DOCSLIB.ORG

Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana 018530 – SWITCH Sustainable Water Management in the City of the Future Integrated Project Global Change and Ecosystems D6.1.2b Integrated Urban Water Management in Accra: Institutional Arrangements and Map Bertha Darteh, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Marieke Adank, IRC Kwabena S. Manu, Independent Consultant Due date of deliverable: 31st March 2008 Actual submission date: 31st August 2010 Start date of project: 1 February 2006 Duration: 60 months Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: MU & GUEL Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PU PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) SWITCH Report of Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN ACCRA INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND MAP BERTHA DARTEH MARIEKE ADANK KWABENA S. MANU August 2010 [This document presents the results of an exercise conducted to map out the institutional arrangements for urban water management in Accra. This work was conducted as part of the EU- sponsored SWITCH research project.] 2 SWITCH Report of Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana Executive Summary This report is a contribution to SWITCH Project deliverables under workpackage 6.1 which looks at Institutional arrangements for Integrated Urban Water Management. It presents the results of the study undertaken to map out institutional arrangements for urban water management in Accra, one of the SWITCH demonstration cities. The study builds on an initial scoping exercise and a stakeholder analysis which included stakeholder consultations and profiling which identified relevant Government Ministries and Departments, local authorities, NGOs, Donor community representatives and water users. The institutional mapping was guided by protocol given by Green (2007) which states that Institutional maps are intended to provide an overview of institutional and governance structures for the management of urban water; focussing on the key actors or players and their interactions, where power is located, who has the ability to influence decisions, and who makes decisions. The study considered Water Supply, Waste Water Management and Storm water Management under the relevant areas of policy, legislation, planning and financing, regulation as well as service provision. The role of the “informal” sector was also considered. The study shows that while there are various policies and laws regarding these different aspects of urban water management, there is no explicit policy on integrated urban water management (IUWM). There is however room for such an explicit policy because integrated water resources management is an existing policy direction. Two significant challenges are noted: 1) the difficulties in enforcing laws and implementing plans of actions, and 2) the way institutions are organised acts as a barrier to integrated urban water management due to the inadequate coordination among sector institutions. Recommendations are made regarding the formation of a coordination platform which can bring together the different stakeholders in different areas to jointly plan towards integrated urban water management in the city of Accra. 3 SWITCH Report of Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY --------------------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1 INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.1 Background to assignment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.2 Terms of Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.3 Methodology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.4 Structure of report ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 2 INSTITUTIONAL MAP OF ACCRA: CONTEXT ---------------------------------------- 12 2.1 Introduction to Accra -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 2.2 The city’s socio-political internal geographical organisation --------------------------------------------- 13 2.3 Land management ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 2.3.1 Context ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 2.3.2 Custom ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 2.3.3 Political (public vs local interest) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 2.3.4 Competing uses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 2.3.5 Policy actions and plans for addressing current challenges -------------------------------------------------- 17 2.4 Urban Water Management -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 3 WATER SUPPLY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 3.1 Policy-making, planning and financing Institutions -------------------------------------------------------- 25 3.2 National Water Policy and relevance to Accra’s development ------------------------------------------- 25 3.2.1 Integration in Urban Water Management ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 3.3 Legislation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 3.4 Regulation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 3.4.1 Water Resources Commission ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 3.4.2 Public Utilities Regulatory Commission ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 3.4.3 Policy on Regulation of water services -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 3.5 Service provision -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 3.5.1 Formal Service Provision and Water Sector Reforms --------------------------------------------------------- 31 3.5.2 Responsibility of providing water to the poor ------------------------------------------------------------------ 32 3.5.3 Informal Sector providers/players -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 3.5.3.1 Water tanker operators --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 3.5.3.2 Motorized Cart Operators (Power-tiller tankers) -------------------------------------------------------- 37 3.5.3.3 Tanker-supplied Domestic Vendors ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 4 SWITCH Report of Institutional Mapping in Accra, Ghana 3.5.3.4 GWCL direct supply Vendors (Neighbour-sellers) ----------------------------------------------------- 38 3.5.3.5 Sachet water producers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 3.5.3.6 Street water sellers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3.5.4 Civil Society, Consumers, Electorate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3.5.5 Recognising and Regulating the role of he informal sector: ------------------------------------------------- 39 3.6 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR WATER SUPPLY ---------------------------------------------------- 40 3.6.1 WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 3.6.2 Barriers and incentives --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 3.6.3 Rainwater harvesting ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 3.6.3.1 Policy and practice ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 3.6.3.2 Technologies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 3.6.3.3 Potential in low income communities in Accra --------------------------------------------------------- 42 4 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN ACCRA --------------------------------------------------------- 43 4.1 Background --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 4.2 Overview of Social Norms --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 4.3 Overview of institutional landscape: Stakeholders, responsibilities and powers --------------------- 44 4.4 Processes of decision-making, policies and plans ----------------------------------------------------------- 45 4.5 Strategic Directions for Stormwater Management --------------------------------------------------------- 45 4.6 Barriers and Incentives ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Case Studies of Three Localities in the Accra-Tema City-Region, Ghana
    ABSTRACT GEOGRAPHY OF URBAN WATER SECURITY AND VULNERABILITY: CASE STUDIES OF THREE LOCALITIES IN THE ACCRA-TEMA CITY-REGION, GHANA by Isaac Asante-Wusu Sub-Saharan Africa has been in the news for its water insecurity in the past few decades. The debates of water insecurity and vulnerability in sub-Saharan Africa center on water as an economic good vis. a human right, urbanization, urban water politics, water supply systems, water governance, and climate change. Yet, existing literature has been at best limited within the context of these issues to identify and take cognizance of the specific geographical contexts and locally-based attributes that drive water insecurity and vulnerabilities in the sub-region. This thesis interrogates the geography of urban water security and vulnerabilities in the Accra- Tema City-Region (ATCR) of Ghana through case studies of three localities. Field interviews with 16 institutional respondents and informants, and 36 heads of households, surveys, and mapping of surveyed houses are used. Based on realist epistemology and a content analysis the paper addresses three research questions. First, what is the state of water (in)security and vulnerability within localities with different class status and geographies? Second, why do specific water (in)securities and vulnerabilities present in these geographies with different socio-economic class status? Third, how can water be secured in these different geographies? The thesis produces two significant findings. First, both geography and socio-economic class of households influence household water insecurity and vulnerabilities. Second, centralized and disjointed nature of urban water provision, governance and management make the attainment of water security a difficult development goal.
    [Show full text]
  • I Building Collapse: Pathologies in Cities in Ghana a Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Docto
    Building collapse: Pathologies in cities in Ghana A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Festival Godwin Boateng MSc, Roskilde University, Denmark BA (Hons) KNUST, Ghana School of Global Urban and Social Studies College of Design and Social Context RMIT University November 2019 i Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis/project is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Festival Godwin Boateng 12th November, 2019 ii Acknowledgements Most students begin their thesis’ acknowledgements with their advisors. Well, for me, because of Jollof (Google what it is), I begin with my landlord and his wife: Dr & Mrs Awaworyi Churchill. I am thankful to them for all the Jollof/support. I had most of my moments of analytical epiphany at midnights – i.e. the times I used to wake up to chase some of the wonderful Jollof they always prepared. Nothing inspires writing and thinking than Jollof. Especially, the ‘charred under’. Just so we are clear: Nigerians, I do not mean una (your) Jollof ooo! Now to my advisors: Dr Binoy Kampmark, Dr Russell Solomon and Dr Robin Cameron, I cannot thank you enough.
