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 Anuradhapura Kingdom (02) 161 BCE to 1070 CE  Tamil Indian 275 to 1300 CE  Gupta Indian 320 to 550 CE  Late Classical Indian 543 to 1212 CE  of 555 to 647 CE  Rajput Indian 600 to 1244 CE  Chola Empire 980 to 1279 CE  Muslim Indian Sultanates 1192 to 1526 CE

Version 2019.02: 1st January 2019 © Simon Hall

Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder.

There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted, and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled.

Where allies are allowed they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is sufficient allowance for a UG after the core army itself has taken the minimum. 4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.

Version 2019.02: 1st January 2019 © Simon Hall

Historical Introduction

The dominated northern India during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The empire faced numerous invasions by a branch of the Huns in the north-west. The invasions led to the collapse of the Gupta empire and India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by Vardhana ruler Harsha, who established his empire in the first half of the . The empire of Harsha was short-lived, and the area again collapsed into regional kingdoms.

The first clash between a ruler of an Indian kingdom and the Arabs took place in 643 CE, when Arab forces defeated Rutbil, King of Zabulistan in Sistan. By 653 CE they bordered the Kingdoms of Kapisa, Zabul and in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Kabul Shahi kings and their Zunbil kinsmen blocked access to the Khyber Pass and Gomal Pass routes into India for the next 217 years. It wasn’t until 710 CE that the Arabs entered Al Hind (India) and the Indus valley through Sindh. For the next 30 years the Arabs campaigned against the Rajput kingdoms in the Indus valley, reaching the foothills of . In 739 CE they invaded the Deccan but were decisively defeated at Navsari by the viceroy Avanijanashraya Pulakesi of the Chalukya Empire serving II. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert.

The Arabs continued to control areas of Sindh and the and raided the ports of Gujarat. The occupied Kabul in 871 CE. A new chapter of Muslim conquests began when the Samanid Dynasty took over the Saffarid Kingdom and Sabuktigin,founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, seized Ghazni. Ghaznavid rule in North-western India lasted over 175 years, from 1010 to 1187 CE.

The Gurjara-Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River. They were involved in a three-way struggle for control of northern and central India in the 9th century. The other were the , based in and the Rashtrakuta Empire in the Deccan. The Rashtrakutas had overthrown the Chalukyas of Badami.

Further south and east were the Chalukyas of Vengi. In the 970’s the Rashtrakuta empire collapsed and much of its territory was captured by the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Both the Rashtrakuta empire and the Chalukyas of Kalyani faced threats from the Tamil kingdoms to the south and east. The Pandyas ruled much of southern India from the 6th to 9th centuries but from around 880 CE onwards they fell under the growing influence of the Chola Empire. The southern empires periodically invaded Sri Lanka which was controlled by the Anuradhapura Kingdom but were unable to establish a permanent presence on the island.

Version 2019.02: 1st January 2019 © Simon Hall

Anuradhapura Kingdom Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 161 BCE to 1070 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveTerrain Standard, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 2 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -4 BATTLE CHARIOTS Experienced 0 4,6 Chariots (before 480 CE) Average Protected - - Shoot & Charge Formed Loose Bow 6 CAVALRY UnskilledShoot & Charge, 0 4,6 Cavalry Average Protected Short Spear - Tribal Loose JavelinCombat Shy 6 INFANTRY -06,8 Guard infantry Superior Protected - Melee Expert - Formed Flexible -8 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,8 Archers protected by pavises Average Unprotected - Pavise - Formed Loose Bow 8 Royal troops and INFANTRY - 6 6,8,9 Average Protected - Melee Expert - mercenaries Formed Flexible -18 Mercenary archers (from 480 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,8 Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy CE) Formed Loose Bow 16 INFANTRY -Devastating 0 6,8,9 Southern hill tribesmen Average Protected - - Tribal Loose -18Chargers INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,8 Best militia archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 48 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,8 Poorer militia archers Poor Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 48 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 18 Allies Pallavas allies - Tamil Indian (from 491 to 508 CE)

