Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle SP VU SPEC 1 I II I

34 Aquila pennata Booted Eagle SP LC SPEC 3 I II II Falco 35 Kestrel SP LC SPEC 3 II II tinnunculus Red-footed 36 Falco vespertinus SP NT SPEC 3 I II I Falcon Falco Non- 37 Merlin SP LC I II II columbarius SPEC Non- 38 Falco subbuteo Hobby SP LC II II SPEC 39 Falco cherrug Saker Falcon SP EN SPEC 1 I II I

40 Perdix perdix Grey Partridge P LC SPEC 3 III/1 III Coturnix 41 Quail P LC SPEC 3 II/2 III II coturnix Phasanius Non- 42 Pheasant P LC II/1; III/1 III colchicus SPEC 43 Grus grus Crane SP LC SPEC 2 I II II

44 Crex crex Corncrake SP NT SPEC 1 I II II Non- 45 Fulica atra Coot P LC II/1, III/2 III II SPEC Charadrius Little Ringed Non- 46 SP LC II II dubius Plover SPEC

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 228 Serbian Bird Bern Bonn Nbr. Latin name English name IUCN BirdLife Law Directive Convention Convention Vanellus 47 Lapwing SP LC SPEC 2 II/2 III II vanellus 48 Gallinago media Great Snipe SP NT SPEC 1 I II II Numenius 49 Curlew SP LC SPEC 2 II/2 III II arquata Tringa Spotted 50 SP LC SPEC 3 II/2 III II erythropus Redshank 51 Tringa totanus Redshank SP LC SPEC 2 II/2 III II Non- 52 Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper SP LC II II SPEC Non- 53 Tringa nebularia Greenshank SP LC II/2 III II SPEC Non- 54 Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper SP LC II II SPEC 55 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper SP LC SPEC 3 I II II

56 Calidris alpina Dunlin SP LC SPEC 3 II II Philomachus 57 Ruff SP LC SPEC 2 I, II/2 III II pugnax Himantopus Black-winged Non- 58 SP LC I III II himantopus Stilt SPEC Recurvirostra Non- 59 Avocet SP LC I II II avosetta SPEC Larus Yellow-legged Non- 60 P LC II/2 III michahellis Gull SPECe Black-headed Non- 61 Larus ridibundus P LC II/2 III Gull SPECe Chlidonias 62 Whiskered Tern SP LC SPEC 3 I II hybrida Columba livia 63 Feral Pigeon n/a n/a n/a n/a III domestica Columba Non- 64 Wood Pigeon SP LC III palumbus SPECe Streptopelia 65 Turtle Dove SP LC SPEC 3 II/2 III II turtur Streptopelia Non- 66 Collared Dove P LC II/2 III decaocto SPEC Non- 67 Cuculus canorus Cuckoo SP LC III SPEC 68 Tyto alba Barn Owl SP LC SPEC 3 II

69 Otus scops Scops Owl SP LC SPEC 2 II

79 Athene noctua Little Owl SP LC SPEC 3 II Non- 71 Asio otus Long-eared Owl SP LC II SPEC

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 229 Serbian Bird Bern Bonn Nbr. Latin name English name IUCN BirdLife Law Directive Convention Convention Caprimulgus 72 Nightjar SP LC SPEC 2 I II europaeus Non- 73 Apus apus Swift SP LC III SPEC 74 Merops apiaster Bee-eater SP LC SPEC 3 II II

75 Coracias garrulus Roller SP LC SPEC 2 I II II

76 Upupa epops Hoopoe SP LC SPEC 3 II

77 Jynx torquilla Wryneck SP LC SPEC 3 II Dendrocopos Great Spotted Non- 78 SP LC II major woodpecker SPEC Dendrocopos Syrian Non- 79 SP LC I II syriacus woodpecker SPECe Calandrella 80 Short-toed Lark SP LC SPEC 3 I II brachydactyla 81 Galerida cristata Crested Lark SP LC SPEC 3 III

