Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

Hazard Type WILDLAND FIRE Probability of Occurrence HIGH Vulnerability Chapter 4.5 MODERATE Risk Wildland Fire Hazard Profile MODERATE

Introduction extensive forest lands, prairies, and other open spaces throughout the county. Under the Wildland fires can rapidly destroy forests and right conditions, a large wildland fire could other natural resource lands, recreational areas, consume more forest, grasslands, homes, and habitat, neighborhoods, and infrastructure. other public and private owned assets within Wildland fires can injure or kill people, pets, the region. Due to the high probability of livestock, and wildlife. Although lightning occurrence and the number of wildland urban strikes sometimes ignite wildland fires, most interface communities that are moderately are started by negligent human behavior. vulnerable, the region has a moderate risk Eastern Washington regularly experiences rating for wildland fire. massive wildland fires that require thousands of firefighters that may battle the blazes for several The wildland fire hazard is unique from other months. In 2015, a combined 2,013 wildland hazards in Thurston County in that: fires on all state and federal lands burned • It is the most frequently occurring hazard, 1,137,664 acres in Washington State.1 with approximately 63 wildland fires per The Thurston County region experiences an year average of 63 wildland fires a year, but they • It can be prevented; poor human are typically contained by local and state fire judgement and accidental causes start suppression efforts. In the future, the risk for over 99 percent of fires hazardous wildland fires is likely to increase • It is the only natural hazard in this plan due to drought, warmer weather, and longer that can be actively contained in real lasting summers from the effects of climate time. To date, local fire districts and change. Increasing recreational activities the Washington State Department of in open spaces due to population growth Natural Resources (DNR) have effectively will also further exacerbate the risk. Lacey, suppressed wildland fires in Thurston Olympia, and Tumwater have each adopted County before they became a larger ordinances banning the use of fireworks as a problem means of reducing urban wildland fire starts. Areas of human development interface with

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Hazard Identification Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) communities are geographical zones where human A wildland fire hazard is an uncontrolled fire development meets or mixes with grasslands, that spreads through undeveloped, highly shrub lands, woodlands, and forest. People are vegetated areas. These areas may contain attracted to less developed areas and seek to infrastructure such as roads, railroads, build homes in undisturbed natural settings for power lines, and similar facilities, but are the lifestyle and treasures that the country offers. typically characterized with low population These communities and the adjacent wildlands and employment density. Wildfires can start are at risk because a fire may originate in the unnoticed and spread quickly. wildland area and spread to structures and dwellings and vice versa. Ecologists, foresters, and other natural resource land managers view wildland fires as a natural process necessary to sustain the health of forests Source and Factors of and prairie ecosystems. Nevertheless, when a Wildland Fires fire threatens commercial forest lands, precious All fires require fuel, oxygen, and an ignition natural resources, property, cultural assets, or source. In Thurston County, lightning strikes human life, the natural process becomes a only account for one percent (28 total) of all hazard. wildland fire starts. Fires here are predominantly ignited by human activities such as: debris burning (30 percent); miscellaneous activities

Photo courtesy of Steve North

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such as fireworks, sparks from engines, and with wind speed reaching 60 miles-per- electric fences (28 percent); children (15 hour; these winds generally reach peak percent); and recreational activities such as velocities during the night and early camping and hunting (11 percent). Other lesser morning hours causes include arson, smoking, and railroad • East of the Cascades, summer drying operations. typically starts in mid-June and runs through early September, with drought The Washington State Hazard Mitigation Plan conditions extending this season. Passage identifies fuel, weather, and terrain as essential of a dry, cold front through this region elements that influence the behavior of a can result in sudden increase in wind wildland fire. 2 Thurston County also possesses speeds and a change in wind direction unique conditions that create favorable affecting fire spread conditions for wildland fires. The following factors contribute to wildland fires in Thurston • Thunderstorm activity, which typically County: begins in June with wet storms, turns dry with little or no precipitation reaching the Fuel ground, as the season progresses into July and August. Thunderstorms with dry • Lighter fuels such as grasses, leaves, and lightning are more prevalent in Eastern needles quickly expel moisture and burn Washington rapidly, while heavier fuels such as tree branches, logs, and trunks take longer to Terrain warm and ignite • Topography of a region or a local area • Snags and hazard trees - those that are influences the amount and moisture of diseased, dying, or dead - are larger west fuel of the Cascades, but more prolific east of the Cascades. In 2012, approximately • Barriers, such as highways and lakes, can 1.2 million acres of the state’s 21 million affect the spread of fire acres of forestland contained trees • Elevation and the slope of landforms – killed or defoliated by forest insects and fire spreads more easily as it moves uphill diseases than downhill

Weather Soil Conditions • West of the Cascades, strong, dry, east • Thurston County’s glacial outwash prairie winds in late summer and early fall soils drain quickly produce extreme fire conditions. East wind events can persist up to 48 hours

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• Prairies are typically vegetated with fires in Thurston County, demonstrating it is an grasses and other low growing effective hazard mitigation measure. herbaceous plants and shrubs which quickly dry out during the summer months Although a major wildland fire has not impacted Thurston County in modern times, • Thurston County prairies interface with wildland fires are persistent. They can occur Douglas-fir stands, making these areas during every month of the year, particularly particularly vulnerable to larger wildland during prolonged dry periods due to drought fires or near-drought conditions. Wildfires are most Severity common during the local dry season, mid-May through mid-October, but 75 percent of all The severity of a wildland fire depends upon wildfires occur between July and September the extremity of the factors listed above, the when temperatures are usually at their highest. extent of the fire, the size of the population at risk, the value of structures at risk, and the Map 4.5.1 shows areas in Thurston County ability of firefighters to effectively mobilize and with steep slopes. Steep slopes are located suppress the fire. In general, the cooler, wetter throughout the county, but are more climate of Western Washington is less prone to pronounced in fire districts along the western wildland fires because fuel sources have higher and southern boundary. This map also illustrates moisture content and are less susceptible to the Natural Resource Conservation Service ignition. Furthermore, Thurston County is more (NRCS) designation of Category 1 soil types, populated and developed with a road network which are referred to as excessively-drained, providing greater access to areas at risk for glacial-outwash soils. The map clearly illustrates wildland fire. that almost all fire districts contain some glacial- outwash soils and are therefore rich with tinder Between 1985 and 1990, an average of 149 during the dry season. wildland fires occurred annually, however the county experienced a record 198 fires in 1998. Map 4.5.2 shows the land cover for Thurston On June 23, 1993, Thurston County adopted County. The map identifies areas of forest, a county wide burn permit program for yard dry grasses, soils, and non-forest vegetation waste. The cities already prohibited outdoor with an overlay of the fire districts. Vegetative burning. The county’s program requires a ground cover varies widely in Thurston County. permit for outdoor burning, and references the For example, the forest vegetation type in the use of burn barrels and burning of prohibitive Griffin, McLane, and Black Lake fire districts are materials. A burn ban period is effective each characterized by a large amount of salal and year from July 15 to October 15. This measure Oregon grape, whereas the Tenino Fire District has resulted in significant reductions in wildland is chiefly composed of grasses and Scotch

