J -Borne Dis, June 2013, 7(1): 71–82 N Malekei-Ravasan et al.: Notes on the Iran…

Original Article Notes on the Iran and Role of Annulipalpian Hydropsychid Caddisflies as a Bio-monitoring Agent

Naseh Malekei-Ravasan 1, Abbas Bahrami 1, Mansoreh Shayeghi 1, Mohamad Ali Oshaghi 1, Masomeh Malek 2, Allah Bedasht Mansoorian 3, *Hassan Vatandoost 1

1Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Biology, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

(Received 20 Nov 2012; accepted 9 Feb 2013) Abstract Background: Eco-faunistic studies are inevitable step in environmental researches. Aquatic organisms like caddisflies are known as biological indicators for water quality assessment and water resource management. They have special role for energy flow in the freshwater habitats as food web and food chain among aquatic creatures. Methods: In addition to an extensive literature review on Iran Caddisflies, a field study was carried out in Lavasan river flows in north east of Tehran to collect aquatic using D-frame nets and or direct search on stone beneath. The water quality was measured using analytical method. Results: Literature revealed record of 62 trichopterid species in the country comprising 14 families. The most abun- dant species belonged to the . Herein we report presence of the Annulipalpian Hydropsyche sciligra H Malicky, 1977 in the study area. Habitat water quality of H. sciligra resembled human drinkable water. However presence of snail, Physa acuta and fish buhsei in the water sampling area indicated inferior quality. Conclusion: From ecological point of view larvae are predators of most important medical vectors like mosquitoes, blackflies and midges. Also they are useful and important indicator for monitoring physicochemical effects in the nature, so that they can be used for bio-monitoring program. From medical point of view, wing hairs or other body parts of caddisflies can be inhalant and contact allergens in Trichopterists and in sensitive individuals who come in contact.

Key words: Caddisfly, Hydropsyche, Faunistics, Bio-monitoring, Iran

Introduction

Trichoptera, is one of the largest orders tricate and complex structures built by in- presenting in aquatic ecosystems. The order in- sects, at least among the non-social orders cludes 3 suborders Spicipalpia, Annulipalpia (Holzenthal et al. 2007). and Integripalpia each one containing four, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera, concoct the eight, and 33 families, respectively. The aquatic Amphiesmenoptera super order (Kristensen larvae assemble a portable case (Integripalpia, 1991). Their presenting and archaic lineages and two of four families of “Spicipalpia”) or diversification ascribe to the Triassic and the fixed retreat (Annulipalpia), except for those middle Jurassic respectively. The earliest pro- of a pair of “free-living” spicipalpian families. totrichopteran dates to the mid-early Permian The net, retreat, case, and pupal structures of (Kristensen 1997). So, Trichoptera depict a sig- caddisfly larvae that filter fine organic mat- nificant and important branch on the tree of ter or larger particles are among the most in- life, whose present distribution and bioge-

*Corresponding author: Dr Hassan Vatandoost, 71 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Email: [email protected], [email protected] Published Online: April 10, 2013 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, June 2013, 7(1): 71–82 N Malekei-Ravasan et al.: Notes on the Iran…

