DOCSLIB.ORG

Estonian Human Development Report 1998

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Estonian Human Development Report 1998 ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1998 Foreword This Human Development Report is the lat- conditions, social and political activity has est in the series of reports begun by the lessened. Even such an important stimulus United Nations Development Programme in for development as education, including 1990. Estonia has been participating in this further education, is tending to tear society worldwide program since 1995. apart. It is becoming the rule that whoever The previous Reports have added to our has reached a certain level of success, can compendium of knowledge and have been manage even greater challenges. At the well received on an international level. As a same time, the opportunities for those lag- natural continuation of the previous ging behind to reduce the gap and improve reports, the present Report also dissects their lives are fading. issues, which are of vital importance to all As a small nation, we must be take care of us - regarding the mechanism for social that Estonias development is as widely cohesion, the way to include all members based as possible. Therefore, the upcoming of society in our everyday life and our elections should not develop into a cam- future. In this process, the Report does not paign that merely brings to the fore, or just observe Estonian society as an entity pushes to the rear, particular political group- unto itself, struggling with its problems, but ings. Estonia needs an open discussion in an open manner and in association with about how to build a more balanced soci- the world around us. ety. This Report will provide assistance in The Report shows that for Estonia, in its obtaining an analysis of the true situation. transition process, the worst is indeed behind us, but we still stand face to face with many problems, the resolution of which requires internal fortitude. Estonians can be characterized, on the one hand, as having a high learning activity level, a developed media consumption, successful internationalization in its various forms, and the ability and skill to be able to utilize new opportunities. In developing these features we could raise the value of our social capi- tal, which in turn encourages long-term Mart Siimann economic growth. Prime Minister On the other hand, differences between of the Republic of Estonia the generations and social groups have deepened. The tail of society has grown too long and straggly. Many people have not managed to adapt to market economy Tallinn, November 15, 1998 Acknowledgements This is the fourth national Human global Human Development Reports. He Development Report published by UNDP- provided the core conceptual framework Estonia in cooperation with the Estonian for the notion of human development and Academy of Sciences. As in previous years, the ways it can be measured. this report is the product of a team of During the course of publishing nation- Estonian writers and researchers, and al Human Development Reports in Estonia, UNDP is much indebted to the contribu- UNDP has had the opportunity to work tions of each and everyone involved. closely with social and economic Special gratitude is extended to Mr. Erik researchers and research institutions. We Terk, Editor-in-Chief of this years Report, have been impressed by the quality, level Mr. Georg Poslawski, the Reports produc- and dynamism of ongoing research and tion manager, and to Ms. Tiia Raudma, who debate. The annual publication of the coordinated the translation and editing of Estonian Human Development Report is a the English-language version. Special way to disseminate a part of this wealth of thanks go to Mr. Linnar Viik, who has not knowledge and research to a wider public, only contributed as author but has also both within and outside Estonia. coordinated the project on behalf of UNDP in cooperation with Mr. Robert Juhkam. The concept of Human Development, which was first introduced in the global Human Development Report published by UNDP in 1990, means quite simply that human well-being and progress in a nation cannot be measured by economic growth alone. Economic growth is a means, not an end, to the improvement of peoples lives. Other factors such as access to education and the opportunity to lead a long and Petra Lantz-de Bernardis UNDP Resident Representative healthy life are important. UNDP is proud that the winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Economics, Dr. Amartya Sen, has been a close collaborator in the preparation of Tallinn, November 20, 1998 General information about Estonia Legal name: Constitution, adopted by referendum: conventional long form Republic of Estonia June 28, 1992. conventional short form Estonia State system: local long form Eesti Vabariik The Constitution established the principles of the rule of local short form Eesti law. It recognises the principle of separate and balanced Area: powers, the independence of the courts, and guarantees 45,227 sq km. of fundamental human rights and liberties according to Location: universally recognised principles and norms. Estonia is a Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. democratic parliamentary republic wherein the supreme Estonia is situated on the level north-western part of the power is vested in the people. The people exercise the East European platform, on which there are only slight supreme power, through citizens who have the right to variations in elevation. The elevation in south-eastern vote by electing the Riigikogu State Assembly (parlia- and eastern Estonia is higher than in western Estonia. ment) and by participating in referendums. The Riigikogu The highest point (Suur Munamägi) is 318 m above sea is comprised