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Photo courtesy of Robert W. Scott broom. Often the ground cover or understory Impacts layer of vegetation burns, leaving the timber. Wildland fire impacts vary depending on the During extremely dry conditions, fires can size and location of the fire. Most wildland consume a significant portion of the canopy and fires in Thurston County are small (one acre or destroy a forest. Dry grasses are prolific, burn less), with minimal historic economic losses. rapidly once ignited, and can generate flames However, larger fires can be catastrophic as up to 40 feet tall. evidenced by the 2014 Carlton Complex Fire in Road access and mobility for emergency Eastern Washington, the largest in state history. vehicles is mission critical in wildfire suppression This event consumed over 255,164 acres and efforts. Limited access delays response time destroyed over 350 homes. An estimated $35 and hampers mobilization of personnel and million in public infrastructure was lost. apparatuses to reach the affected area. Heat from intense wind driven flames can Limited route options also pose challenges for destroy virtually any combustible material in a evacuation of residents from the affected area wildfire’s path. People caught off guard by a such as the Summit Lake neighborhood in Fire rapidly spreading fire can suffer burn and non- District 9 and Clear Lake community in Fire burn injuries, or death while trying to escape a District 17. fire. People recreating in remote roadless forests are especially at risk. The loss of a loved one,

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home, or business is a traumatic experience or provide rapid response. Should multiple and fire victims suffer post-traumatic stress wildland fires occur simultaneously in different disorder following a fire-related loss. locations during an extremely warm and dry season, local capabilities could quickly become Physical damages include loss of timber, wildlife overwhelmed. This is particularly problematic habitat, and recreational areas such as trails, when major wildland fires on federal lands parks, and campground facilities. The loss of require the mobilization of firefighting assets vegetation on steep slopes increases the risk for across the western U.S., further minimizing local mudslides or landslides during periods of heavy firefighting capacity. Fire crews from Thurston precipitation. Stream and creek channels could County fire districts regularly assist wildland fire fill with sediment and debris increasing flood fighting operations in Eastern Washington. risks. Fish habitat recovery could take years. Firefighting is strenuous work and extended While Thurston County’s smaller rural firefights can result in fatigue and equipment communities’ economies are less dependent on wear. Commanders strive to reduce risk and timber and tourism from public lands, JBLM and protect the safety of firefighting crews, but Capitol forest lands are socially and culturally large scale wildland fires sometimes result in important natural resources for both subsistence accidental injury or tragic death of firefighters. and recreation to South Sound residents.

Within the wildland urban interface areas, Probability of Occurrence fires destroy buildings and their contents, utility With an average of 63 wildfires per year, the lines, and vehicles. Power and communication Thurston region has a high probability of disruptions can occur, even in unaffected occurrence of wildland fires. Between 1972 and areas, if the fire damages or destroys major 2015, 81.5 percent of wildland fires burned transmission lines. Temporary disruptions to less than one acre and 11.5 percent burned transportation networks can occur during the one to two acres. The record of wildland fires suppression and recovery stages, causing in Thurston County suggest that most fires will residents to seek detour routes. Some residents continue to be five acres or smaller. The region may not be able to reach their homes until can expect at least one fire exceeding 100 authorities indicate it is safe to reopen restricted acres over the next 25 years. A warmer and areas. drier future climate will create more suitable conditions for more frequent, and possibly Firefighting can consume significant local and larger fires that may result in greater losses. state resources. Even a small wildland fire in Thurston County requires rapid containment to protect property and preserve public safety. Local fire districts often rely on DNR assets such as helicopters to reach remote areas

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Effects of Climate Change on Wildland Fires Research and climate forecasts offer evidence that long-term climate change will have a measurable impact on the risk of wildland fires for Puget Sound lowlands. The University of Washington Climate Impacts Group published a detailed report on the state of science on climate change and its effects within the region titled, “State of Knowledge: Climate Change in the Puget Sound.” The report identifies several factors that will influence wildland fires for communities around the Puget Sound.

Air temperatures are increasing in the region. They are projected to warm rapidly during the 21st century. By mid-century, warming will be outside of the range of historical variations. Warming is projected for all seasons, but will be greatest for summer. Warmer, drier, and longer summers will result in a greater supply of fire fuels. The Wildland Urban Interface areas and heavily forested, but less developed areas will both face a greater risk for fires than they do at present.

Photo courtesy of Lacey Fire District 3

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Wildland Fire Historical Occurrences and Impacts While Thurston County experiences numerous wildland fires resulting in loss of vegetation and the occasional destruction of one or more structures, the region has not experienced a major wildfire with substantial economic or environmental losses, or loss of life. Neighboring Lewis, Grays Harbor, and Mason counties also have not experienced major wildland fires in recent history. However, historic fires are notable for their impacts to the region and demonstrate that wildland fire is a formidable hazard that requires ongoing prevention activities.

Between 1972 and 2015, DNR recorded 2,708 fires (about 63 fires per year) in the county. Since many fires may go unreported to DNR, the total number may likely be higher than what is shown. A total of 2,465 acres have burned with an average of one acre burned per fire. The largest wildland fire recorded in Thurston County burned 140 acres on August 5, 1998 in Tenino Fire District.3 The table below summarizes by fire district, the historic (1972-2015) wildland fire events in Thurston County. Map 4.5.3 shows the location of wildland fires for the same period.