ography is reflective of those past events that quate treatment, and the water quality is be- have affected the distribution and diversi- ing degraded (Langergraber and Muellegger fication of earth’s entire freshwater biota. For 2005). Loss of freshwater for human con- instance extinction of an endemic alpine caddis sumption is correlated with cease to existing fly, Rhyacophila angelieri (Rhyacophilidae) aquatic biodiversity. A critical step is to de- was predicted with reduced melt water in- scribe aquatic biota to help developing coun- puts (Brown et al. 2007). tries build efficient, fast, and inexpensive The role of Trichopteran larvae in trophic dy- techniques to diagnose and monitor negative namics and energy flow in the freshwater hab- perturbations to water quality. The use of aquat- itats seems to be inevitable (Resh and Rosen- ic organisms as indicators of water quality is berg 1984). Both of habitats and inhabitants a standard method in management of water of these ecosystems affected strongly and en- resources. The pros and cones of the use of vironmentally intimidated. Trichoptera are ap- macro-invertebrates in biological monitoring plicable and important for monitoring phys- were outlined. Among the pros is that the tax- icochemical effects, and are widely used in onomy of many groups is very well known and biomonitoring programs in developed coun- identification keys are available. This pro is tries (Lenat 1993, Resh and Unzicker 1975, true for the United States and Europe, and Dohet 2002). Australia, but lack of taxonomic knowledge Hydropsychidae Curtis (1835), with about and identification manuals is the greatest 1,500 described species, is the 3rd largest fam- barrier to the development of biological mon- ily in Trichoptera and the most diverse of the itoring studies in other regions like our country net-spinning Annulipalpians. Five subfamilies (Resh 1995, Bonada et al. 2006). are currently recognized: Arctopsychinae, The Iranian Trichoptera fauna mostly was Macronematinae, , Diplect- studied by non-autochthonous researchers roninae, and Smicrideinae. Hydropsychinae (Schmid 1959, Malicky 1986, Mirmoayedi and contains 19 prevalently genera from all bioge- Malicky 2002, Mey 2004, Malicky 2004, ographic regions, which the largest genera in- Chvojka 2006) based on collections of 62 spe- clude Hydropsyche Pictet (275 species), Cera- cies from the 23 provinces of Iran. Despite topsche Ross and Unzicker, often considered a the evolutionary, ecological, environmental, subgenus of Hydropsyche (100 species), and and adorable importance of the Trichoptera, Cheumatopsyche Wallengren (260 species) there is a little knowledge about ecology with (Schefter 1996, Holzenthal et al. 2007). emphasizing habitat characteristics of Iranian Hydropsychid larva exhibits a large spec- Trichoptera. So, to cover this brevity firstly trum of tolerance values and is used in bio- we collected some caddisflies, then listed monitoring programs throughout the world. families presenting in Iran with emphasizing For example, North Carolina Biotic Index Hydropsychidae family species and finally (NCBI) tolerance values for hydropsychids measured water quality of surrounding larval range from 0.0 for H. carolina ranks to 8.8 habitat and some ecological features of for H. betteni Ross (on a scale of 0–10, with Lavasan district, Tehran, capital of Iran. 0= least tolerant of pollution) (Lenat 1993). One of the major environmental issues that Materials and Methods the world faces today is the water crisis (Aldhous 2003). Industrial activities and ur- This bi-seasonal (summer/winter) study was banization have raised pollution in rivers, conducted on Lavasan River runs in Northeast streams, and lakes in developing countries. of Tehran capital of Iran. The rampant climate Most sewage enters waterways without ade- of the region is cold Mediterranean. Water

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temperature was measured using thermom- season, probably Trichoptera overwinter in eter during sampling. We collected immature larval stage in this region. stages of the Trichoptera by D-frame nets and/or removing river floor stones from Hydropsychidae three different habitat types run, riffle and Larvae of this family are easily separated stream bank locating in the way of the run- from others by the hard sclerotized plates on ning water where larvae stick their retreat the top of each thoracic segment and highly under/beside of the stones. The retreats and branched gills on venter of abdominal probably harboring immature insect pre- segments (Fig. 1,2). Each branched gills served in 70% ethanol and transferred to the have 30 or more filaments on venter of School of Public Health (SPH) laboratory. The thoracic segments and on most abdominal key morphological characters of the extract- segments (Fig. 6). Larvae of Hydropsyche dis- ed immature Trichoptera plus retreats gen- tinguished from other hydropsychid genera by eral feature were examined under micro- pair of large sclerites in inter-segmental fold scope (Olympus SZX12) through taken high posterior to prosternal plate of prosternum resolution photos. Water samples were col- (Pescador and Rasmussen 1995). lected in summer 2010, prior the seasonal rains According to the World Checklist database start. The specimens were taken in autoclavable (Morse 2010) there are 62 trichopterid spe- pyrex bottle w/cap 250 ml, previously acid- cies in Iran comprising 14 families. Suborders, washed and rinsed with copious amounts of families, number of species, Case/Retreat mak- distilled water. Electrical conductivity (EC) ing, feeding type and Biotic Index Values and total dissolved solids (TDS) was meas- (RBP) of Iran caddisflies are shown in table ured using EC/TDS HACH CO150 meter. 1. On the basis of mentioned source 18 re- The pH was determined using Suntex TS-2 ported Iranian Hydropsychidae members are pH meter. Color and turbidity of the water sam- presented in Table 2. ples were examined with HACH Data Logging In addition to the caddisflies we collected Spectrophotometer 2010. The data was ana- two invasive following biota that may have lyzed to establish a relationship between the impact on the results explanations. water quality and Trichoptera fauna. Bladder Snail, Physa acuta Draparnaud 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae) Results This snail has cosmopolitan distribution and has been spread through human agency around Totally seven caddises and only one larva the world (Dillon et al. 2002). It is prevalent (without retreat) was collected during two in lentic waters, especially in rich, disturbed referral season in summer and winter 2010. and/or artificially eutrophic environments. P. Larval and pupal characteristics of H. sciligra acuta is a “weedy” or R-selected species are shown in figures 1 through 11 and 12 (Dillon 2000). Its rapid maturation, high re- through 16 respectively. Faunistic investiga- productive rate, and ease of culture have tion was carried out and reinforced using two made it the “fruit fly of malacology”. P. acuta information resources including available pub- is easily the most successful physid, having lished data on Iranian Trichoptera and the Tri- been dispersed worldwide and found in a va- choptera World Checklist Database Search. riety of few habitats. It is a generalist and re- The collected retreats were identified as production selected. It can survive well under Hydropsychid sp. (Fig. 12). With regard to harsh conditions, as long as they are short- being lethargic collected larva in the winter lived. Other life-cycle characteristics are high