    [Show full text]
  • Achimota School Presentation on Achimota School’S Performance for the Past Five (5) Years
    ACHIMOTA SCHOOL PRESENTATION ON ACHIMOTA SCHOOL’S PERFORMANCE FOR THE PAST FIVE (5) YEARS 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Achimota School was established in 1927. This report I am giving covers the last five years. The report covers the following areas: 1. Staff Strength- Teacher quality and motivation 2. School Population/Admissions/ Student Admissions 3. Academic Work- School’s performance- problems and solutions 4. Curriculum and Schedule – Is it appropriate, how is it appropriate, how is it implemented 4b. Extra Curricula activities- do these activities occupy the students, positively and negatively, talent building 5. Infrastructure – State of the water situation, Electricity, Are the Labs properly equipped, Music School, Art School, Home Economics Block, Girls and Boys Gym, 6. Sports 7. School Activities 8. Support from stakeholders and challenges 9. Land issues- Golf Course, Security, Eco park, Police Station, Hospital, Post Office 10. Conclusion 2 1.1. STAFF STRENGTH: The School has a teaching staff strength of one hundred and twenty six teachers (125). The minimum qualification for every teacher in the school is a first degree from a university. Some of the teachers hold masters degrees in various fields of study. The School has no hand in selecting staff. Vacancies are declared by the School administration and then the Ghana Education Service (the Metro Office) posts staff to the School. A good number of the current teaching staff are accommodated by the school in the various bungalows on the eastern and western compounds. In the coming years it is anticipated that all members of staff would be accommodated on the school compound as more bungalows are made available to the School by the University of Ghana.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana's Private Sector Solution to a Public Infrastructure Problem
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Pitzer Senior Theses Pitzer Student Scholarship 2015 The tS ate of Sachets: Ghana’s Private Sector Solution to a Public Infrastructure Problem Robert J. Little Pitzer College Recommended Citation Little, Robert J., "The tS ate of Sachets: Ghana’s Private Sector Solution to a Public Infrastructure Problem" (2015). Pitzer Senior Theses. Paper 62. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/62 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Pitzer Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pitzer Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The State of Sachets: Ghana’s Private Sector Solution to a Public Infrastructure Problem Robert James Little In partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Environmental Analysis at Pitzer College, Claremont, California. Spring 2015 Readers: Professor Melinda Herrold-Menzies and Professor Paul Faulstich Abstract Known colloquially as “purewater”, sachet water has outcompeted all alternatives to Ghana’s unreliable government water infrastructure and serves as the cheap, portable, omnipresent solution for narrowing the safe water access gap. Each single-use sachet holds 500 ml of filtered potable water and is heat-sealed in a high- density polyethylene bag. Insufficient and often skeptical scholarship exists surrounding the state of sachet water in Ghana, and almost no research incorporates qualitative data into analysis and future recommendations. In the face of incomplete and decontextualized research on sachet water, this study aims to use qualitative data concerning Ghanaian viewpoints to showcase the recent positive developments in the lifecycle of sachet water.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Development Organizations
    EDITION 2010 VOLUME I.A / AFRICA DIRECTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, GOVERNMENTS, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, CIVIL SOCIETY, UNIVERSITIES, GRANTMAKERS, BANKS, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT CONSULTING FIRMS Resource Guide to Development Organizations and the Internet Introduction Welcome to the directory of development organizations 2010, Volume I: Africa The directory of development organizations, listing 63.350 development organizations, has been prepared to facilitate international cooperation and knowledge sharing in development work, both among civil society organizations, research institutions, governments and the private sector. The directory aims to promote interaction and active partnerships among key development organisations in civil society, including NGOs, trade unions, faith-based organizations, indigenous peoples movements, foundations and research centres. In creating opportunities for dialogue with governments and private sector, civil society organizations are helping to amplify the voices of the poorest people in the decisions that affect their lives, improve development effectiveness and sustainability and hold governments and policymakers publicly accountable. In particular, the directory is intended to provide a comprehensive source of reference for development practitioners, researchers, donor employees, and policymakers who are committed to good governance, sustainable development and poverty reduction, through: the financial sector and microfinance,
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Water Company Limited (Gwcl)