82 Lululla arborea Woodlark SP LC SPEC 2 I III

83 Alauda arvensis Skylark SP LC SPEC 3 III

84 Riparia riparia Sand Martin SP LC SPEC 3 II

85 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow SP LC SPEC 3 II

86 Delichon urbica House Martin SP LC SPEC 3 II Non- 87 Motacilla alba Pied Wagtail SP LC II SPEC Non- 88 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail SP LC II SPEC Anthus 89 Tawny Pipit SP LC SPEC 3 I II campestris Non- 90 Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit SP LC II SPEC Non- 91 Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit SP LC II SPECe Red-throated Non- 92 Anthus cervinus SP LC II Pipit SPEC Red-backer 93 Lanius collurio SP LC SPEC 3 I II Shrike Lesser Grey 94 Lanius minor SP LC SPEC 2 I II Shrike 95 Lanius excubitor Gret Grey Shrike SP LC SPEC 3 II Troglodytes Non- 96 Wren SP LC II troglodytes SPEC Prunella Non- 97 Dunnock SP LC III modularis SPECe

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 230 Serbian Bird Bern Bonn Nbr. Latin name English name IUCN BirdLife Law Directive Convention Convention Non- 98 Turdus merula Blackbird SP LC II/2 III SPECe Non- 99 Turdus pilaris Fieldfare SP LC III SPECe Turdus Non- 100 Song Thrush SP LC II/2 III philomelos SPECe Turdus Non- 101 Mistle Thrush SP LC III viscivorus SPECe Erithacus Non- 102 Robin SP LC II rubecula SPECe Luscinia Non- 103 Nightingale SP LC II megarhynchos SPECe Phoenicurus Non- 104 Black Redstart SP LC II ochruros SPEC Non- 105 Saxicola rubetra Whinchat SP LC II SPECe Non- 106 Saxicola torquata Stonechat SP LC II SPEC Oenanthe 107 Wheatear SP LC SPEC 3 II oenanthe Panurus Bearded Non- 108 SP LC II biarmicus Reedling SPEC Locustella The River Non- 109 SP LC II II fluviatilis Warbler SPECe Locustella The Savi's Non- 110 SP LC II II luscinioides Warbler SPECe Acrocephalus Non- 111 Sedge Warbler SP LC II II schoenobaenus SPECe Acrocephalus Great Reed Non- 112 SP LC II II arundinaceus Warbler SPEC Acrocephalus Non- 113 Marsh Warbler SP LC II II palustris SPECe Hippolais Non- 114 Icterine warbler SP LC II II icterina SPECe Phylloscopus Common Chiff Non- 115 SP LC II II collybita Chaff SPEC Phylloscopus 116 Wood Warbler SP LC SPEC 2 II II sibilatrix Non- 117 Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap SP LC II II SPECe The Garden Non- 118 Sylvia borin SP LC II II Warbler SPECe The Common Non- 119 Sylvia communis SP LC II II Whitethroat SPECe The Lesser Non- 120 Sylvia curruca SP LC II II Whitethroat SPEC The Barred Non- 121 Sylvia nisoria SP LC I II II Warbler SPECe

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 231 Serbian Bird Bern Bonn Nbr. Latin name English name IUCN BirdLife Law Directive Convention Convention Non- 122 Regulus regulus Goldcrest SP LC II II SPECe Regulus Non- 123 Firecrest SP LC II II ignicapillus SPECe Spotted 124 Muscicapa striata SP LC SPEC 3 II II Flycatcher Aegithalos Non- 125 Long-tailed Tit SP LC II caudatus SPEC 126 Parus palustris Marsh Tit SP LC SPEC 3 II Non- 127 Parus major Great Tit SP LC II SPEC Non- 128 Parus caeruleus Blue Tit SP LC II SPECe Non- 129 Sitta europaea Nuthatch SP LC II SPEC EmberiPa Non- 130 Yellowhammer SP LC II citrinella SPECe Non- 131 EmberiPa cirlus Cirl Bunting SP LC II SPECe EmberiPa 132 Ortolan Bunting SP LC SPEC 2 I III hortulana EmberiPa Blac-headed 133 SP LC SPEC 2 II melanocephala Bunting EmberiPa Non- 134 Reed Bunting SP LC II schoeniclus SPEC 135 Miliaria calandra Corn Bunting SP LC SPEC 2 III Common Non- 136 Fringilla coelebs SP LC III Chaffinch SPEC Fringilla Non- 137 Brambling SP LC III montefringilla SPEC Carduelis Non- 138 Goldfinch SP LC II carduelis SPEC Non- 139 Carduelis chloris Greenfinch SP LC II SPECe Carduelis 140 Linnet SP LC SPEC 2 II cannabina Non- 141 Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbeak SP LC II SPEC Passer 142 House Sprarrow P LC SPEC 3 domesticus 143 Passer montanus Tree Sparrow P LC SPEC 3 III