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proliferation rates, high passive dispersal ca- Lake Namak basin, Iran. C. buhsei has been pacities and high tolerance to polluted water assessed as least concern due to its relatively (Bernot et al. 2005). A high adaptability to large range, and a lack of widespread threats changing environmental characters is thought in the area (Bianco and Banarescu 1982, Coad to enhance invasiveness of P. acuta (Kefford 1998, Devi and Boguskaya 2009, Krupp and and Nugegoda 2005). Schneider 1989).

Capoeta buhsei Kessler, 1877 Analyzing water quality (Synonym: Varicorhinus nikolskii Derjavin, Water quality of Lavasan river in the summer 1929) 2010 was measured and its mean physico- Capoeta was reviewed by Karaman (1969) chemical characteristics at the time of sam- who recognized seven species that two of them, pling were as follow: EC 376 µs/cm, pH C. buhsei and C. fusca are restricted to Iran. C. 8.43, TDS 188 mg/L, NTU 13.7 NTU, water buhsei, ray-finned fish, a benthopelagic spe- temperature (at noontime and 50 cm depth) cies in freshwater systems, is found in the 22.2 ºC.

Table 1. Suborders, families, number of species, case/retreat making, feeding type and Biotic Index Values (RBP) of Iran caddisflies are shown

No of Case/Retreat Biotic Index Suborder Family feeding group species making Values (RBP) Ecnomidae 2 fixed retreat Predator, Collectors. 0.0 Hydropsychidae 18 fixed retreat Collector (filterer) 4.0

Polycentropodidae 2 fixed retreat Collector/Shredder/Predator 6.0

Pseudoneureclipsidae 2 fixed retreat grazers 0.0

Psychomyiidae 8 fixed retreat Collector (gatherer) 2.0 Annulipalpia Philopotamidae 3 fixed retreat Collector (filterer) 3.0

Leptoceridae 5 portable case Shredder/Collector/Predator 4.0

Sericostomatidae 1 portable case Shredder/Collector (gather) 3.0

Lepidostomatidae 3 portable case Shredder 1.0

Integripalpia Limnephilidae 5 portable case Scraper/Shredder 4.0

Glossosomatidae 2 portable case Scraper/Collector (gatherer) 0.0 portable case, fixed Hydroptilidae 9 Piercer/Scraper/Shredder 4.0 retreat, free-living Hydrobiosidae 1 free-living Predator 0.0 picipalpia

S Rhyacophilidae 1 portable case Predator/Scraper 0.0

Data for Biotic Index Values (RBP) column from Hilsenhoff WL (1988)