    GHANA WATER COMPANY LIMITED (GWCL) HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY IN GHANA The first public water supply system in Ghana, then Gold Coast, was established in Accra just before World War I. Other systems were built exclusively for other urban areas among them the colonial capital of Cape Coast, Winneba and Kumasi in the1920s. During this period, the water supply systems were managed by the Hydraulic Division of the Public Works Department. With time the responsibilities of the Hydraulic Division were widened to include the planning and development of water supply systems in other parts of the country. In 1948, the Department of Rural Water Development was established to engage in the development and management of rural water supply through the drilling of bore holes and construction of wells for rural communities. After Ghana’s independence in 1957, a Water Supply Division, with headquarters in Kumasi, was set up under the Ministry of Works and Housing with responsibilities for both urban and rural water supplies. GHANA WATER COMPANY LIMITED During the dry season of 1959, there was severe water shortage in the country. Following this crisis, an agreement was signed between the Government of Ghana and the World Health Organisation for a study to be conducted into water sector development of the country. The study focused on technical engineering, establishment of a national water and sewerage authority and its financing methods. Furthermore the study recommended the preparation of a Master Plan for water supply and sewerage services in Accra-Tema covering the twenty-year period 1960 to 1980. In line with the recommendations of the WHO, the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), was established in 1965 under an Act of Parliament (Act 310) as a legal public utility entity.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Management and Health in Ghana; Case Study -Kumasi
    The Tema Institute, Campus Norrkoping Water management and health in Ghana; Case study -Kumasi A Study of the relationship between water management and health Prince Osei Akumiah Master of science Thesis, Environmental Science Programme 2007, Supervisor: Dr. Birgitta Rydhagen Linköpings Universitet, Linköping universitet, Campus Norrköping, SE -601 74 Norrköping, Sweden ABSTRACT There have been multiple cases of drinking water related diseases in Ghana, particularly the cities. Kumasi, the second largest city is recording high figures of drinking water related diseases. The Ghana water and sewage company is supposed to provide adequate safe drinking water to the people. However, the company has failed to provide this service effectively. Various reasons have been given by the company on its inability to perform efficiently. Meanwhile the government decided lately to privatise water in the cities to facilitate access to quality water through what is called “FULL COST RECOVERY”. This attracted a lot of international companies to Ghana but this has also generated protest and demonstrations. The argument is that these foreign companies are basically profit oriented and considering the fact that most of the affected people are very poor, suggesting they cannot afford it. The study is aimed at finding out the relationship between water management and health in the study area and how effective water management through full community participation could help provide adequate safe drinking water. The study was a non-interventional descriptive type using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It was conducted in Kumasi, the second largest city in Ghana. A total of 100 residents from the communities was selected through systematic sampling and interviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Service Delivery of Gwcl/Avrl in the Sunyani
    AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SERVICE DELIVERY OF GWCL/AVRL IN THE SUNYANI MUNICIPALITY BY EGYIN, YVONNE BATHSHEBA (Mrs) (PG 3060309) A Thesis submitted to the Institute of Distance Learning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of COMMONWEALTH EXECUTIVE MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION APRIL 2011 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the Executive Masters of Business Administration and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Yvonne Bathsheba Egyin (Mrs.) ___________ ___________ (PG 3060309) Signature Date Certified by: Mr. Jones Lewis Arthur _____________ ___________ (Supervisor) Signature Date Certified by: Prof. I. K. Dontwi _____________ ____________ (Dean, IDL) Signature Date ii ABSTRACT The water supply sector in Ghana faces a lot of problems, partly due to a neglect of the sector over a long period with tariffs at a low level which was far from reflecting the real cost of the service. Economic efficiency still remains below the regional average, resulting in a lack of financial resources to maintain and extend the infrastructure. This thesis assessed the challenges facing water supply in the Sunyani Municipality. A structured questionnaire along with personal interviews was used to collect primary data from GWCL/AVRL staff and households served by the GWCL which was divided into 3 baseline communities. The study showed that water supply was being rationed in the Municipality and the major complaint on the quality of water was with the colour.