of one hundred and one members. level. Estonia has over 1,500 islands and more than 1,400 Executive power rests with the Government. The head of lakes. State of Estonia is the President of the Republic. Population: Capital: 1,453,844 (01.01.1998) Tallinn (population 415,299, 01.01.1998) Ethnic divisions: Administrative divisions: Estonian 65,0%, Russian 28,2%, Ukrainian 2,6%, Estonia is divided into 15 counties, 206 rural munici- Belarussian 1,5%, Finnish 0,9%, other 1,8% (01.01.1998) palities, and 47 towns. Religious denominations: Currency: Lutheran, Orthodox, Baptist, and others. National currency is the Estonian kroon (1 kroon = 100 Languages: sent). The kroon was issued on June 20, 1992 and is Estonian (official), Russian, and others. pegged to the German mark at the rate 1 DEM = 8 EEK. State independence regained: Member of United Nations: August 20, 1991. September 17, 1991. Independence Day: Member of the Council of Europe: February 24. May, 1993. Contributors to the Estonian Human Development Report 1998 Authors Aili Aarelaid-Tart Juhan Sillaste (Chapters 2.2., 4.7.) (Chapter 4.6.) Raul Eamets Annika Tallo (Chapters 3.3., 4.5.) (Chapter 1.2.) Mati Heidmets Indrek Tart (Chapter 2.4.) (Chapters 2.2., 5.2.) Jelena Helemäe Erik Terk (Chapter 1.4.) (Introduction, Aado Keskpaik Chapters 1.2., 4.2.) (Introduction) Peeter Vihalemm Aksel Kirch (Chapters 1.5., 4.1.) (Chapter 4.3.) Linnar Viik Anneli Külaots (Chapters 5.1., 5.3., (Chapter 4.2.) 5.4.) Marju Lauristin Raivo Vilu (Introduction, (Chapters 5.1., 5.4.) Chapters 1.5., 4.1.) Rein Vöörmann Krista Loogma (Chapter 1.4.) (Chapter 1.3.) Anu Narusk (Chapter 1.1.) Iris Pettai (Chapter 3.4.) Editor-in-Chief Tiia Püss Erik Terk (Chapters 3.2., 4.4.) Viive Ruus (Chapters 2.1., 2.3., 4.3.) Editors Rein Ruutsoo Mati Heidmets (Chapters 2.1., 2.3., Krista Loogma 4.3.) Tiia Raudma Ellu Saar Katrin Toomel (Chapter 1.4.) Linnar Viik There is no copyright attached to this publication. It may be reproduced in whole or in part without prior permission from the United Nations Development Programme. However, the source should be acknowledged. The views expressed herein are those of the authors of the book and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or the United Nations Development Programme. The Estonian Human Development Report 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998 are also available electronically through the Internet World Wide Web which may be accessed at http://www.ciesin.ee/undp/nhdr.html Contents page page INTRODUCTION: 3.4. Adaptation as an Indicator WHY INTEGRATION? ................................8 of Integration ....................................64 Chapter 1: Chapter 4: WILL A COOPERATION-BASED SOCIETY INTEGRATING INTO EUROPE AND THE DEVELOP IN ESTONIA? ..........................12 WORLD.....................................................68 1.1. The Individual in a Social 4.1. Social Space as a Factor of Environment: various aspects European Integration .......................68 of the treatment and measurement 4.2. Integration With the European of integration ....................................12 Union: Some External and 1.2. The Generations in Estonias Internal Implications ........................73 Transition Period ..............................14 4.3. Attitudes of Estonias Population 1.3. Is the Education System Integrating Towards Estonias Accession to or Disintegrating Society?.................17 the European Union.........................76 1.4. Adult Education and Integration .....24 4.4. Social Protection in Estonia 1.5. Media Use and Social Changes in Compared to the EU ........................82 Estonia...............................................31 4.5. Estonian Labor Market Potential and Labor Market Policy in the Chapter 2: Context of the European Union......88 CIVIC SOCIETY, STATEHOOD AND 4.6. Estonian Local Governments LEGAL CULTURE......................................38 in Europe
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stern Twin-Propeller Effects on Harbor Infrastructures. Experimental Analysis
    water Article Stern Twin-Propeller Effects on Harbor Infrastructures. Experimental Analysis Anna Mujal-Colilles 1,* , Marcel· la Castells 2, Toni Llull 1, Xavi Gironella 1 and Xavier Martínez de Osés 2 1 Marine Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Jordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (X.G.) 2 Department of Nautical Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Pla de Palau, 18, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (M.l.C.), [email protected] (X.M.d.O.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-93-401-7017 Received: 12 October 2018; Accepted: 30 October 2018; Published: 2 November 2018 Abstract: The growth of marine traffic in harbors, and the subsequent increase in vessel and propulsion system sizes, produces three linked problems at the harbor basin area: (i) higher erosion rates damaging docking structures; (ii) sedimentation areas reducing the total depth; (iii) resuspension of contaminated materials deposited at the seabed. The published literature demonstrates that there are no formulations for twin stern propellers to compute the maximum scouring depth. Another important limitation is the fact that the formulations proposed only use one type of maneuvering during the experimental campaign, assuming that vessels are constantly being undocked. Trying to reproduce the real arrival and departure maneuvers, 24 different tests were conducted at an experimental laboratory in a medium-scale water tank using a twin propeller model to estimate the consequences and the maximum scouring depth produced by stern propellers during the backward/docking and forward/undocking scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • Is the Greek Crisis One of Supply Or Demand?