144 Sturnus vulgaris Starling P LC SPEC 3 II/2 Non- 145 Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole SP LC II SPEC Garrulus Non- 146 Jay P LC II/2 III glandarius SPEC

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 232 Serbian Bird Bern Bonn Nbr. Latin name English name IUCN BirdLife Law Directive Convention Convention Non- 147 Pica pica Magpie P LC SPEC Corvus Non- 148 Jackdaw P LC II/2 monedula SPECe Corvus Non- 149 Rook P LC II/2 frugilegus SPEC Non- 150 Corvus cornix Hooded Crow P LC II/2 SPEC Non- 151 Corvus corax Raven P LC III SPEC

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 233 Appendix 5: List of land-owners (SEP)

The table here-under shows the list of land-owners that will be renting land to WindVision for the Alibunar Wind Farm Project.

Name of owner Plot number Cadastre municipality 1 AD Jedinstvo 2590 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2591 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2592 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2612/4 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2809 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2699/2 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2656 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2573 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2574 k.o. Seleuš AD Jedinstvo 2575 k.o. Seleuš 2 Arambašić Dosta 3231/1 k.o. Seleuš 3 Baba Ana 3771/1 k.o. Seleuš 4 Božin Emanuel 3243 k.o. Seleuš 5 Branković Paun 3042/1 k.o. Seleuš Branković Paun 10986 1/2 k.o. Vladimirovac 6 Brošćanc Trajan, Oktavijan, Jonice & 3007/1 k.o. Seleuš Jon 7 David Julijan 4070/9 k.o. Seleuš 8 Dimitrija Jonel 2559/2 k.o. Novi Kozjak 9 Draguc Maria 2841/1 3/4 k.o. Seleuš 10 Draguc Trifu 2841/1 1/4 k.o. Seleuš 11 Erina Jon 10265/9-1/2 k.o. Vladimirovac 12 Erina Nikola 10265/9-1/2 k.o. Vladimirovac 13 George Elena 3312 k.o. Seleuš 14 Glanda Livija 11067 k.o. Vladimirovac 15 Glanda Petar 9991 k.o. Vladimirovac 16 Glumac Olgica 11185/109 k.o. Vladimirovac 17 Gruba Petar 9257 k.o. Vladimirovac 18 Iglendža Petar 11185/96 k.o. Vladimirovac 19 Jovanović Dojna & Dušan 10265/78 k.o. Vladimirovac 20 Keta Jon 2870/1 k.o. Seleuš Keta Jon 2870/2 k.o. Seleuš 21 Keta Trifu 9990 k.o. Vladimirovac 22 Komatina Darko 3006 k.o. Seleuš

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 234 Name of owner Plot number Cadastre municipality 23 Kondić Jovan 11185/7 k.o. Vladimirovac 24 Kračun Todor 10265/54 k.o. Vladimirovac 25 Kračun Trifu 11185/15 k.o. Vladimirovac 26 Maran Marija 3332/1 k.o. Seleuš 27 Marina Jon 4070/16 k.o. Seleuš 28 Marina Paun 3937/35 k.o. Seleuš 29 Mihajlov Aurel 11065 k.o. Vladimirovac Mihajlov Aurel 11066 k.o. Vladimirovac 30 Mikša Trajan 11010 k.o. Vladimirovac 31 Otonoga Jon 3675 k.o. Seleuš Otonoga Jon 3674/2 k.o. Seleuš Otonoga Jon 3727 k.o. Seleuš Otonoga Jon 3728 k.o. Seleuš 32 Otonoga Sofija 4070/22 k.o. seleuš Otonoga Sofija 3267 k.o. Seleuš 33 Popa Jon 3748 k.o. Seleuš 34 Pražić Vidosava 11182/21 k.o. Vladimirovac 35 Rošu Georgina 10265/22 k.o. Vladimirovac 36 Šakić Slobodan 11183/9 k.o. Vladimirovac 37 Samoila Dragica 11084/1 k.o. Vladimirovac 38 Šćopu Sofija 10531/60 k.o. Vladimirovac 39 Sekešan Jelena 9305/1-1/2 k.o. Vladimirovac 40 Sekešan Paraskeva 9305/2 k.o. Vladimirovac 41 Sekešan Paun 9305/1-1/2 k.o. Vladimirovac 42 Slepčević Milan 11190/9 k.o. Vladimirovac 43 Stefan Viorika 10531/12 k.o. Vladimirovac 44 Stojan Djordje 2918/2 k.o. Seleuš 45 Surdućan Trajan 3292 k.o. Seleuš 46 Trifu Anujka 10281/1 k.o. Vladimirovac Trifu Anujka 10281/2 k.o. Vladimirovac 47 Verka Jon 3332/2 k.o. Seleuš 48 Zajka Jonel 2859 k.o. Seleuš 49 Zajka Petar 3036 k.o. Seleuš 50 ZHBO 2581/2 k.o. Novi Kozjak ZHBO 10265/81 k.o. Vladimirovac ZHBO 10531/76 k.o. Vladimirovac ZHBO 10531/37 k.o. Vladimirovac ZHBO 10308/1 k.o. Vladimirovac ZHBO 10360 k.o. Vladimirovac ZHBO 3656/1 k.o. Seleuš