    [Show full text]
  • Incentives for Water Supply to the Urban Poor
    Kwame Nkrumah University of science and technology College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Kumasi – Ghana INCENTIVES FOR WATER SUPPLY TO THE URBAN POOR KWAKU OPOKU BOAKYE MSc. Thesis August, 2012 KwameNkrumahUniversity of Science and Technology INCENTIVES FOR WATER SUPPLY TO THE URBAN POOR By Kwaku Opoku Boakye, BSc (Hons.) A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation College of Engineering August, 2012 CERTIFICATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the MSc and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Kwaku Opoku Boakye .................................. ................................. PG- 4777610 (STUDENT & ID) Signature Date Certified by: Dr. K. B. Nyarko .................................... .................................... (Supervisor) Signature Date Certified by: Dr. S. Oduro Kwarteng ................................... .................................... (Supervisor) Signature Date Certified by: Prof. Salifu Mohammed ................................... .................................... (Head of Department) Signature Date ii Kwaku Opoku Boakye MSc. Thesis, August 2012 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God for his grace and favour that saw me through all the travels and difficult times. It is also dedicated to my parents; Mr Atta Boakye and Mrs Victoria Adampah for their love, support and encouragement. iii Kwaku Opoku Boakye MSc. Thesis, August 2012 ABSTRACT In recent years the marginalisation of the poor has become an issue of great concern.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges of Urbanization in Ghana
    Challenges of Urbanization in Ghana Paul W.K. Yankson and Monique Bertrand Urbanization has been one of the most significant processes in transforming all societies, particularly since the early twentieth century. Everywhere, cities are synonymous with modernization, economic development, social progress and cultu- ral innovation. However, the nature of urban development, particularly in sub- Saharan Africa, including Ghana, seriously constrains the productivity of cities and hence reduces the extent to which they can effectively perform their role in national development. Lack of adequate infrastructure and service provision, poverty, pol- lution, overcrowding, congestion and shortage of affordable housing are undermining the traditional civilizing influence of cities (Uwe 2003). Ghana has experienced a very rapid rate of urban growth since the middle of the twentieth century. The proportion of the country’s population living in towns, as officially defined (any settlement with at least 5,000 people), has increased rapidly over the years: it rose from 9 per cent in 1931 to 31.3 per cent in 1984 and 43.8 per cent in 2000. Modern urbanization in Ghana, however, is focused mainly on Accra– Tema and two other urban nuclei in the country. Accra is a primate city not only in terms of the size of its population; its primacy also manifests in every respect: political, economic and cultural. There is an increasing concentration of urban population in only a few very large urban centres in the country. It is interesting to note that around the two central cities of Accra and Kumasi Metropolitan Areas, and Tema Municipal Area, are fast-growing suburban areas such as Ashaiman in the case of Tema, Madina and Kasoa in the case of Accra.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................1 ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................3 FOREWORD ...................................................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1 – COMMISSION PROFILE ........................................................................................................9 1.1 MANDATE ............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 VISION .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.3 MISSION STATEMENT ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 THE COMMISSION ................................................................................................................................ 9 1.5 FOCUS AREAS FOR 2017 ..................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 - ADMINISTRATION OF REGULATIONS..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Community-Controlled Water Delivery in Savelugu, Ghana
    AGAINST THE CURRENT: COMMUNITY-CONTROLLED WATER DELIVERY IN SAVELUGU, GHANA By Al-Hassan Adam Ghana is a country in West Africa, populated by about 20 mil- lion people. The country has experienced colonial domination from different European powers, including the Dutch, Portuguese, Danes, Germans and British, who plundered the wealth of the nation (gold, timber and people). The colonial name the Gold Coast was replaced by the name Ghana after the country became independent from Britain in 1957 and became a republic in 1960. The provision of essential services in the then Gold Coast was to meet the needs of the colonial administrators and their priests who lived in fortified castles and forts, mainly in coastal towns. Cape Coast, the seat of the colonial government, was the first place to get potable water in 1928. After meeting the demands of the colonialists, water was extended to the auxil- iary staff of the colonial administration. It was only after satis- fying these classes of people that the administration extended water to the public in the form of communal “stand pipes”, out-door taps located mostly in public spaces such as schools, hospitals and market squares. When the nationalist govern- ment assumed power in 1957, in a bid to fulfil the demands of self-rule, they created a Water Supply body under the Ministry of Works and Housing in 1958. In 1965, parliament created Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC) as a legal, public entity charged with responsibility for providing and managing water resources. This move was not unusual; most newly-independent countries Reclaiming Public Water 139 were undertaking state-led development.
    [Show full text]