    YANNIS M. IOANNIDES Tufts University CHRISTOPHER A. PISSARIDES London School of Economics Is the Greek Crisis One of Supply or Demand? ABSTRACT Greece’s “supply” problems have been present since its acces- sion to the European Union in 1981; the “demand” problems caused by austerity and wage cuts have compounded the structural problems. This paper discusses the severity of the demand contraction, examines product market reforms, many of which have not been implemented, and their potential impact on com- petitiveness and the economy, and labor market reforms, many of which have been implemented but due to their timing have contributed to the collapse of demand. The paper argues in favor of eurozone-wide policies that would help Greece recover and of linking reforms with debt relief. reece joined the European Union (EU) in 1981 largely on politi- Gcal grounds to protect democracy after the malfunctioning political regimes that followed the civil war in 1949 and the disastrous military dictatorship of the years 1967–74. Not much attention was paid to the economy and its ability to withstand competition from economically more advanced European nations. A similar blind eye was turned to the economy when the country applied for membership in the euro area in 1999, becom- ing a full member in 2001. It is now blatantly obvious that the country was not in a position to compete and prosper in the European Union’s single market or in the euro area. A myriad of restrictions on free trade had been introduced piecemeal after 1949, with the pretext of protecting those who fought for democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • EAA Meeting 2016 Vilnius
    www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME Organisers CONTENTS President Words .................................................................................... 5 Welcome Message ................................................................................ 9 Symbol of the Annual Meeting .............................................................. 13 Commitees of EAA Vilnius 2016 ............................................................ 14 Sponsors and Partners European Association of Archaeologists................................................ 15 GENERAL PROGRAMME Opening Ceremony and Welcome Reception ................................. 27 General Programme for the EAA Vilnius 2016 Meeting.................... 30 Annual Membership Business Meeting Agenda ............................. 33 Opening Ceremony of the Archaelogical Exhibition ....................... 35 Special Offers ............................................................................... 36 Excursions Programme ................................................................. 43 Visiting Vilnius ............................................................................... 57 Venue Maps .................................................................................. 64 Exhibition ...................................................................................... 80 Exhibitors ...................................................................................... 82 Poster Presentations and Programme ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • DISCUSSION PAPER Institute of Agricultural
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Girgzdiene, Vilija Working Paper Restructuring the Lithuanian food industry: problems and perspectives Discussion Paper, No. 9 Provided in Cooperation with: Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale) Suggested Citation: Girgzdiene, Vilija (1998) : Restructuring the Lithuanian food industry: problems and perspectives, Discussion Paper, No. 9, Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IAMO), Halle (Saale), http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:2-22689 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/28563 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open
    [Show full text]
  • European Views on the UK's Renegotiation: Spain, Finland