Version 2019.02: 1st January 2019 © Simon Hall Anuradhapura Kingdom Historical Notes The Anuradhapura Kingdom was a Sinhalese kingdom that originated in the 6th century BCE. Dutthagamani, who reigned from 161 to 137 BCE, killed 32 rulers to control the whole island of Sri Lanka. Not all the suceeding kings could control the whole kingdom. The kingdom faced a number of invasions from India.The country was invaded in 103 BCE and the invaders ruled until 89 BCE when they were defeated by Valagamba. Another invasion occurred in 433 CE and only defeated by Dhathusena in 459 CE. More invasions occurred between 833 and 853 CE and from 935 to 938 CE. In all cases the invaders could not extend their rule to the southern part of the island. In 993 CE, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded forcing Mahinda V to flee. A further invasion in 1017 CE captured Mahinda V and sacked the capital city of Anuradhapura and ended the Kingdom. Troop Notes The Sinhalese do not appear to have a good military reputation, possibly from a reliance on a large militia army. Sinhalese elephants were supposed to be small but fierce. Although chariots still were in use in 1117 CE this is much more likely to have been for diplomatic or ceremonial purposes. Cavalry and chariots were not numerous in Sinhalese armies which mainly relied on infantry. Changes from last version 2019.01: Shoot & Charge option. 2019.02: Shoot & Charge option for chariots.

Version 2019.02: 1st January 2019 © Simon Hall Tamil Indian Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 275 CE to 1300 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveTerrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any InstinctiveCamp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 4 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -6 ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Royal elephants Superior Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -4 CAVALRY UnskilledShoot & Charge, 0 4,6 Cavalry Average Protected - - Formed Loose JavelinCombat Shy 8 INFANTRY -06,8 Guard infantry Superior Protected - Melee Expert - Formed Flexible -8 INFANTRY - 12 6,8,9 Swordsmen Average Protected - Melee Expert - Tribal Flexible -60 INFANTRY Experienced 12 6,8 Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 60 INFANTRY -Devastating 0 6,8,9 Chavers Average Protected - - Tribal Loose -18Chargers INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 18 Allies Anuradhapura Kingdom allies (only Pallavas from 642 to 660 CE) Historical Notes This list covers the Pallavas and the Pandyas. Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 to 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668). The Pallavas were in constant conflict with both Chalukyas of Badami in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas in the south and were finally defeated by the Chola kings in the 9th century. The Pandyas were a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India from 590 to 920. The list also covers the rise of the Chola Empire from 848 to 979. It includes the Hoysala kingdom from 1100.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Tamil Indian Troop Notes Armies consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Southern Indian armies were short of good horses. The bow remained the chief infantry weapon, but a variety of bladed weapons were also in use. Changes from last version Shoot & Charge option.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Gupta Indian Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 320 CE to 550 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveTerrain Standard, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any InstinctiveCamp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -12 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Experienced 2,3,4 Average Protected - Shove - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Bow Any CAVALRY Experienced 0 4,6 Horse archers Average Unprotected - -- Formed Flexible Bow 18 CAVALRY UnskilledShoot & Charge, 0 4,6 Cavalry Average Protected - - Formed Loose JavelinCombat Shy 12 CAVALRY -04,6Charging Armoured lancers Superior Protected - Melee Expert Formed Loose -12Lancer INFANTRY UnskilledShoot & Charge, 9 6,8,9 Javelinmen Average Protected - - Tribal Loose JavelinCombat Shy 60 INFANTRY - 0 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible -30 INFANTRY Experienced 8 6,8 Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 90 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 18 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Slingers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Sling 9 Notes The number of javelinmen and spearmen cannot exceed the number of archers. Foot TUGs may combine 1/3 spearmen with 2/3 archers in a unit of 6 or 9.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Gupta Indian Historical Notes At the beginning of the 4th century CE, the Guptas established and ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Bihar. Chandragupta I, who ruled from around 320 to 335 expanded his rule from the River to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) and assumed the imperial title of maharajadhiraja. His son continued the expansion of the empire incorporating over 20 kingdoms. Under the grandson, Chandragupta II the expansion continued into north-west India where according to the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra he defeated the Sakas and the Huns. After the death of Skandagupta in 467 the empire started to weaken. A group of Huns, known as , broke through the Gupta defences in the north-west. The invasions ledt northern India in disarray with urban culture in decline and many small kingdoms emerging. The invasions disrupted the trade between India and the . The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is dated to 543 CE. Troop Notes The Guptas followed the classical Indian traditional approach to warfare with elephants, cavalry and infantry. Although there are references to chariots, any wheeled vehicle could be described as a chariot and it seems that traditional chariots had fallen out of use bt this time. There is some evidence for the use of armoured lancers. The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. Changes from last version Shoot & Charge option. Spearmen flexible.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 543 CE to 1212 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveTerrain Standard, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any InstinctiveCamp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 4 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -6 Additional elephants (Palas ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Average Protected - Shove - only) Tribal Loose -4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Experienced 2,3,4 Average Protected - Shove - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Bow Any ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Royal elephants Superior Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -4 CAVALRY -04,6Charging Best cavalry Average Protected - Melee Expert Formed Loose -6Lancer Guard cavalry (Gurjara- CAVALRY -04,6Charging Superior Protected - Melee Expert Pratiharas only) Formed Loose -6Lancer CAVALRY UnskilledShoot & Charge, 0 4,6 Cavalry Average Protected - - Formed Loose JavelinCombat Shy 12 Guard infantry (Rashtrakutas INFANTRY -06,8 Superior Protected - Melee Expert - only) Formed Flexible -8 INFANTRY - 6 6,8,9 Swordsmen Average Protected - Melee Expert - Tribal Flexible -24 INFANTRY Experienced 12 6,8 Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 64 INFANTRY UnskilledShoot & Charge, 0 6,8,9 Javelinmen Average Protected - - Tribal Loose JavelinCombat Shy 18 CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 0 4,6 Light cavalry Average Unprotected - - Skirmisher JavelinCombat Shy 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 4,6 Average Unprotected - - horse archers Skirmisher BowCombat Shy All or none