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Table 2. 18 type species records of Hydropsychidae from Iran and neighborhood countries Subfamily Taxon Distribution Region Reference Iran Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 Diplectroninae Diplectrona vairya Baharestan Albania Olah, 2010 Iran,India,Paki- Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 Cheumatopsyche stan,Myanmar ***** Olah et al 2008 processuata and Vietnam Olah and Johanson, 2008 Chalus, Damavand, Iran Chvojka, 2006 Hydropsyche Azarbaijan-E-Gharbi Iran Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 consanguinea (Takht Soleyman), Iraq Al-Zubaki and Al-Kayalt, 1987 Lorestan (Lenje Abad) Hydropsyche Iran Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 demavenda Damavand China Huang et al 2005 (Syn: H. integrate) Azarbaijan-E-Gharbi Iran Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 (Takht Soleyman), Hydropsyche djabai Iran Chvojka, 2006 Minoudasht, Golestan- Turkey Sipahiler, 2004 Forst, Damavand Mazandaran, Alborz- Iran Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 Hydropsyche Gebirge, Chalus-Karadj Turkey Sipahiler, 2004 mahrkusha Assalem- Hashtpar, Turkey Sipahiler, 2007 Moghan Iran Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 Hydropsyche ressli Alborz Valley, Chalus Turkey Sipahiler, 2007 Hydropsyche Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 sakarawaka Iran Chalus-Karaj (Syn: H. remmerii) Iran North site of Alborz, Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 Hydropsyche sciligra Turkey Chalus, Makou, Qazvin, Sipahiler, 2007 (Syn: H. gracilis) Caucasus Minoudasht Ivanov, 2011 Hydropsychinae Hydropsyche Iran Gilan (Gichob), Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 supersonica Iran Nowshahr Chvojka, 2006 Hydropsyche iokaste Iran Amol- Chalus Mirmoayedi and Malicky, 2002 Hydropsyche Iran Bojnurd Botosaneanu, 1998 bujnurdica Potamyia psamathe Iran Bushehr Chvojka, 2006 Tehran (Eyn Varzan), Iran Mey, 2004 Cheumatopsyche Minoudasht, Rasht, Fars Iran Chvojka, 2006 flavellata (Firuz Abad, Khollar), Turkey Olah, 2010 Khuzestan (Izeh) Hormozgan (Khoshangan), Khuzestan (Si Mili, Izeh) Azarbaijan-E-Gharbi Iran (Chuplu), Kermanshah Cheumatopsyche Iran (Khosrow Abad), Fars Mey, 2004 persica Turkey (Posht Chenar, Firuz Chvojka, 2006 Abad), Lorestan Olah, 2010 (Bavineh), Zanjan (Sorkheh Dizaj), Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiyari and Kerman Hydropsyche Iran Isfahan Mey, 2004 esfahanica Hydropsyche lundaki Iran Hamadan (Alanje) Chvojka, 2006 Hydropsyche masula Iran Masuleh River Olah and KA Johanson, 2008 *****= unknown

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Fig. 4. Prosternum

Fig. 1. Free living larva Fig. 5. Anterior part of the body showing trochantin and long antennae

Fig. 2. Larval sclerites (found in the retreat) Fig. 6. Abdominal gills, with up to 10 filaments

Fig. 3. Larval anal projections Fig. 7. Dorsum of abdomen showing club hairs

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Fig. 8. Distinctly yellow V- shaped mark on the frontoclypeus

Fig. 9. Two large brown smudges underside view of Fig. 12. Retreat containing pharate adult (late pupa) head capsule of H. sciligra

Fig. 10. Robust prothoracic leg Fig. 13. extracted pharate adult

Fig. 11. Sclerites on the abdominal sternum VIII and Fig. 14. pupal anal projections IX

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part of the country there is a gap which con- nects Africa and South Asia (Malicky 1986). In this study we collect specimens from Tehran province and evaluated some mor- phological characters like head, thorax, legs, and abdomen accessories on both larva and late pupa body but we don’t find any simi- larity in introduced species in manuals and published Hydropsychidae keys. Except for chetotaxi standpoint that our collecting larva Fig. 15. Features on the abdominal segments. due to lacking minute spines and scale hairs but having club hairs on dorsum of abdomen (Fig. 7) was very similar to the Hydropsyche (Ceratopsyche) sparna (Pescador and Ras- mussen, 1995). Although all collecting spec- imens in our study were identified as Hyd- ropsyche sciligra (H Malicky 1977 Synonym: H. gracilis AV Martynov, 1909) by Vladimir D. Ivanov, an expert trichopterologists from Russia, however, further molecular investi- gations are under processing to complete spe- Fig. 16. Features with more resolution on the ab- cies confirmation. This species were dominal segments reported only from Iran, Turkey and Cauca- sus and there is no any report from other part Discussion of the world (Morse 2010). Nevertheless, the Iranian caddisfly fauna is still incipient, and Faunistic studies of geographical areas, such data are lacking from many regions. as countries, states, watersheds, bio-geograph- Insect faunas present in the fluvial water- ical regions, or even conservation areas, are bodies provide a valuable resource to increase a very important resource for environmental our understanding of both succession pat- studies. Ecologists, taxonomists and natural terns of ecosystem development at individ- resource managers benefit from these data. Iran ual sites and spatial comparisons between caddisflies were collected from 23 provinces sites of a similar age (Amoros et al. 1987) including Azarbaijan-E-Gharbi, Azarbaijan- Morphological traits can be as predictors of E-Sharqi, Ardebil, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Ma- niche requirements so appraisal of the aquatic zandaran, Golestan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, macro-invertebrates will provide indication Hamadan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Kermanshah, of water quality. Different macro-inverte- Khuzestan, Kordestan, Lorestan, Sistan va brates have different tolerances to pollution. Baluchestan, Bushehr, North Khorsan, Cha- Among the 4 categories of the water bugs harmahal bakhtiari and Zanjan provinces sensitivity to pollution, caddisflies larvae to- mostly by non-autochthonous researchers. gether with Alderflies and water mites are Caddisfly species of Iran are more prevalent categorized as sensitive bugs (Hunter-Central along the Alborz and less along Zagros moun- Rivers Waterwatch). Family Hyropsychidae, tain ranges. From the literatures the northern are actually tolerant of poor water quality, fauna of Iran clearly close to the European- but would be counted as indicators of good Mediterranean fauna, whereas, in the southern water quality with other Trichoptera in an

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Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera EC. A sample’s EC can be converted to TDS (EPT) Index (Voshell 2002). and vice versa. Sources of salinity include Water quality determines the ‘goodness’ of urban and rural run-off containing salt, ferti- water for particular purposes. Our collecting lizers and organic matter. Land use issues water was colorless, odorless liquid, and related to high levels of salinity include clearing maybe with an insipid taste. On the basis of of vegetation and the resultant rise in the WHO guidelines these samples were gener- water table, excessive irrigation, groundwater ally clean even drinkable (WHO Geneva, seepage and runoff containing dissolved sol- 2008). Indian recommended standard for ids from industry, sewage, and agriculture drinking water quality parameters for pH, and storm water. While an appropriate con- Turbidity (NTU), TDS (mg/L) and EC (µs/ centration of salts is vital for aquatic plants cm) are 6.5–8.5, 5, 500 and 400 respectively and , salinity that is beyond the normal (IS: 10500 1991). Three cases of our results range for any species of organism will cause fall into these categories except for TDS that stress or even death to that organism (Hunter- was 2.5 times less than introduced value. EC Central Rivers Waterwatch). The accepted and TDS of presented in this study is reagent taste threshold for TDS is 500–1000 mg/L. of freshwater rivers characteristics. Very low TDS can leave water tasting flat. Meanwhile we collected some snails and High TDS is associated with scaling corro- some fish against these guidelines indicating sion and possibly unhealthy levels of salt. inferior quality of water and its contamination For non drinking purpose up to 1800 mg/L with human and excretions. Probable can be managed with frequent check on taps reasons for these controversial findings may and infrastructure for scale build up (WHO, be due to ecological changes as a result of Geneva 2008). growing urbanization in Lavasan River up- The units of turbidity from a calibrated stream. Another less important reason may nephelometer are called Nephelometric Tur- be related to geographical condition of the bidity Units (NTU). To some extent, how place. Lavasan district have a temperate much light reflects for a given amount of climate and because of vicinity to Tehran particulates is dependent upon properties of metropolis, where many mansions and coun- the particles like their shape, color, and re- try houses belonging to wealthy families flectivity. Suspended solids usually enter the were built there in recent year. So reliability water as a result of soil erosion from dis- of aquatic insects versus water samples as turbed land or can be traced to the inflow of measures of aquatic ecosystems safety must effluent from sewage plants or industry. be noticed with more subtlety. Turbidity measurements also take into ac- As we see, in one hand both the literature count algae and plankton present in the water review (Brown et al. 2007) and current study (Hunter-Central Rivers Waterwatch). WHO indicate that caddisflies are good agent for establishes that the turbidity of drinking water bio-monitoring and on the other hand or- shouldn't be more than 5 NTU, and should ganisms like the snail (P. acuta) and the fish ideally be below 1 NTU. Therefore, low NTU (C. buhsei) couldn’t be a suitable indicator values indicate high water clarity, while high due to high adaptability to changing environ- NTU values indicate low water clarity. (WHO, mental characters so these vicissitudes must Geneva 2008). be explored through monitoring of physico- pH varies naturally within streams as a result chemical characteristics. of photosynthesis. Geology, soils types and Salinity, a measure of the dissolved salts in different runoff affect pH. Extreme values of the water, is measured as either TDS or as pH can cause problems for aquatic fauna. A