    blogs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/10/29/european-views-on-the-uks-renegotiation-spain-finland-estonia-and-cyprus/ European views on the UK’s renegotiation: Spain, Finland, Estonia and Cyprus The success or failure of David Cameron’s planned renegotiation of the UK’s EU membership will depend to a large extent on how the other 27 EU member states respond to his proposals. But how do countries across the EU view the UK’s renegotiation? Building on a report published in 2014 by the German Council on Foreign Relations, EUROPP is running a series of overviews of the renegotiation from each of the EU’s member states. Compiled by the LSE’s Tim Oliver and written by authors based at universities and research institutions, the overviews will set out what discussion – if any – there has been about the renegotiation and the wider views within each country on the renegotiation and a potential Brexit. This post is the fifth in the series and gives views from Spain, Finland, Estonia and Cyprus. Spain: A flexible but Europeanist Response Finland: Supportive, but a wait-and-see approach Estonia: Brexit would be contrary to Estonia’s interests Cyprus: Special ties with the UK will determine Cyprus’s final stance Spain: A Flexible but Europeanist Response Europeanism still defines Spaniards’ attitudes on foreign policy. Unlike other EU countries, no Eurosceptic parties have emerged during the harsh years of the economic and financial crisis, nor have the main political parties or other social organizations developed any anti-European discourse.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Second Floor of a Hospital, a Criminal Profiler Is Strolling Down a Hallway with a Colleague When an Alarm Goes Off
    Photo: "Criminal Minds" shoots an episode of the CBS show at the former Sherman Way campus of Northridge Hospital Medical Center, which is now closed. Credit: Kirk McKoy/Los Angeles Times On the second floor of a hospital, a criminal profiler is strolling down a hallway with a colleague when an alarm goes off. Several doctors and nurses sprint past him to an intensive care unit where a child and potential witness to a crime is being treated. The scene, for an upcoming episode of the CBS crime drama “Criminal Minds,” actually unfolded last week on the former Sherman Way campus of Northridge Hospital Medical Center, which solely serves as a location backdrop for shows that have included such dramas such as TNT’s “Rizzoli & Isles” and "Hawthorne." The Northridge facility is among a dozen current and onetime medical centers and hospitals represented by Real to Reel Inc., a 30-year-old Van Nuys location agency that has built a successful niche supplying location managers with something they frequently seek: film-ready hospital settings. “Hospitals are a staple of crime dramas. Someone’s always getting shot, so we’re always going to the hospitals,” said Jeffrey Spellman, location manager for “Criminal Minds,” which plans to shoot its next episode at another closed hospital, St. Luke Medical Center in Pasadena. “To have a facility like this makes our job much easier.” Though Real to Reel books productions for a variety of commercial properties, including the popular Hollywood & Highland Center, at least 40% of its business comes from steering movies and TV shows to hospitals.
    [Show full text]
  • CRASCO, Lauren
    LAUREN CRASCO PRODUCTION DESIGNER crascodesign.com TELEVISION SKINNY DIP (Pilot) CBS TV/CW Prod: Garrett Lerner, Russel Friend Dir: Marc Buckland Dale Williams, Peter Traugott THE BRAVE (Pilot) Universal TV/NBC Prod: Richard Ross, Dean Georgaris Dir: Brad Anderson Ben Rimmer ZOO (Pilot, Seasons 1 & 2) CBS Television/CBS Prod: Michael Katleman, Grace Gilroy Dir: Brad Anderson Cathy Konrad Various THE RED ROAD (Season 2) Sundance TV Prod: Robin Sweet, Sarah Condon Dir: Randall Einhorn Jeremy Webb GRACELAND (Season 2) 20th Century Fox TV/USA Prod: Russell Fine, Jeff Eastin, Paul Marks Dir: Various RIZZOLI & ISLES (Seasons 3 & 4) Warner Horizon TV/TNT Prod: Michael Katleman, Janet Tamaro Dir: Various Kevin Cremin LOCAL TALENT (Pilot) Universal Cable Prod./USA Prod: Jonathan Starch, Nathan Lane Dir: Douglas McGrath MEMPHIS BEAT (Season 2) Warner Horizon TV/TNT Prod: Michael Katleman, Jan Nash Dir: Various THE WYOMING STORY (Pilot) Warner Bros. TV/CW Prod: Matt Nodella Dir: Amy Sherman-Palladino FAIRLY LEGAL (Pilot) Universal Cable Prod./USA Prod: Christine Sacani, Susan McConnell Dir: Bronwen Hughes (Art Director) SOLVING CHARLIE (Pilot) ABC Studios/ABC Prod: Randi Richmond, Susan McConnell Dir: Gregory Hoblit LEVERAGE (Pilot, Season 1) Electric Ent./TNT Prod: Marc Roskin, Phil Goldfarb Dir: Dean Devlin Gary Strangis Various THE CLOSER (Pilot, Seasons 1 & 2) Warner Bros. TV/TNT Prod: James Duff, Greer Shephard Dir: Michael Robin Various WANTED (Pilot) Warner Bros. TV/CBS Prod: Mychelle Deschamps Dir: Gregory Hoblit GILMORE GIRLS (Seasons 2 & 3) Warner Bros. TV/WB Prod: Amy Sherman-Palladino Dir: Chris Long, Jamie Babbit Patricia Palmer POPULAR (Pilot, Seasons 1 & 2) Touchstone TV/WB Prod: Michael Robin, Ryan Murphy Dir: Brian Robbins Greer Shephard Various BEYOND BELIEF (Season 3) Dick Clark Prod./Fox Prod: Butch Kaplan Dir: Various (Art Director) NYPD BLUE (Seasons 4 & 5) 20th Century Fox TV/ABC Prod: Bob Doherty, Steven Bochco Dir: Various (Asst.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuania S Fight for Freedom .Pdf
