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Mistletoes and Their Hosts in Karnataka Journal of American Science 2010;6(10) Mistletoes and their hosts in Karnataka M.C. Thriveni*, G.R. Shivamurthy, K.N. Amruthesh, C.R. Vijay and G.R. Kavitha Department of Studies in Botany, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India *email: [email protected] Abstract: Mistletoes (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) constitute the most important parasitic plants that have been recognized as damaging agents of many of our fruit yielding, timber yielding and commercial trees. Their damaging effects make the parasitic angiosperms true threats to silviculture and horticultural crops, especially in developing countries. The mistletoes are represented by 8 genera and 20 species in Karnataka. A total of 242 species belonging to 38 families of dicotyledons are recognized as hosts parasitized by mistletoes. The present paper enlists the binomials and families of host plants parasitized by the particular species of mistletoes. Host range, host preference and host specificity are discussed in the light of previous literatures. [Journal of American Science 2010;6(10):827-835]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). Key Words: Host generalists, Host preference, Host range, Host specificity, Mistletoes. Introduction range of mistletoes in Karnataka. Most of the earlier Mistletoes are the predominant group of reports were all concentrated only on the host range of Angiosperm shoot or stem hemi parasites, which one taxon i.e., Dendrophthoe falcata (Loranthaceae). grow on the branches of host trees or shrubs and take Further, many authors have contributed to host range of water, water-conducted nutrients and organic solutes D. falcata and its distribution. But a list of hosts from the host’s vasculature. Mistletoes include attacked by other taxa of mistletoes occurring in notorious parasites and are capable of destroying the Karnataka is much wanting. Such a list would definitely trees and shrubs of economic and aesthetic value. help us to assess the loss of yield and to propose Though Mistletoes are widely recognized as damaging management strategies for the effective integrated agents to various medicinal, ornamental, horticultural, management of these pests in forestry and horticulture. timber yielding and other forest trees (Gill and In this regard a serious attempt has been made to record Hawksworth, 1961), they do not seem to have received the plant species that are attacked by the mistletoes and much attention from both Botanists and common the frequency of their distribution in Karnataka. man. The reason for this could be that they only attack the woody plants which are not staple food plants and Materials and Methods hence do not enjoy the same economic status as the The present work was carried out during the cereals or pulses. However, they can attack a large years 2007-2009. Intensive plant exploration trips number of varieties of taxonomically unrelated hosts were conducted to different parts of Karnataka to and their attack has been proved to be fatal to various collect the plant specimens belonging to Loranthaceae trees and shrubs (Docteres Van Leeuwen, 1954; Kuijt, and Viscaceae. Both the host and the parasites 1964). Most of the fruit trees and timber yielding trees collected were identified, mainly by using the Flora of are severely infested with the mistletoes. There is less the Presidency of Madras (Gamble, 1967) and Flora of information on the extent to which mistletoes damage t h e Presidency of Bombay (Cooke, 1967) and Flora the yield of forest trees. The adaptability of mistletoes of Karnataka Vol-II (Saldanha, 1996). During 1925 to has made them to victimize a large number of plant 1929 Danser worked extensively on mistletoes and species, all of them are dicotyledons. The degree of published several monographs. Various mistletoe damage varies with the species of mistletoe, its groups were brought to taxonomic order by Danser. On longevity and intensity of parasitism. The effect of this foundation contemporary mistletoe experts such as mistletoes on their hosts may include reduced vigour J. Kuijt, B.A. Barlow, D.Wiens and S. Balle have built and growth rates, poor fruit yield or seed set, our present day understanding. For collection and malformation of woody tissues, sparse foliage, top preservation, the procedures provided by Jain and Rao dying, predisposition to insect and other disease attack (1977) were generally followed. and premature death (Gill and Hawksworth, 1961). In spite of this, a very little has been known about the host Observation investigation. The following are the list of hosts recorded Loranthaceae for each mistletoe species during the present 827 Journal of American Science 2010;6(10) Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh 2. Acacia chundra, (Rottl.) Willd. (Mimosaceae) 1. Acacia auriculiformis, A. Cunn. ex Benth. 3. Acacia concinna, (Willd.) DC. (Mimosaceae) (Mimosaceae) 4. Acacia decurrens, Willd. (Mimosaceae) 45. Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) 5. Acacia ferruginea, DC. (Mimosaceae) 46. Feronia elephantum, Corr. (Rutaceae) 6. Acacia nilotica, (L.) Del. (Mimosaceae) 47. Ficus carica, L. (Moraceae) 7. Acacia sinuata, (Lour.) Merr. (Mimosaceae) 48. Ficus hispida, L.f. (Moraceae) 8. Acacia suma, Buch.-Ham. (Mimosaceae) 49. Ficus religiosa, L. (Moraceae) 9. Achras sapota, L. (Sapotaceae) 50. Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn. (Proteaceae) 10. Aegle marmelos, Corr. (Rutaceae) 51. Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae) 11. Albizzia amara, Boiv. (Mimosaceae) 52. Grewia tilaefolia, Vahl (Tiliaceae) 12. Albizzia lebbeck, Benth. (Mimosaceae) 53. Hardwickia binata, Roxb. (Papilionaceae) 13. Albizzia odoratissima, Benth. (Mimosaceae) 54. Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis, L. (Malvaceae) 14. Amoora rohituka, Wt. & Arn. (Meliaceae) 55. Holoptelea integrifolia, Pl. (Ulmaceae) 15. Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. (Combretaceae) 56. Jacaranda mimosifolia, D.Don 16. Annona squamosa, L. (Annonaceae) (Bignoniaceae) 17. Artocarpus integrifolia, L. (Moraceae) 57. Kydia calycina, Roxb. (Malvaceae) 18. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) 58. Lagerstroemea indica, L. (Lythraceae) 19. Barringtonia acutangula, Gaetrn. 59. Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Wall. (Lythraceae) (Lecythidaceae) 60. Macaranga peltata, M. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) 20. Bauhinia purpurea, L. (Caesalpiniaceae) 61. Mangifera indica, L. (Anacardiaceae) 21. Bauhinia racemosa, Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) 62. Melia composita, Willd. (Meliaceae) 22. Bauhinia variegata, L. (Caesalpiniaceae) 63. Mitragyna parvifolia, Korth. (Rubiaceae) 23. Bombax ceiba, L. (Bombacaceae) 64. Moringa oleifera, Lam. (Moringaceae) 24. Bombax malabaricum, DC. (Malvaceae) 65. Morus alba, L. (Moraceae) 25. Bridelia scandens, Gehrm. (Euphorbiaceae) 66. Muntingia calabura, L. (Tiliaceae) 26. Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. (Euphorbiaceae) 67. Murraya königi, Spr. (Rutaceae) 27. Canthium dicoccum, (Gaetrn.) Teys. & Binn. 68. Naringi crenulata, (Roxb.) Nicolson (Rubiaceae) (Rutaceae) 28. Careya arborea, Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) 69. Nerium odorum, Ait. (Apocynaceae) 29. Cassia fistula, L. (Caesalpiniaceae) 70. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, L. (Nyctaginaceae) 30. Cassia montana, Heyne (Caesalpiniaceae) 71. Persea macrantha, (Nees) 31. Cassia siamea, Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) 32. Cassia sp. (Caesalpiniaceae) 72. Phyllanthus acidus, (L.) Skeel. 33. Catunaregam spinosa, (Thunb.) (Euphorbiaceae) Triv. (Rubiaceae) 73. Pithecolobium dulce, Benth. (Mimosaceae) 34. Cedrela toona, Roxb. (Meliaceae) 74. Pithecolobium saman, (Mimosaceae) 35. Ceiba pentandra, (L.) Gaetrn. (Bombacaceae) 75. Plectronia didyma, Kurz. (Rubiaceae) 36. Citrus medica, L. (Rutaceae) 76. Psidium guajava, L. (Myrtaceae) 37. Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb. (Papilionaceae) 77. Punica granatum, Vent. (Punicaceae) 38. Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb. (Papilionaceae) 78. Radermachera xylocarpa, 39. Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb. (Papilionaceae) K.Schum. (Bignoniaceae) 40. Delonix regia, Raf. (Caesalpiniaceae) 79. Salix tetrasperma, Roxb. (Salicaceae) 41. Dolichandrone sp. (Bignoniaceae) 80. Samanea saman, (Jacq.) Merr. (Mimosaceae) 42. Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers. (Celastraceae) 81. Stereospermum suaveolens, DC. 43. Enterolobium saman, Prain (Mimosaceae) (Bignoniaceae) 44. Ervatamia coronaria, Stapf (Apocynaceae) 82. Swietenia mahagoni, L. (Meliaceae) 87. Tectona grandis, L.f. (Verbenaceae) 83. Syzygium jambolanum, DC. (Myrtaceae) 88. Terminalia arjuna, Wt. & Arn. 84. Tabebuia argentia, (Bur. & Schum.) Britt. (Combretaceae) (Bignoniaceae) 89. Terminalia bellerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae) 85. Tamarindus indica, L. (Caesalpinaceae) 90. Terminalia catappa, L. (Combretaceae) 86. Tecoma argentia, Don. (Bignoniaceae) 91. Terminalia chebula, Retz. 93. Terminalia paniculata, Roth. (Combretaceae) (Combretaceae) 92. Terminalia crenulata, Roth. (Combretaceae) 94. Terminalia tomentosa, Wt. & 96. Trema orientalis, Bl. (Ulmaceae) Arn. (Combretaceae) 97. Vitex altissima, L.f. (Verbenaceae) 95. Thevetia nerifolia, Juss. (Apocynaceae) 98. Zizyphus jujuba, Lam. (Rhamnaceae) 828 Journal of American Science 2010;6(10) Dendrophthoe trigona (Wt. & Arn.) Danser 1. Achras sapota, L. (Sapotaceae) Helixanthera wallichianus (Schultes) Danser 2. Aegle marmelos, Corr. (Rutaceae) 1. Citrus aurantium, L. (Rutaceae) 3. Artocarpus integrifolia, L. (Moraceae) 2. Coffea arabica, L. (Rubiaceae). 4. Calotropis gigantea, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) 3. Mamecylon talbotianum, Brandis 5. Dalbergia latifolia,Roxb. (Papilionaceae) (Melastomaceae) 6. Eugenia sp., (Myrtaceae) 4. Mamecylon umbellatum, 7. Ficus asperima, Roxb. (Moraceae) Burm.f. (Melastomaceae) 8. Ficus bengalensis, L. (Moraceae) 5. Neolitsea zeylanica, Merr. (Lauraceae) 9.
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