Summary of Wildland Fires in Thurston County, 1972 to 2015 Total Max Fire Fire District and Municipal Fire Total Fires/ Acres Size Average District Department Response Areas Fires Year Burned (acres) Acres Bucoda Fire Department 8 0.2 1.2 50 0.1 Olympia Fire Department 26 0.6 8.3 0.5 0.3 Tumwater Fire Department 54 1.3 35.5 4 0.7 1 and 11 West Thurston Regional Fire Authority 494 11.5 581.7 50 1.2 2 and 4 South East Thurston Regional Fire Authority 430 10.0 416.9 59 1.0 3 Lacey 758 17.6 431.3 54 0.6 5 and 9 McLane/Black Lake 204 4.7 128.3 14 0.6 6 East Olympia 209 4.9 147.1 13 0.7 8 South Bay 183 4.3 44.6 8 0.2 12 Tenino 113 2.6 372.8 140 3.3 13 Griffin 68 1.6 118.8 96 1.7 16 Gibson Valley 35 0.8 51.4 25 1.5 17 Bald Hills 126 2.9 128 23 1.0 Grand Total 2,708 63.0 2,465.9 140 0.9

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August 11, 2014 Haven Lake Fire, Mason A third fire near Kinsman Court in Roy sparked County4 several forest debris piles within a 30-acre clear A 168-acre wildfire with unknown origins cut. The fire was believed to have been caused burned timber on second growth forest land by arson. near Haven Lake, approximately 10 miles August 31, 2006 Sweetbriar Loop northwest of Shelton. Fire suppression efforts Neighborhood Brush Fire involved both air and ground crews from DNR and local fire districts. While this fire occurred A nine-acre brush fire came within 20 feet of in neighboring Mason County, forest lands in homes in the Sweetbriar Loop neighborhood of Thurston County present the same conditions Thurston County off Marvin Road in Fire District illustrating the threat of wildland fire to Western 3. Firefighters from five fire districts and DNR Washington communities. plus two helicopters were deployed to suppress the fire. No injuries or structural damage was August 10, 2014 Tenino Complex Blazes5 reported with this fire. The cause of the fire 6 A series of three fires in south Thurston County remains unknown. and Pierce County ignited during one of the July 3, 2003, Littlerock Woodland Blaze7 warmest and driest summers on record. A 10-acre fire near Crane Road was ignited by A hazardous mix of fireworks and dry conditions a forest debris pile within a 40-acre parcel. resulted in a brush fire that grew to consume It is suspected that the pile may have been four acres of woodland west of the community deliberately started by the property owner or by of Littlerock. A helicopter, 44 firefighters from adjacent campfires on the property which was DNR, firefighters from fire districts 1, 5, and the site of a multi-day music event. Fire fighters 11, and 20 inmates from the Cedar Creek battled the blaze and continued to monitor the Corrections Facility responded to the fire. Fire hot spots for several days. trucks quickly deployed to defensive positions to protect homes from the blaze. No structures On the same day, a separate 10-acre fire were affected. burned in a large rock pit – east of Johnson Creek Road in Rainier. The rock pit is apparently April 4, 2002, Lacey Brush Fire8 a popular site for recreational target shooting, Thirty firefighters from fire districts 3, 5, and albeit an unsanctioned one. The fire was DNR extinguished a 15-acre brush fire possibly likely caused by the shooting and subsequent started by children. The fire occurred on the discharge of a large exploding target. site of a former farm that was overgrown with Scotch broom. No structural damage occurred.

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August 20, 2001, Littlerock Grass Fire9 square miles) resulting in 38 deaths.10 More A 10-acre grass fire threatened 11 homes west recently, the Jordan Creek Fire occurred near of the community of Littlerock. The fire was Marblemount in Skagit County, burned 1,162 ignited by sparks during a welding task. Nearly acres of forest land and threatened several 20 firefighters from eight districts as well as homes in 1998. The reported cost to fight home owners and neighbors joined to fight the the Jordan Creek Fire exceeded $3 million 11 fire which came within 20 to 30 feet from some dollars. homes. Wildland Fire Hazard August 5, 1998, Offut Lake Vicinity Grassfire10 Exposure Analysis At 4:30 p.m. a truck dragging an unhitched trailer on Old highway 99 generated sparks, Delineation of Wildland Fire igniting nearby grass near Offut Lake, just Hazard Area north of the City of Tenino. Twenty mile per hour winds fanned 40-foot flames and caused DNR in partnership with federal and local the fire to spread east. The fire was located at stakeholders delineated wildland urban the border of East Olympia Fire District 6 and interface communities throughout Washington, Tenino Fire District 12. Firefighters from eight including Thurston County. Communities fire districts and DNR, plus two helicopters put were evaluated for fire behavior potential, fire the flames to rest before it threatened nearly protection capability, and risk to social, cultural, 100 homes. The fires prompted some residents and community resources. Risk factors included to prepare to evacuate. By the time the fire area fire history, type and density of vegetative was suppressed, it burned 140 acres (nearly a fuels, extreme weather potential, topography, quarter square mile) of grasslands. No injuries number and density of structures and their were reported and no structures were damaged. distance from fuels, location of municipal Fire crews continued to extinguish hot spots into watersheds, and potential for loss of housing or the next day. Two days later, Thurston County businesses. fire districts issued burn bans countywide.

Historic Western Washington Wildfires While major forest fires are not common in Western Washington, the Yacolt Fire in Clark and Skamania Counties are the largest known Washington fires in recorded history. In 1902, the Yacolt Fire burned 238,900 acres (373

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The delineation process used the criteria in • Lake Lawrence, western shore vicinity the wildfire hazard severity analysis of the • Nisqually River Valley, south east of Yelm National Fire Protection Association’s NFPA • Steamboat Island Peninsula 299 Standard for Protection of Life and Property Wildfire (now NFPA 1144). Map 4.5.4 shows • Tenino (upland vicinity south of city limits) the results of this delineation process, indicating Three forests within the county are also a those areas of the county at high risk of a special concern for wildland fires due to the wildland urban interface fire. In 2009, the prevalence of fuels, human activities, and Thurston County Association of Fire Chiefs limited road access: recommended that the Hazards Mitigation Plan use this information for delineating high risk • Capital Forest wildland urban interface communities within • Joint Base Lewis McChord Thurston County, until more suitable data • Commercial forests in southeast Thurston becomes available. Information from this map County is used to assess population, employment, assets, and essential infrastructure in the hazard area.