    LITHUANIA'S FIGHT FOR FREEDOM by E. J. HARRISON Fonnerly British V ice-Consu l in Kaunas and Vilnius Author 0/ " Li thuania Past and Present", " Lithuania 1928," etc. Or igin ally pub lished by THE FEDERATION OF LITHUANIAN SOCIETIES IN GREAT BRITAIN November 1944 Reprinted with Au thor's Permission by Till'; LITHUANIAN AMERICAN I N FOI~oM A TI ON CENTEH New York, Februa ry 194:> Reprodu ced, by permi s­ sion of the Columbia Uni­ versity Press, from Th e Economic Reconstruction oi Lithuania alter 1918, by Anicetas Simutis, New York, 1942. The total area of Lithu­ ania, including the Klai­ peda-Memel Distri ct, and the Vilnius region as spec­ ified in th e P eace Tr eaty with Russia of July 12, 1920, accounts for approx. 34.000 square miles with a popu lation a little over 4,000,000. The Klaipeda district it­ self comprises 1,100 sq. miles with 154,000 inhabit­ ant s. Th e Vilnius region embrace"s 12,448 sq. miles with a population of 1.600,000. Due to th e Po­ lish aggression of 1920, Lithu ania was left with ap prox. 21,500 sq. miles of territory and 2,500,000 in­ habitants,- an area larger _lW,WAT$ than Belgium, Holland, AlOTT 0 TIMI'OlAI'YCAl'lTM Den mark or Estonia. • DII'WCT YOWMI • emu TOWHS teAU' 1. 1000.000 INTRODUCTORY REM ARK S To THE A M ERI CAN EDITIO N Lithuania is the largest and most populated of the three Baltic States, the other two bein g Latvia an d Estonia.
    [Show full text]
  • Vuosikirja Årsskrift 98 2008
    Sisällys Sisällys Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran Finska kyrkohistoriska samfundets Vuosikirja Årsskrift 98 2008 Jahrbuch der Finnischen Gesellschaft für Kirchengeschichte Mit Zusammenfassungen With Summaries Toimittaneet Mikko Ketola ja Tuija Laine Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura PL (Aleksanterinkatu ) FI- Helsingin yliopisto Myynti: Tiedekirja, Kirkkokatu , Helsinki Puh. () , telekopio e-mail: tiedekirja@tsv. Kansi ja taitto: Terhi Lehtonen ISBN Helsinki 2008 ISSN Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy Societas historiae ecclesiasticae Fennica Jyväskylä, Sisällys Sisällys Sisällys – Innehåll H Jaakko Gummerus Vv. – tapahtumat ja niiden jälkivaikutukset..................................................... K. V. Petrell Viisi viikkoa sotavankina ..–............................................................................. Saatteeksi ............................................................................................................................... 5 A – A Följebrev ................................................................................................................................ 6 Maiju Lehmijoki-Gardner Mikko Ketola Jaroslav Pelikan –............................................................................................... Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran esimiehen avaussanat Sisällissota ja kirkko -seminaarissa ............................................................. Laura Koskelainen Hyvinvointivaltioiden tutkimusta, jossa on myös uskonto otettu
    [Show full text]
  • What You Need to Know If You Are Applying for Estonian Citizenship
    WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW IF YOU ARE APPLYING FOR ESTONIAN CITIZENSHIP Published with the support of the Integration and Migration Foundation Our People and the Estonian Ministry of Culture Compiled by Andres Ääremaa, Anzelika Valdre, Toomas Hiio and Dmitri Rõbakov Edited by Kärt Jänes-Kapp Photographs by (p. 5) Office of the President; (p. 6) Koolibri archive; (p. 7) Koolibri archive; (p. 8) Estonian Literary Museum; (p. 9) Koolibri archive, Estonian National Museum; (p. 10) Koolibri archive; (p. 11) Koolibri archive, Estonian Film Archives; (p. 12) Koolibri archive, Wikipedia; (p. 13) Estonian Film Archives / E. Järve, Estonian National Museum; (p. 14) Estonian Film Archives / Verner Puhm, Estonian Film Archives / Harald Lepikson; (p. 15) Estonian Film Archives / Harald Lepikson; (p. 16) Koolibri archive; (p. 17) Koolibri archive; (p. 19) Office of the Minister for Population Affairs / Anastassia Raznotovskaja; (p. 21) Koolibri archive; (p. 22) PM / Scanpix / Ove Maidla; (p. 23) PM / Scanpix / Margus Ansu, Koolibri archive; (p. 24) PM / Scanpix / Mihkel Maripuu; (p. 25) Koolibri archive; (p. 26) PM / Scanpix / Raigo Pajula; (p. 29) Virumaa Teataja / Scanpix / Arvet Mägi; (p. 30) Koolibri archive; (p. 31) Koolibri archive; (p. 32) Koolibri archive; (p. 33) Sakala / Scanpix / Elmo Riig; (p. 24) PM / Scanpix / Mihkel Maripuu; (p. 35) Scanpix / Henn Soodla; (p. 36) PM / Scanpix / Peeter Langovits; (p. 38) PM / Scanpix / Liis Treimann, PM / Scanpix / Toomas Huik, Scanpix / Presshouse / Kalev Lilleorg; (p. 41) PM / Scanpix / Peeter Langovits; (p. 42) Koolibri archive; (p. 44) Sakala / Scanpix / Elmo Riig; (p. 45) Virumaa Teataja / Scanpix / Tairo Lutter; (p. 46) Koolibri archive; (p. 47) Scanpix / Presshouse / Ado Luud; (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Generational Use of News Media in Estonia
    Generational Use of News Media in Estonia Contemporary media research highlights the importance of empirically analysing the relationships between media and age; changing user patterns over the life course; and generational experiences within media discourse beyond the widely-hyped buzz terms such as the ‘digital natives’, ‘Google generation’, etc. The Generational Use doctoral thesis seeks to define the ‘repertoires’ of news media that different generations use to obtain topical information and create of News Media their ‘media space’. The thesis contributes to the development of in Estonia a framework within which to analyse generational features in news audiences by putting the main focus on the cultural view of generations. This perspective was first introduced by Karl Mannheim in 1928. Departing from his legacy, generations can be better conceived of as social formations that are built on self- identification, rather than equally distributed cohorts. With the purpose of discussing the emergence of various ‘audiencing’ patterns from the perspectives of age, life course and generational identity, the thesis centres on Estonia – a post-Soviet Baltic state – as an empirical example of a transforming society with a dynamic media landscape that is witnessing the expanding impact of new media and a shift to digitisation, which should have consequences for the process of ‘generationing’. The thesis is based on data from nationally representative cross- section surveys on media use and media attitudes (conducted 2002–2012). In addition to that focus group discussions are used to map similarities and differences between five generation cohorts born 1932–1997 with regard to the access and use of established news media, thematic preferences and spatial orientations of Signe Opermann Signe Opermann media use, and a discursive approach to news formats.
    [Show full text]
  • The First World War Shattered Europe. Austria-Hungary and Russia Disintegrated. a Number of New Nation States Emerged, Including
    The First World War shattered Europe. Austria-Hungary and period to work towards national autonomy. Previously belong- onstrations. Trotsky’s hopes were shattered! Secondly German Russia disintegrated. A number of new nation states emerged, ing to several provinces, Estonia now formed one administra- forces were very active in early 1919 in attempting to build including the Republic of Estonia – the smallest and north- tive unit with its own representative body (the Provisional some form of Baltic-German State. Only the battle at Cesis ernmost of the three Baltic countries. Diet of the Province of Estonia) and a government structure. on June 24, 1919 “put an end to these plans” From the end of the Great Northern War (1721) Estonia Estonian became the official language. Estonia was next attacked from the east. On 28 November had belonged to Russia. Within the Russian Empire the tiny In 1917 the power in Russia was seized by the Bolsheviks 1918 the Red Army crossed the Narva River in order to destroy Baltic-German upper class, the real rulers of the Baltic region, who were clearly not interested in the aspirations of the Baltic the Republic of Estonia and forcefully, against the people’s enjoyed various legal and economic privileges. The 19th cen- countries. The Estonian national leadership thus decided to go wishes, incorporate it into the Soviet Union. tury, however, witnessed the so-called national awakening of for full independence. The Republic of Estonia was proclaimed Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain helped Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania which all then embraced the 20th on 24 February 1918.
    [Show full text]