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Late Classical Indian INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 9 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Skirmisher Javelin 18 Allies Rajput Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Arab Indian allies (only Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Pandya allies - Tamil Indian (only Palas from 810 to 850 CE or Rashtrakutras from 753 to 975 CE) Historical Notes This list covers the kingdoms of the Late Classical Indians including the Pala Empire, the Rashtrakutas, he Chalukya states and the Kalchuris of Tripuri. The Pala Empire was located in Bengal between the mid-7th century and 1036 CE. The Palas started as a city-state but expanded to create an extensive Northern Indian empire. They contested control of India in the 9th century with the Pratihara Empire (a Rajput dynasty) and the Rashtrakuta Empire. It was eventually overthrown by the . The Rashtrakuta Empire was based in the Deccan area of India from 752 to 983. The military exploits of Govinda III (793 to 814) apparently compared to . “His horses drank from Himalayan streams and war elephants tasted the sacred waters of the Ganges." There were three Chalukya states (not to be confused with the Chaululukya (Solanki) Rajput dynasty. They were the Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Vengi and Chalukyas of Kalyani. The Chalukyas of Badami, also known as the Early Chalukya ruled from 543 to 753. The empire reached its peak under Vikramaditya II (733 to 744) who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II. The Empire was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753. The Chalukyas of Vengi, also known as the Eastern Chalukya, ruled from 624 to 1189. Located around Vengi, they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Chola empire and the Western Chalukyas. The Chalukyas of Kalyani, also known as the Western Chalukya, ruled from 973 to 1189. They controlled Deccan territories after the Rashtrakutas. The Kalcharis of Tripuri ruled the Chedi region from 675 to 1212. The fought wars against the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They may have been allied to Western Chalukyas. They were ultimately absorbed by the . Troop Notes According to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force. Changes from last version Shoot & Charge option.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Empire of Harsha Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 555 CE to 647 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any InstinctiveTerrain Standard, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 2 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Experienced 2,3,4 Average Protected - Shove - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Bow Any ELEPHANTS - 2,3,4 Upgrade elephants Superior Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose - Up to half CAVALRY -84,6Charging Cavalry Average Protected - Melee Expert Formed Loose -24Lancer CAVALRY -04,6Charging Best cavalry Superior Protected - Melee Expert Formed Loose -4Lancer CAMELRY -04,6 Camels Average Protected Short Spear - - Tribal Loose -6 INFANTRY Experienced 12 6,8 Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 64 INFANTRY - 0 6,8,9 Bladesmen Average Protected - Melee Expert - Tribal Flexible -9 INFANTRY UnskilledShoot & Charge, 0 6,8,9 Javelinmen Average Protected - - Tribal Loose JavelinCombat Shy 18 CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 0 4,6 Light cavalry Average Unprotected - - Skirmisher JavelinCombat Shy 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 4,6 Average Unprotected - - horse archers Skirmisher BowCombat Shy All or none INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 9