Communities Most Vulnerable to Wildland Fires The location of historic wildland fires (Map 4.5.3) combined with the sufficient open space with fuels throughout the county suggest that significant portions of the county are vulnerable to wildland fires. Nineteen percent of Thurston County’s land area is considered at high risk as shown on Table 4.5.1 and on Map 4.5.4. The following neighborhoods are considered at risk for wildland urban interface fires:

• Boston Harbor/Fishtrap Loop/Woodard Bay/South Bay Peninsula • Capitol State Forest vicinity • Grand Mound/Rochester/Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation vicinity • Johnson Point Peninsula

Photo courtesy of Robert W. Scott

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Population and Employment 4.5.10. These tables provide an estimate of in the Hazard Area the number of existing structures which may be potentially affected by the hazard, as well as Approximately 30,500 residents (11.4 percent) an estimate of structure and building contents and 6,600 employees (4.9 percent) live and value to provide information on potential dollar work in the area designated as a high risk losses. for wildland fires. Tables 4.5.3 through 4.5.6 summarize estimates of the region’s population and employment in the wildland fire hazard Essential Facilities and area. These tables assess an aspect of current Infrastructure in the Hazard and future vulnerability by providing data on the Area number of people living and working within the Essential facilities are located within the hazard area as compared to total population, wildland fire hazard area, although many of by jurisdiction, in the years 2015 and 2040. the buildings have sufficient defensible space and are unlikely to be damaged or destroyed Residential Dwellings in the by fire. However, services and operations that Hazard Area are based from these facilities are likely to be indirectly affected due to power outages and or Presently, nearly 12,900 or 11.3 percent of road closures, particularly facilities that are in residential dwelling units were in the wildland more remote areas. Table 4.5.11 lists the type fire hazard area. By 2040, that number is and number of essential facilities located in the expected to grow to 16,200. Tables 4.5.7 and wildland fire hazard area. 4.5.8 show estimates of the region’s dwelling units in the wildland fire hazard area in the years 2015 and 2040.

Inventory of Assets and Dollar Value in the Hazard Area No detailed wildland fire hazard scenario analysis of potential losses was conducted during the planning process. Countywide, an estimated $2.2 billion in assets is in the wildland fire hazard area. Estimates of the region’s structures and their contents in the hazard area is summarized in tables 4.5.9 and

Photo courtesy of Steve North

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Summary Assessment Wildland fires have a high probability of occurrence. The vulnerability of the county to this hazard is also believed to be of a moderate level. Despite the relatively diminutive size of wildland fires in the county, they have great potential to destroy multiple homes or businesses. Past fires have threatened to damage or quite possibly destroy 10 to 20 or more homes in a single event. A moderate vulnerability rating is assigned because even small fires have the potential to impact multiple properties with devastating results in a very short time. Finally, the subjective estimate of the probability of occurrence and vulnerability threat are combined to classify the wildland fire hazard as a moderate risk.

Summary Risk Assessment for Wildland Fires in the Thurston Region Probability of Occurrence Vulnerability Risk High Moderate Moderate

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DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile Table 4.5.1: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, by JurisdictionTable 4.5.1: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, by Jurisdiction

Wildfire Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction Acres Acres %

Bucoda Total 380 0 0.0%

Lacey City 10,778 2 0.0% UGA 10,416 61 0.6% Total 21,193 63 0.3%

Olympia City 12,089 307 2.5% UGA 3,887 875 22.5% Total 15,976 1,182 7.4%

Rainier City 1,105 0 0.0% UGA 320 0 0.0% Total 1,425 0 0.0%

Tenino City 922 14 1.5% UGA 65 46 71.0% Total 987 60 6.1%

Tumwater City 11,354 0 0.0% UGA 2,875 24 0.8% Total 14,229 24 0.2%

Yelm City 3,634 0 0.0% UGA 2,396 0 0.0% Total 6,030 0 0.0%

Grand Mound UGA Total 983 250 25.4%

Chehalis Reservation1 Total 833 789 94.7%

Nisqually 2,147 0 0.0% Reservation1 Total

Total Cities 40,261 323 0.8% Total UGAs2 20,943 1,257 6.0% Total Reservations1 2,979 789 26.5% Rural Unincorporated County3 406,934 88,100 21.6%

Thurston County 471,117 90,469 19.2% Total

Explanations: High risk wildland urban interface areas are shown on Map 4.5.4 as identified by DNR and USFS using National Fire Protection Association standards. 1. Data are for the Thurston County portion of reservation only. 2. Urban Growth Area (UGA): Unincorporated area designated to be annexed into city limits over 20 years to accommodate urban growth. 3. Rural unincorporated county is the portion of the unincorporated county that lies outside UGA and Reservation boundaries.

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DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile Table 4.5.2: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area,

by SpecialTable 4.5.2 District: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, by Special District

Wildfire Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction Acres Acres %

Fire Protection Districts 1,11 West Thurston Reg. Fire 26.2% Authority 100,131 26,248 2, 4 S.E. Thurston Reg. Fire 3.9% Authority 56,030 2,198 3 Lacey 36,820 2 0.0% 5, 9 McLane-Black Lake 51,828 21,342 41.2% 6 East Olympia 19,677 0 0.0% 8 South Bay 20,974 14,900 71.0% 12 Tenino 19,914 2,741 13.8% 13 Griffin 14,864 13,596 91.5% 16 Gibson Valley 18,038 2,018 11.2% 17 Bald Hills 13,926 9 0.1%

School Districts Centralia1 12,851 165 1.3% Griffin 21,355 14,126 66.1% North Thurston 47,081 8,479 18.0% Olympia 49,894 20,701 41.5% Rainier 35,550 0 0.0% Rochester1 55,061 16,935 30.8% Tenino 70,500 9,564 13.6% Tumwater 73,845 18,065 24.5% Yelm1 104,853 2,554 2.4%

Other Districts Intercity Transit 64,390 2,303 3.6% LOTT Clean Water 16,016 467 2.9% Alliance2 Port of Olympia 471,117 90,469 19.2% Thurston County PUD 471,117 90,469 19.2%

Explanations: High risk wildland urban interface areas are shown on Map 4.5.4 as identified by DNR and USFS using National Fire Protection Association standards 1. Data are for Thurston County portion of the district only. 2. Includes the sewered-area.