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 235 Name of owner Plot number Cadastre municipality ZHBO 3701 k.o. Seleuš ZHBO 3702 k.o. Seleuš ZHBO 3081 k.o. Seleuš 51 Žuža Jonel 11085/1 k.o. Vladimirovac

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 236 Appendix 6: Private companies on the project area (SEP)

The table here-under shows information about the two private companies that are owning 10 parcels on the project area.

Companies owning land in the project area Short name ZHBO AD Jedinstvo

Official name Zelene Holandsko- Poljoprivredno Preduzeće Jedinstvo Banatske Oranice DOO AD Seleuš Alibunar

Activity Architectural activity (711) Growing of cereals (except rice), leguminous crops and oil seeds (0111) ID number 20734477 08047570 Tax identification 107061993 101084163 number Date of creation 04.05.2011 15.11.1975 Director Leon Joannes Hubertus Ćuro Ćurivija (Serbian) Marie Vankan (from Neitherland) Address Žarka Zrenjanina , 26310 Maršala Tita 90, 26351 Seleuš Alibunar Nombre of parcels 10 10

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 237 Appendix 3: Description of local decision‐making process Municipal Assembly/ Skupština opštine (SO) The Municipal Assembly (MA), in Serbian” Skupština opštine” is the local political body in the Municipality of Alibunar that represents the interests of the citizens. The MA is constituted by 23 members elected every four years by citizens directly, by secret voting. The MA meets in regular sessions every three months but also whenever the president decides it is necessary to convoke it. Meetings are public and the president is responsible to organize information broadcast to the citizens. The members of the MA were elected by local citizens in October 2012 and the three more important members are: ‐ the president Neđeljko Konjokrad from Ilandža ( Đurica Gligorijev) ‐ the vice president: Đorđe Cvetković from Alibunar (before it was Predrag Velić ) ‐ the secretary: Biljana Vragović

The MA designates permanent or temporary working groups to study and solve the requests and complaints of the citizens. The working groups give their opinions on the decisions taken by the MA and undertake other tasks, according to their mission and field of expertise responsibilities described in «Codes of conducts”. There are 6 permanent working groups, every one having a president and a deputy president elected by the MA, and three members and 3 Council members ( one from the MA and two who can be appointed experts in the related field). 1. Council for budget and finance 2. Council for urbanism, architecture, housing and communal sector, and environment 3. Commission for statutory issues, organization and normative acts of Assembly 4. Commission for human resources, administrative issues and labor 5. Commission for petitions and proposals 6. Commission for mandate and immunity

Municipal Council/ Opštinsko Veće The Municipal Council (MC), in Serbian” Opštinsko Veće” is the executive body of the Municipality of Alibunar that implement the policies of the Municipal Assembly and perform control and monitoring function of the work of the local administration. The mayor, elected by secret voting by the Municipal Assembly is the President of the Municipal Council The MC includes the mayor, the vice mayor and 10 council members who are elected by the MA upon the proposal of the mayor. ‐ the mayor : Dušan Jovanović from Banatski Karlovac ‐ the deputy mayor: Dragana Komatina from Vladimirovac

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 238 Appendix 7: Photomontage

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 239

Kontakti

WindVision d.o.o. Obilićev Venac 18-20, VII sprat, stan 1 i 2, 11000 Beograd, Srbiija PIB: 106376086 www.windvision.com

Biotope 22 Boulevard Maréchal Foch - BP 58 - 34140 Mèze, France Tél. : 04 67 18 46 20 - www.biotope.rs

Biotope d.o.o. Nebojšina 12, 11000 Beograd, Srbija, Tel: +381 11 30 83 159 PIB : 10 68 07 365 www.biotope.rs

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013 Page 240