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Empire of Harsha INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Skirmisher Javelin 24 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Slingers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Sling 9 Allies Pandyas allies - Tamil Indian Historical Notes The also known as the Vardhana dynasty, ruled parts of northern India during 6th and 7th centuries after the collapse of the Gupta empire. It's most powerful leader was Harsha, who was crowned as Emperor in 606 CE. The Empire's administration followed that of the Gupta empire. The Empire itself operated an Indian feudal system with local rulers holding kingdoms on behalf of the Emperor. Harsha also maintained diplomatic relations with the Chinese Emperor Taizong. After the death of Harsha in 647 the Empire rapidly disintegrated into small kingdoms. In around 648 the Empire was invaded by a Tibetan force of 1,200 Tibetan and 7,000 Nepalese cavalry raised by a Chinese official who had been attacked by the new emperor. Troop Notes During his early career Harsha is said to have possessed a force of 5,000 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. After his conquests it is claimed he could field 100,000 cavalry and 60,000 elephants. Changes from last version Shoot & Charge option.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Rajput Indian Army Commander 1 Any InstinctiveDates 600 CE to 1244 CE Sub-Generals 0-2 Any InstinctiveTerrain Standard, Desert, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any InstinctiveCamp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Experienced 2,3,4 Average Protected - Shove - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Bow Any CAVALRY -84,6Charging Cavalry Average Protected - Melee Expert Formed Loose -30Lancer CAVALRY -Charging 4,6 Best cavalry Superior Protected - Melee Expert Formed Loose -Lancer Up to half Upgrade best cavalry as CAVALRY -04,6Charging Superior Protected Fanatic Melee Expert heroic Formed Loose -6Lancer CAMELRY -04,6 Camels (Bhatti only) Average Protected Short Spear - - Tribal Loose -12 INFANTRY Experienced 12 6,8 Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 64 INFANTRY - 0 6,8,9 Bladesmen Average Protected - Melee Expert - Tribal Flexible -18 CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 0 4,6 Light cavalry Average Unprotected - - Skirmisher JavelinCombat Shy 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 4,6 Average Unprotected - - horse archers Skirmisher BowCombat Shy All or none INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 9 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Skirmisher Javelin 24 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Slingers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Sling 9

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Rajput Indian Allies Late Classical Indian allies Tibetan allies - Early Tibetan (from 620 to 840 CE) Notes Bhatti cannot use Elephants or external allies. Historical Notes From the beginning of the 7th century CE, Rajput dynasties dominated Northern India and Pakistan. They became the primary obstacle to the complete Muslim conquest of Hindu . Dynasties included: Chandelas (831 to 1203). They were centered around Khajuraho (). Originally vassals of the of the Gurjara Pratiharas they became independent under Yashovarman (925 to 950) and his successors Dhanga, Ganda and Vidyadhara. Faced an invasion by the which weakened the kingdom. Around 1130 took advantage of decline of neighbouring kingdoms to expand. Invaded by the Delhi Sultanate in 1203. Chavda (690 to 942). Centered around Panchasar (Gujurat). Succeeded by the Western Chalukya empire. Gahadvalas (1090 to 1194). Centered around and Bihar (on the Ganges plain). Succeeded the Kalachuri. Defeated in 1194 by Ghurids and then absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Guhilas (7th century – 1303). Centered around Nagahrada (Rajasthan). Fought the Paramaras in 11th and Chaulukyas in 12th century. Absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Nagavanshi (11th – 14th century). Centered on Chhattisgarh. Paramara (9th – 14th century) Centered around Dhara (Madjhya Pradesh). Fought the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and finally absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Chaululukya Dynasty also referred to as the Solankis (940 to 1244) Located in Gujurat and Rajasthan. Faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025. Succeeded by the Vaghela Dynasty (another Rajput dynansty) who ruled until 1304 when absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Troop Notes The Rajputs were noted for their reliance on aristocratic cavalry and a heroic ethos which substituted a suicidal mass charge for surrender. The Bhatti were noted camel riders. Changes from last version None.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Chola Empire Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 980 CE to 1279 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any ProfessionalTerrain Coastal, Mountains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor, Average or S Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 4 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -8 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS Experienced 2,3,4 Average Protected - Shove - accompanying foot Tribal Loose Bow Any ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Royal elephants Superior Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -4 CAVALRY UnskilledMelee Expert, 0 4,6 Cavalry Average Protected - - Formed Loose JavelinShoot & Charge 8 INFANTRY -06,8 Guard infantry Superior Protected - Melee Expert - Formed Flexible -8 INFANTRY - 12 6,8,9 Swordsmen Average Protected - Melee Expert - Formed Flexible -36 INFANTRY Experienced 12 6,8 Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Formed Loose Bow 36 INFANTRY - 0 6,8,9 Vassal state swordsmen Average Protected - Melee Expert - Tribal Flexible -24 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,8 Vassal state archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 24 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 18 Allies Hoysala allies - Tamil Indian (from 1100 CE) Historical Notes The Cholas were a powerful kingdom between 10th and 13th centuries CE with a strong naval presence extending to the Malay peninsular.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Chola Empire Troop Notes The had a professional military, of which the king was the supreme commander. There were regiments of bowmen and swordsmen while the swordsmen were the most permanent and dependable troops. The Chola army was spread all over the country and was stationed in local garrisons or military camps known as Kodagams. The elephants played a major role in the army and the dynasty had numerous war elephants. Changes from last version Shoot & Charge option.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates Army Commander 1 Any ProfessionalDates 1192 CE to 1526 CE Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Professional Terrain Standard, Plains, Jungle Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive (Rathor)Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Weaponry Weaponry Mandatory Optional Max UG Size ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Elephants Average Protected - Shove - Tribal Loose -4 Additional elephants (from ELEPHANTS - 0 2,3,4 Average Protected - Shove - 1206 CE) Tribal Loose -4 Upgrade elephants with ELEPHANTS - 2,3,4 Average Fully Armoured - Shove - armour Tribal Loose -Any CAVALRY Experienced 4 4,6 Mamluks Superior Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert Drilled Loose Bow 16 Before 1220 CE CAVALRY Experienced 8 4,6 ex-Ghurid Turkish cavalry Average Unprotected - - Melee Expert Formed Flexible Bow 36 CAVALRY Skilled 4,6 Upgrade Turkish cavalry Average Unprotected - - Melee Expert Formed Flexible Bow Up to half CAVALRY Unskilled 0 4,6 ex-Ghurid cavalry Average Protected Short Spear - - Tribal Loose Javelin 6 From 1220 CE CAVALRY Experienced 8 4,6 Jagirdars Average Protected Short Spear -- Formed Loose Bow 36 CAVALRY Experienced 4,6 Upgrade jagirdars Average Protected Short Spear Melee Expert - Formed Loose Bow Up to half ----- Hindu paik or Habashi INFANTRY -04,6 Superior Protected - Melee Expert - bodyguards (from 1266 CE) Formed Flexible -6 INFANTRY - 0 6,8,9 Swordsmen (from 1206 CE) Average Protected - Melee Expert - Tribal Flexible -24