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pH range of 6.5–8 is optimal for freshwater The literature suggests that hypersensitivity (Hunter-Central Rivers Waterwatch). to caddisflies may be quite common among Temperature of a waterway is significant be- allergy patients. The range of reported re- cause it affects the amount of dissolved ox- sponses is broad, ranging from minor annoy- ygen in the water. The amount of oxygen that ance to near incapacitation. Some patients sen- will dissolve in water increases as temperature sitized by exposure to caddisfly antigens have decreases. Water at 0 °C will hold up to 14.6 developed cross-reactivity to shellfish and mg of oxygen per liter, while at 30 °C it will stings of venomous insects. This could result hold only up to 7.6 mg/L. Temperature also in life-threatening situations for individuals affects the rate of photosynthesis of plants, with a predisposition for severe igE-mediated the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, rates of reactions (anaphylaxis) due to contact with development, timing and success of reproduc- arthropod proteins (David E. Bowles) tion, mobility, migration patterns and the sen- sitivity of organisms to toxins, parasites and Acknowledgements disease. Life cycles of aquatic organisms are often related to changes in temperature. Tem- We would like to thank Dr Vladimir D perature ranges for plants and animals can be Ivanov, a thoroughbred trichopterologist, from affected by manmade structures such as dams the Department of Entomology, Faculty of and weirs and releases of water from them Biology, Sent Petersburg State University for (Hunter-Central Rivers Waterwatch). identifying and providing some good advises. While net-spinning and retreats maker We also express gratitude to Dr Mahmood Ali caddisflies are filter feeders and use in bio- Mohammadi from Department of Environ- monitoring programs, free-living ones that mental Health Engineering, SPH, TUMS for build neither cases nor nets are predaceous testing of water quality. on the most important medical vectors in- cluding mosquitoes, blackflies and midges References and use in biological control programs. Lar- vae of hydrophilidae feed on mosquitoes larvae Aldhous P (2003) The world's forgotten cri- and are therefore relatively important pred- sis. Nature. 422: 251–253. ators of mosquitoes (Hintz 1951, Nielson Amoros C, Roux AL, Reygrobellet JL, Bravard and Nielson 1953). The 2–3 cm long larvae JP, Pautou G (1987) A method for ap- of Phrynganea sp and Limnephilus sp have plied ecological studies of fluvial hydro often observed capturing larvae of the snow- systems. Regul Rivers 1: 17–36. melt mosquitoes (Culicidae: Culiseta and Becker N, Petric D, Zgomba M, Boase C, Aedes) (Becker et al. 2010). Rhyacophila larvae Madon M, Dahl C, Kaiser A (2010) are generally predaceous, feeding on Simu- Mosquitoes and their control. Springer, liidae (black fly) larvae, Chironomidae (midge) Heidelberg, Dordrecht, New York. larvae and pupae, and the pupae of other Bernot RJ, Kennedy EE, Lamberti GA (2005) caddisflies (Thut 1969, Wiggins 2004). Effects of ionic liquids on the survival, Caddisflies normally are not considered movement, and feeding behavior of the medically important insects. They can cause freshwater snail Physa acuta. Environ allergic responses (asthma and dermatitis) in Toxicol Chem. 24: 1759–1765. sensitive individuals who come in contact with Bianco PG, Banarescu P (1982) A contribution wing hairs or other body parts. Trichopterists to the knowledge of the Cyprinidae of who collect adult caddisflies by aspiration Iran (Pisces, ). Cybium. may receive significant exposure to wing hairs. 6(2): 75–96.

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