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DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile Table 4.5.3: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, PopulationTable 4.5.3: byWildland Jurisdiction, Urban Interface 2015 Hazard and Area 2040, Population by Jurisdiction, 2015 and 2040

2015 Population Estimate 2040 Population Forecast Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction # # % # # %

Bucoda Total 565 0 0.0% 1,215 0 0.0%

Lacey City 46,230 0 0.0% 55,160 0 0.0% UGA 33,980 260 0.8% 59,030 430 0.7% Total 80,210 260 0.3% 114,190 430 0.4%

Olympia City 51,020 290 0.6% 71,840 1,350 1.9% UGA 11,920 2,820 23.7% 16,770 3,730 22.2% Total 62,940 3,110 4.9% 88,610 5,080 5.7%

Rainier City 1,880 0 0.0% 2,810 0 0.0% UGA 110 0 0.0% 640 0 0.0% Total 1,990 0 0.0% 3,450 0 0.0%

Tenino City 1,730 0 0.0% 3,675 0 0.0% UGA 15 5 33.3% 110 80 72.7% Total 1,745 5 0.3% 3,785 80 2.1%

Tumwater City 22,370 0 0.0% 37,350 0 0.0% UGA 3,270 10 0.3% 8,960 140 1.6% Total 25,640 10 0.0% 46,310 140 0.3%

Yelm City 8,170 0 0.0% 25,080 0 0.0% UGA 1,420 0 0.0% 5,690 0 0.0% Total 9,590 0 0.0% 30,770 0 0.0%

Grand Mound UGA Total 1,285 435 33.9% 1,990 890 44.7%

Chehalis 70 55 78.6% 190 140 73.7% Reservation1 Total

Nisqually 605 0 0.0% 705 0 0.0% Reservation1 Total

Total Cities 131,970 290 0.2% 197,120 1,350 0.7% Total UGAs2 52,000 3,530 6.8% 93,190 5,280 5.7% Total 670 50 7.5% 890 140 15.7% Reservations1 Rural Unincorporated County3 82,770 26,650 32.2% 102,470 31,300 30.5%

Thurston County 267,400 30,500 11.4% 393,700 38,100 9.7% Total

Source: Thurston Regional Planning Council Population Forecast, 2015 Explanations: High risk wildland urban interface areas are shown on Map 4.5.4 as identified by DNR and USFS using National Fire Protection Association standards. Numbers may not add due to rounding. 1. Data are for the Thurston County portion of reservation only. 2. Urban Growth Area (UGA): Unincorporated area designated to be annexed into city limits over 20 years to accommodate urban growth. 3. Rural unincorporated county is the portion of the unincorporated county that lies outside UGA and Reservation boundaries.

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DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile Table 4.5.4: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Population by Special District, 2015 and 2040 Table 4.5.4: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Population by Special District, 2015 and 2040

2015 Population Estimate 2040 Population Forecast Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction # # % # # %

Fire Protection Districts 1,11 West Thurston 22,010 3,950 17.9% 31,120 5,970 19.2% 2, 4 S.E. Thurston 24,650 1,450 5.9% 50,770 1,670 3.3% 3 Lacey 91,660 0 0.0% 128,070 0 0.0% 5, 9 McLane-Black 73.2% 66.8% Lake 15,890 11,630 20,770 13,880 6 East Olympia 11,140 0 0.0% 14,810 0 0.0% 8 South Bay 11,820 8,100 68.5% 15,380 9,090 59.1% 12 Tenino 6,230 290 4.7% 9,530 560 5.9% 13 Griffin 5,060 4,760 94.1% 5,700 5,390 94.6% 16 Gibson Valley 590 0 0.0% 1,130 100 8.8% 17 Bald Hills 4,090 0 0.0% 5,440 0 0.0%

School Districts Centralia1 490 0 0.0% 1,180 10 0.8% Griffin 5,950 4,900 82.4% 6,710 5,550 82.7% North Thurston 99,300 4,390 4.4% 138,340 5,040 3.6% Olympia 66,140 11,980 18.1% 87,700 15,050 17.2% Rainier 5,210 0 0.0% 13,800 0 0.0% Rochester1 14,060 2,310 16.4% 18,080 4,080 22.6% Tenino 9,850 300 3.0% 15,510 580 3.7% Tumwater 39,500 5,200 13.2% 63,820 6,090 9.5% Yelm1 26,900 1,450 5.4% 48,530 1,670 3.4%

Other Districts Intercity Transit 176,450 3,740 2.1% 269,860 5,830 2.2% LOTT Clean Water Alliance2 120,960 2,870 2.4% 249,110 5,650 2.3% Port of Olympia 267,400 30,500 11.4% 393,700 38,100 9.7% Thurston County PUD 267,400 30,500 11.4% 393,700 38,100 9.7%

Source: Thurston Regional Planning Council Population Forecast, 2015 Explanations High risk wildland urban interface areas are shown on Map 4.5.4 as identified by DNR and USFS using National Fire Protection Association standards. 1. Data are for Thurston County portion of the district only. 2. Includes the sewered-area for 2015 and the Lacey-Olympia-Tumwater Urban Area for 2040.

4.5-17 Hazards Mitigation Plan March 2017 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile Table 4.5.5: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area,

EmploymentTable 4.5.5: Wildland by Jurisdiction, Urban Interface Hazard2014 Area and, Employment 2040 by Jurisdiction, 2014 and 2040

2014 Employment Estimate 2040 Employment Forecast Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction # # % # # %

Bucoda Total 90 0 0.0% 200 0 0.0%

Lacey City 25,610 0 0.0% 41,180 0 0.0% UGA 5,620 20 0.4% 8,520 30 0.4% Total 31,230 20 0.1% 49,700 30 0.1%

Olympia City 53,350 50 0.1% 74,950 190 0.3% UGA 1,800 360 20.0% 2,230 420 18.8% Total 55,150 410 0.7% 77,180 610 0.8%

Rainier City 455 0 0.0% 690 0 0.0% UGA 25 0 0.0% 80 0 0.0% Total 480 0 0.0% 770 0 0.0%

Tenino City 870 0 0.0% 1,505 0 0.0% UGA 0 0 - 5 0 0.0% Total 870 0 0.0% 1,510 0 0.0%

Tumwater City 22,350 0 0.0% 33,720 0 0.0% UGA 760 0 0.0% 1,420 10 0.7% Total 23,110 0 0.0% 35,140 10 0.0%

Yelm City 3,830 0 0.0% 11,490 0 0.0% UGA 430 0 0.0% 670 0 0.0% Total 4,260 0 0.0% 12,160 0 0.0%

Grand Mound UGA Total 1,115 580 52.0% 1,375 650 47.3%

Chehalis 760 760 100.0% 1,550 1,550 100.0% Reservation1 Total

Nisqually 975 0 0.0% 1,865 0 0.0% Reservation1 Total

Total Cities 106,560 50 0.0% 163,730 190 0.1% Total UGAs2 9,740 950 9.8% 14,300 1,110 7.8% Total 1,740 760 43.7% 3,410 1,550 45.5% Reservations1 Rural Unincorporated County3 15,880 4,840 30.5% 18,270 5,560 30.4%

Thurston County 133,900 6,600 4.9% 199,700 8,400 4.2% Total

March 2017 Hazards Mitigation Plan 4.5-18 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile Table 4.5.6: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Employment by Special District, 2014 and 2040 Table 4.5.6: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Employment by Special District, 2014 and 2040

2014 Employment Estimate 2040 Employment Forecast

Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction # # % # # %

Fire Protection Districts 1,11 West Thurston 6,290 2,090 33.2% 8,480 3,130 36.9% 2, 4 S.E. Thurston 6,710 230 3.4% 15,170 250 1.6% 3 Lacey 34,540 0 0.0% 54,170 0 0.0% 5, 9 McLane-Black Lake 3,630 2,120 58.4% 4,350 2,380 54.7% 6 East Olympia 1,960 0 0.0% 2,350 0 0.0% 8 South Bay 1,830 1,190 65.0% 2,250 1,450 64.4% 12 Tenino 1,500 60 4.0% 2,210 70 3.2% 13 Griffin 990 850 85.9% 1,060 920 86.8% 16 Gibson Valley 150 0 0.0% 180 10 5.6% 17 Bald Hills 470 0 0.0% 570 0 0.0%

School Districts Centralia1 120 0 0.0% 170 0 0.0% Griffin 1,110 880 79.3% 1,190 950 79.8% North Thurston 42,280 680 1.6% 66,290 900 1.4% Olympia 48,850 2,290 4.7% 65,910 2,690 4.1% Rainier 980 0 0.0% 1,860 0 0.0% Rochester1 4,630 1,840 39.7% 6,230 2,870 46.1% Tenino 2,340 60 2.6% 3,320 70 2.1% Tumwater 25,670 620 2.4% 38,080 680 1.8% Yelm1 7,850 230 2.9% 16,580 250 1.5%

Other Districts Intercity Transit 115,570 980 0.8% 176,500 1,290 0.7% LOTT Clean Water 0.3% Alliance2 91,010 305 162,020 650 0.4% Port of Olympia 133,900 6,600 4.9% 199,700 8,400 4.2% Thurston County 133,900 6,600 4.9% 199,700 8,400 4.2% PUD

Source: Thurston Regional Planning Council Population Forecast, 2015 Explanations: High risk wildland urban interface areas are shown on Map 4.5.4 as identified by DNR and USFS using National Fire Protection Association standards. 1. Data are for Thurston County portion of the district only. 2. Includes the sewered-area for 2014 and the Lacey-Olympia-Tumwater Urban Area for 2040.

4.5-19 Hazards Mitigation Plan March 2017 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile

Table 4.5.7: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Table 4.5.7: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Residential Dwellings by Jurisdiction, 2015 and Residential Dwellings by Jurisdiction,2040 2015 and 2040

2015 Dwelling Estimate 2040 Dwelling Forecast Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction # # % # # %

Bucoda Total 245 0 0.0% 535 0 0.0%

Lacey City 19,840 0 0.0% 24,400 0 0.0% UGA 13,500 110 0.8% 23,930 170 0.7% Total 33,340 110 0.3% 48,330 170 0.4%

Olympia City 24,170 130 0.5% 35,610 600 1.7% UGA 4,850 1,100 22.7% 7,100 1,580 22.3% Total 29,020 1,230 4.2% 42,710 2,180 5.1%

Rainier City 775 0 0.0% 1,140 0 0.0% UGA 50 0 0.0% 290 0 0.0% Total 825 0 0.0% 1,430 0 0.0%

Tenino City 755 0 0.0% 1,855 0 0.0% UGA 5 0 0.0% 40 30 75.0% Total 760 0 0.0% 1,895 30 1.6%

Tumwater City 9,970 0 0.0% 16,870 0 0.0% UGA 1,420 0 0.0% 3,820 60 1.6% Total 11,390 0 0.0% 20,690 60 0.3%

Yelm City 3,000 0 0.0% 9,820 0 0.0% UGA 550 0 0.0% 2,280 0 0.0% Total 3,550 0 0.0% 12,100 0 0.0%

Grand Mound UGA Total 415 140 33.7% 740 330 44.6%

Chehalis 20 20 100.0% 65 50 76.9% Reservation1 Total

Nisqually 200 0 0.0% 255 0 0.0% Reservation1 Total

Total Cities 58,770 130 0.2% 90,230 600 0.7% Total UGAs2 20,790 1,350 6.5% 38,190 2,170 5.7% Total 220 20 9.1% 320 50 15.6% Reservations1 Rural Unincorporated County3 34,250 11,410 33.3% 41,730 13,340 32.0%

Thurston County 114,000 12,900 11.3% 170,500 16,200 9.5% Total

March 2017 Hazards Mitigation Plan 4.5-20 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile

Table 4.5.8: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Table 4.5.8: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Residential Dwellings by Special District, 2015 and Residential Dwellings by Special2040 District, 2015 and 2040

2015 Dwelling Estimate 2040 Dwelling Forecast

Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction # # % # # %

Fire Protection Districts 1,11 West Thurston 8,480 1,530 18.0% 11,930 2,300 19.3% 2, 4 S.E. Thurston 9,800 600 6.1% 20,190 680 3.4% 3 Lacey 38,120 0 0.0% 54,160 0 0.0% 5, 9 McLane- Black Lake 6,490 4,660 71.8% 8,670 5,690 65.6% 6 East Olympia 4,510 0 0.0% 6,010 0 0.0% 8 South Bay 4,940 3,430 69.4% 6,370 3,830 60.1% 12 Tenino 2,580 120 4.7% 4,200 220 5.2% 13 Griffin 2,580 2,430 94.2% 2,910 2,750 94.5% 16 Gibson Valley 240 0 0.0% 440 40 9.1% 17 Bald Hills 1,770 0 0.0% 2,370 0 0.0%

School Districts Centralia1 200 0 0.0% 470 0 0.0% Griffin 3,030 2,500 82.5% 3,430 2,830 82.5% North Thurston 41,820 1,780 4.3% 59,460 2,040 3.4% Olympia 29,690 4,950 16.7% 41,150 6,360 15.5% Rainier 2,190 0 0.0% 5,690 0 0.0% Rochester1 5,260 870 16.5% 6,670 1,550 23.2% Tenino 4,130 120 2.9% 6,720 230 3.4% Tumwater 16,940 2,090 12.3% 27,630 2,450 8.9% Yelm1 10,780 600 5.6% 19,260 680 3.5%

Other Districts Intercity Transit 76,200 1,360 1.8% 119,200 2,320 1.9% LOTT Clean Water 53,760 1,130 2.1% Alliance2 111,730 2,410 2.2% Port of Olympia 114,000 12,900 11.3% 170,500 16,200 9.5% Thurston County 114,000 12,900 11.3% 170,500 16,200 9.5% PUD

Source: Thurston Regional Planning Council Population Forecast, 2015 Explanations: High risk wildland urban interface areas are shown on Map 4.5.4 as identified by DNR and USFS using National Fire Protection Association standards. 1. Data are for Thurston County portion of the district only. 2. Includes the sewered-area for 2015 and the Lacey-Olympia-Tumwater Urban Area for 2040.

4.5-21 Hazards Mitigation Plan March 2017 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile

Table 4.5.9: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Valuation Table 4.5.9: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Valuation of Buildings and Contents by of Buildings and Contents byJurisdiction, Jurisdiction, 2014 2014

Residential Commercial/Industrial Government/Institutional Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area

Jurisdiction Mil. $ Mil. $ % Mil. $ Mil. $ % Mil. $ Mil. $ %

Bucoda Total 12 0 0.0% 1 0 0.0% 3 0 0.0%

Lacey City 2,394 0 0.0% 914 0 0.0% 602 0 0.0% UGA 1,715 7 0.4% 69 0 0.0% 273 0 0.0% Total 4,109 7 0.2% 983 0 0.0% 875 0 0.0%

Olympia City 2,695 16 0.6% 1,199 9 0.8% 1,941 0 0.0% UGA 785 173 22.0% 27 6 22.2% 26 0 0.0% Total 3,480 189 5.4% 1,226 15 1.2% 1,967 0 0.0%

Rainier City 76 0 0.0% 5 0 0.0% 30 0 0.0% UGA 5 0 0.0% 0 0 - 1 0 0.0% Total 81 0 0.0% 5 0 0.0% 31 0 0.0%

Tenino City 50 0 0.0% 12 0 0.0% 67 0 0.0% UGA 1 0 0.0% 0 0 - 0 0 - Total 51 0 0.0% 12 0 0.0% 67 0 0.0%

Tumwater City 1,209 0 0.0% 528 0 0.0% 556 0 0.0% UGA 130 0 0.0% 13 0 0.0% 7 0 0.0% Total 1,339 0 0.0% 541 0 0.0% 563 0 0.0%

Yelm City 357 0 0.0% 105 0 0.0% 140 0 0.0% UGA 49 0 0.0% 6 0 0.0% 13 0 0.0% Total 406 0 0.0% 111 0 0.0% 153 0 0.0%

Grand Mound UGA 34 10 29.4% 13 0 0.0% 5 5 100.0%

Chehalis Reservation1 1 1 100.0% 4 4 100.0% 0 0 -

Nisqually Reservation.1 16 0 0.0% 3 0 0.0% 0 0 -

Total Cities 6,793 16 0.2% 2,763 9 0.3% 3,338 0 0.0% Total UGAs2 2,719 190 7.0% 128 7 5.5% 325 5 1.5% Total Reservations1 17 1 5.9% 6 4 66.7% 0 0 - Rural Unincorp. County3 4,977 2,013 40.4% 113 27 23.9% 1,033 692 67.0%

Thurston County Total 14,506 2,220 15.3% 3,010 47 1.6% 4,696 697 14.8%

March 2017 Hazards Mitigation Plan 4.5-22 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile

Table 4.5.10: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Valuation Table 4.5.10: Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area, Valuation of Buildings and Contents by Special of Buildings and Contents by SpecialDistrict, 2014 District, 2014

Residential Commercial/Industrial Government/Institutional Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Total In Hazard Area Jurisdiction Mil. $ Mil. $ % Mil. $ Mil. $ % Mil. $ Mil. $ %

Fire Protection Districts 1,11 West Thurston 979 193 19.7% 57 11 19.3% 216 7 3.2% 2, 4 S.E. Thurston 1,073 71 6.6% 133 0 0.0% 202 2 1.0% 3 Lacey 4,823 0 0.0% 1,008 0 0.0% 896 0 0.0% 5, 9 McLane-Black Lake 1,121 874 78.0% 31 17 54.8% 676 625 92.5% 6 East Olympia 743 0 0.0% 14 0 0.0% 49 0 0.0% 8 South Bay 939 642 68.4% 13 8 61.5% 47 37 78.7% 12 Tenino 277 16 5.8% 17 0 0.0% 73 0 0.0% 100.0 13 Griffin 430 405 94.2% 3 2 66.7% 26 26 % 16 Gibson Valley 20 0 0.0% 0 0 - 1 0 0.0% 17 Bald Hills 176 0 0.0% 6 0 0.0% 7 0 0.0%

School Districts Centralia1 17 0 0.0% 0 0 - 1 0 0.0% 100.0 498 414 83.1% 3 2 66.7% 26 26 Griffin % North Thurston 5,394 349 6.5% 1,292 4 0.3% 969 21 2.2% Olympia 3,990 956 24.0% 960 29 3.0% 2,344 637 27.2% Rainier 241 0 0.0% 11 0 0.0% 34 0 0.0% Rochester1 539 90 16.7% 42 10 23.8% 187 7 3.7% Tenino 462 16 3.5% 21 0 0.0% 81 0 0.0% Tumwater 2,155 324 15.0% 546 2 0.4% 877 4 0.5% Yelm1 1,208 71 5.9% 135 0 0.0% 176 2 1.1%

Other Districts Intercity Transit 9,247 205 2.2% 2,865 20 0.7% 4,172 612 14.7% LOTT Clean Water Alliance2 6,724 185 2.8% 2,498 6 0.2% 2,443 2 0.1% Port of Olympia 14,506 2,220 15.3% 3,010 47 1.6% 4,696 697 14.8% Thurston County PUD 14,506 2,220 15.3% 3,010 47 1.6% 4,696 697 14.8%

4.5-23 Hazards Mitigation Plan March 2017 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

DRAFT – Risk Assessment: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile Table 4.4.11: Essential Facilities in the Wildland

TableUrban 4.4.11: Interface Essential Facilities Hazard in the Area Wildland Urban Interface Hazard Area

Total In Hazard Area Facility Type # # %

Medical Care Adult Family Home 124 2 1.6% Assisted Living 14 0 0.0% Dentist 110 3 2.7% Dialysis Center 3 0 0.0% Funeral Home 6 0 0.0% Hospital 2 0 0.0% Nursing Home 7 0 0.0% Pharmacy 42 0 0.0% Primary Care 91 3 3.3% Urgent Care 6 0 0.0%

Government Court Services 3 0 0.0% Cultural Significance 2 0 0.0% Detention/Corrections 1 0 0.0% Fairgrounds 35 0 0.0% Fire Service 53 12 22.6% Government Services 56 1 1.8% Health and Human Services 2 0 0.0% Law and Justice 4 0 0.0% Law Enforcement 8 0 0.0% Port Facilities 35 0 0.0% Public Education 344 21 6.1% Public Higher Education 52 27 51.9% Public Works 33 2 6.1% Solid Waste 20 0 0.0% Transit 4 0 0.0% Utilities 238 23 9.7%

Transportation (Centerline Miles) Roads 2,210 384 17.4% Intercity Transit Routes 157 3 2.1% Rural Transit Routes 96 5 5.4%

Explanations: High risk wildland urban interface areas are shown on Map 4.5.4 as identified by DNR and USFS using National Fire Protection Association standards.

March 2017 Hazards Mitigation Plan 4.5-24 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

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4.5-25 Hazards Mitigation Plan March 2017 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

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March 2017 Hazards Mitigation Plan 4.5-26 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

Map 4.5.3 Wildland Fires, 1972-2015 # # # # # # , # # s s # t y # e # # # # # # # c # # # # # r e # # # # n # # # # u # # # # n # o # # 5 # # # # s # r # u # e i R 1

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# # i # # 0 2 1 5 > # B # # : # # # # # f # # # # e s # # c # # # # d # # r # e # # l # # u # # # # # i # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # y # # # # # # # # # # # c r # # # S o # t # # # # # # # # # # 7 # # # i # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # r # # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # W A # # # # # # # # 5 # # ! ( o n # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # h # # # o # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # t # t # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # s # # # # # # # # # # u # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # r # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # A # # # # # # # # u # # # # #

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# I # # # # # # # # # # Y # # # # 0 # # # t # # F # # # # # # # # T # # # # # # # # # # # L

5 # # # ! ( s # # # # # # M l # # # A # # L # # 0 a # L # # # a # V # # # A # # # N # E 1 # # # # # # e # # # R # # # n U # # # # # # # # # # 5 # A Y # ! ( # # # # # # # E I # h # # # R # Q # # # o # # # # # # # # # # S # # # t i # # # # S D E # # # I E # # I # # # # # # g u N # # # # # # # # # N # I R N # # # # # # # # e # I # # o # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # A # # # # # # S R # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 R # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # # # ! ( # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # § ¨ ¦ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 3 # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # D # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # F # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 7 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # # # # # ! ( # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Y # # # # # # # # # # # 8 # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # E # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # § ¨ ¦ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # C # # # # # # # # # # # # D # # # # # # # # # # # 2 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # A # # # # # # # # # # # # # F # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # L # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # D # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # F # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # O # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # N # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # D I # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # N # # # F # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # E # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # A # # # # # # # # # ! ( # # # # # # # # T # # # # # # # # # # # # # # D # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # O # # # # # # # # C # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # U # # # # # # # # # B # # # # # # # 1 # # R # # A # # # # # # # # # # # I # # # 2 # E # # # # # # # # # # # # # P # # # # 1 1 # # # ! ( # # # T # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 2 # # # # # M # # # # # # # # d # # 7 # # # # # # # # # 1 6 # # # # ! ( # # # # x # Y # # # # # # # # # # 0 # # W A # # # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # L # # # # # # # # m 5 # # # # # ! ( #

# # # 2 # # # . # # # M # # # # # # # # O # # # # # # # # # # # # # # s # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # ! ( # # # # # # # # # U # 5 # D # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # n # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # # # # T # # # # # # # # # § ¨ ¦ # # F # # # o # # # # # # # # # # # i # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # t # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # a # # # # # # # £ ¤ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # c # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # o # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # L # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # # # e # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # r # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # § ¨ ¦ i # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # F # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # \ # # # # # # # # # 3 # # # # # # # # # # # # # s # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # e # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # D # # # # # # g # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # a # # # # N # # # # # # # # D # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # U # # # # # # # # # m # # # # F # # # # # # # # # # # # # # I # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # § ¨ ¦ # # # # O # # # # # # # # # # # # # _ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # § ¨ ¦ # # s # # # # # # # M # # # # # # # # l # # # # # # # # # # # # # # p # # 1 # # # # # # # # # # # D # # # # # a a # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # N # # # # # # # # # 1 # # n # # # # M # # # # # # # # # # # # £ ¤ # # # # # # # # # A # # # # # # # # # # \ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8 # # # o # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # R # 5 # # # # i # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ! ( # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # # # # # G # # # g # # # # # # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # e # # # # # 2 # # # # # # # # # # # # # - # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # R # # # # # 4 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 1 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # N # n # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # y # # # # # 2 # O # # # o # # # # t # # # # # \ # # I # # # # # # # # # i # # # t # t # # # # # # # # # # # # # # T # # r # g # # s # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # A # # # r # # # # # # # o # # # # # # # # # M # # # # # # # # # # # # # V # # # # # # # # # u # # # # # _ # # # h # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # R # # # # # # # # # # # # d # t # # # # # # # # h D # # # # # # r # # E # # # # # # # # # E E u # # # a T S # # # # # # # # #

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4.5-27 Hazards Mitigation Plan March 2017 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

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March 2017 Hazards Mitigation Plan 4.5-28 Chapter 4.5 Wildland Fire Hazard

Endnotes 1 National Interagency Coordination Center. 2016. 2015 Statistics and Summary. https://www.nifc.gov. 2 Washington State Emergency Management Division. 2014. Washington State Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan: Wildland Fire Hazard Profile. 3 Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Resources Protection Division. 2015. Wildland Fire Starts GIS database. 4 Incident Information System. 2016. Haven Lake Fire. http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4075 5 Rolf Boone. Fire investigations provide clearer picture of Tenino Complex Blazes – 3 fires last summer had separate origins, but all share elements of mystery. 2015. Published in The Olympian, January 5, 2015. 6 Diane Huber. 2006. Volatile Brush Erupts – Eight Acres Burn in Lacey; Conditions Ripe for more Fires. Published in The Olympian, September 1, 2006. 7 Scott Gutierrez. 2003. Fireworks Spark 3-Acre Blaze. Published in The Olympian, July 4, 2003. 8 Jim Carlile. 2002. Lacey Brush Fire Chars 15 Acres. Published in The Olympian., August 21, 2001. 9 Liona Tannesen. 2001. Brush Fire Draws Swift Response. Published in The Olympian, August 21, 2001. 10 Jerry Weatherhogg and Joel Coffidis. 1998. Brush Blazes Spread Havoc. Published in The Olympian, August 6, 1998. 11Skagit County. 2003. Skagit County Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan.

4.5-29 Hazards Mitigation Plan March 2017