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,8 Archers (before 1206 CE) Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 16 INFANTRY Unskilled 9 6,8,9 Spearmen (before 1206 CE) Average Protected Short Spear - Pavise Tribal Flexible Javelin 36 INFANTRY Experienced 12 6,8 Archers (from 1206 CE) Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 64 INFANTRY Unskilled 0 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Pavise Tribal Flexible Javelin 9 CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 0 4,6 Light cavalry Average Unprotected - - Skirmisher JavelinCombat Shy 6 Replace light cavalry with CAVALRY ExperiencedCantabrian, 4,6 Average Unprotected - - horse archers Skirmisher BowCombat Shy All or none INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Skirmisher Bow 9 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6,9 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Skirmisher Javelin 9 Gunpowder skirmishers INFANTRY Unskilled 0 6 Average Unprotected - - - (from 1340 CE) Skirmisher Firearm 12 Handgunners (from 1470 INFANTRY Experienced 0 6 Average Unprotected - -- CE) Skirmisher Firearm 6 Rathor contingent (under ally-general) - only Delhi Sultanate from 1316 to 1388 CE CAVALRY -04,6Charging Cavalry Average Protected - Melee Expert Formed Loose -8Lancer Notes Before 1267 CE the infantry minima do not apply if no infantry are taken. Historical Notes In 1192 CE, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad destroyed a Hindu Indian army at the second battle of Tarain and went on to conquer Delhi. Following his assasination his senior Ghilman established a series of states and adopted the title Sultan. The best known is the Delhi Sultanate which in a series of wars extended its power east to Bengal and south to the Deccan. Other sultanates included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Nair (or Kozhikode) and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of Gujurat. In the early 16th century the Timurid ruler Babur, a direct descendent of Timur, invaded India and founded the which lasted until 1857.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Muslim Indian Sultanates Troop Notes Unlike Hindu armies, cavalry were regarded as the main arm. Muslim cavalry used a long light lance and Turkish bow. Elephants had a fighting crew in a Howdah and were supported by escort infantry. The Rathors were a Hindu Rajput clan who although semi-independent had to provide contingents of cavalry. Rocketeers had rockets with explosive heads which were carried by pack animals and launched by hand as if thrown spears. Changes from last version List includes Ghurid armies from 1192 CE. Elephants can be fully armoured.

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall