sign in sign up
<<
Home , Benson John Lossing, Boston Massacre, The Washington Family, Whiskey Rebellion

Who’s in George’s Cabinet ?

I’m the one-dollar man George’s Christmas Cruise Why on the Delaware George Never Smiled

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Washington_FC.indd 1 3/15/17 11:28 AM 2 The First President died in 1799. Gen- eral Henry Lee gave a speech before Con- gress that put everything Washington had done into just a few words. He said Wash- ington was “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.”* Most people remember Washington as the nation’s first president. He was also an outstanding general. He led the nation to victory in the , an eight-year fight for independence from u THISMEMORIAL from many differ- 1888. Today, festi- to Washington ent parts of the city vals, concerts, and Britain. Americans respected him for his stands in the that is also named fireworks displays leadership and bravery in combat. They nation’s capital. after the man. take place near the also respected Washington’s loyalty to his About 555 feet tall, The . the huge marble Monument opened soldiers during very tough times. tower can be seen to the public in Washington had a strong personal code r YOU PROBABLY of right and wrong. He always tried to won’t find a paint- be honest and true to his word. He also ing of Washington had a great sense of duty to his country. with a big smile on his face. Shy and modest, he never expected to be That’s because the nation’s first president, and he never Washington wore a sought the office. Yet when the nation’s set of false teeth. They were made leaders convinced him that his country of ivory, metal, a needed him, he agreed to serve. Luckily cow’s tooth, and Washington tried for us, as you will see, George Washing- one of his own to hide them by teeth. The teeth keeping his mouth ton was the right person for the job. fit poorly, and closed. *From The American Historical Record, vol. 1, by Benson John Lossing. Chase & Town, 1872.

r WASHINGTON appears on the dollar bill. By law, no living person can appear on U.S. currency. Also, the person’s place in history must be well known.

r WASHINGTON WAS r FRENCHSCULPTOR born on February Jean-Antoine 11, 1732. That date Houdon made is according to the this mask of Julian calendar, Washington in which was still in 1785. It shows use in the first half what Washington of the 18th cen- moved all dates on February 22. really looked like, tury. In 1752, the forward by 11 Today, however, and it may be the present Gregorian days. As a result, we celebrate it on best image we calendar was Washington’s birth- the third Monday in have of him. introduced, which day was celebrated February.

Washington_2-3.indd 2 3/15/17 11:36 AM 3

GILBERT STUART painted this famous portrait of George Washington in 1796.

Washington_2-3.indd 3 3/15/17 11:36 AM 4 younger sister and three younger brothers. The Early Years Augustine had been married previously, so George Washington was born in West- George also had two older half brothers. moreland County, , in 1732. He When George was six, the family moved was the oldest of five children of Augus- to near Fredericksburg, Vir- tine and . He had a ginia. On the family farm, George learned

d MARY BALL r GEORGE’SFORMAL Washington, education began at George’s mother, around age seven. lived to be about It ended when he 80. She lived long was in his early enough to see her teens. His studies son elected presi- included arithme- dent of the United tic, geography, States. astronomy, and surveying. Unlike some colonies, Virginia had no public schools. Rich Virginians father had sent George’s formal either sent their George’s two studies ended. children to school older half broth- in England or had ers to school in r HAVE YOU HEARD the kids taught at England. But after that George home. George’s his father’s death, Washington cut down a cherry tree, r WHEN GEORGE then admitted to was young, chil- his father that he dren practiced had done it? It’s their handwriting probably not true. by copying such Most likely, Mason things as the Rules Locke Weems made of Civility. These up the story for rules were meant his book The Life to teach children and Memorable how to behave. Actions of George George wrote all Washington. He 110 rules in his wrote the book in copybook. 1800, soon after Washington’s death.

r AT MOUNT What would Vernon, George be some Rules learned many new of Civility that skills. He went to people should parties held by learn today? the Fairfax family. That’s where he learned how to dance, dress well, and practice good manners. He also became an excel- u LAWRENCE WASH- The connection lent horseback ington married with the Fairfax rider. He polished Anne Fairfax. She family helped his hunting and * came from one George (above) find riding skills while of the richest and his first job – as a fox hunting with most powerful surveyor, measur- some of the richest

*From George Washington’s Rules of Civility by families in Virginia. ing land. families in Virginia. Moncure D. Conway. United States Book Company, 1890.

Washington_4-5.indd 4 3/15/17 11:38 AM 5 to ride horseback and to fish and boat closer to his older half brother Law- on the nearby Rappahannock River. He rence. He went often to visit Lawrence often went across the river to explore the on his farm, called . When docks and wharves of Fredericksburg. George was 16, he went to live with Law- When George was 11, his father died. rence. At Mount Vernon, a new and dif- After his father’s death, George grew ferent kind of life opened up for George.

d GEORGE WILLIAM Fairfax was a wealthy relative of Lawrence’s wife. He invited George Washington to join a group traveling to the Virginia frontier. They were going to survey (measure) land that belonged to the Fairfax family. Washington already knew a little about surveying. He had studied a few books and tried out the tools his father had u THE 1748 TRIP left him. into the wilderness was exciting for 16-year-old George. The men rode on horseback for days. They talked with the Native Americans they met and slept in blankets out in the open. However, not every part of the trip was fun. In his diary, Washington recorded a night he spent under a “thread Bear blan- ket with double its Weight of Vermin such as Lice, Fleas & c.”*

*From Journal of My Journey Over the Mountains by George Washington, edited by Joseph Meredith Toner. Joel Munsell’s Sons, 1892.

u WHEN GEORGE didn’t improve. was 19, Lawrence So he returned to (above) became ill Virginia, where with tuberculosis. he died in the George traveled summer of 1752. with him to the His death was West Indies, where a terrible blow he hoped to find for George, who a cure. However, loved his brother Lawrence’s health dearly.

Washington_4-5.indd 5 3/15/17 11:38 AM 6 r THE BRITISH FELT that some areas Military the French claimed belonged to Britain. In 1753, King George II of Career Great Britain asked Virginia’s British By the time Washington governor to send turned 21, Britain and someone into France were ready to go territory. He wanted to find out what the to war for control of North French were up to. America. Both countries u IF FRANCEKEPT into the Ohio Valley, Washington had its land in the what would stop experience explor- had settlers there. The Brit- Ohio Valley, the them from going ing the backcountry, ish colonies along the Atlan- British colonies all the way to the so the governor tic coast of North America could not expand Mississippi? The picked him for west. If British stage was set the job. were growing much faster settlers moved for war. than the French ones far- ther inland. Many British u BY 1754, THE British were at war colonists wanted to move with the French west across the Appalachian and their Native American allies, Mountains and into the fighting for control Ohio Valley. The French of the Ohio Valley. were determined to keep The French and Indian War lasted them out. They claimed land until 1763. One of all along the Ohio River. the early battles They wanted to protect their u WHEN WASHING- volunteer soldiers. sides clashed as was a huge loss ton came back They were sup- Washington’s men for the British. It territory. When France and from the Ohio ter- posed to build a began building happened when Britain finally went to war ritory, he told the small British fort what they called General Edward Virginia governor on the Ohio River. Fort Necessity. Braddock (above) over land in North America, that the French On the way there, The fighting led a large group of George Washington’s mili- were not leaving Washington went badly for British soldiers into tary career began. the Ohio Valley. learned that the Washington’s the Ohio Valley to Washington was French were troops. They were seize Fort Duquesne. ordered to return already building surrounded and Washington went the following year Fort Duquesne had to surrender along as the with a group of nearby. The two the fort. general’s aide. Marriage r ON JANUARY 6, of money, plus 1759, George 17,000 acres of Washington land and many married Martha enslaved Africans. Dandridge Custis. With Martha’s She was a young land added to his widow with two own, Washington small children. Her was now a rich first husband had man and a mem- been a rich Virginia ber of Virginia planter. He had left society. her a large sum

Washington_6-7.indd 6 3/15/17 11:45 AM 7

l GENERAL BRAD- their enemies, who u DESPITETHEIR take Fort Duquesne dock wouldn’t let shot at them from defeat, the officers from the French his troops use behind trees. When in Braddock’s and rebuild it under the hit-and-run the line of redcoats army spoke highly the British flag. The tactics the French was 12 miles from of Washington’s French and Indian had learned from Fort Duquesne, courage in battle. War ended with Native Americans. the French and He was building a a British victory. He ordered his their Indian allies reputation through- The French pulled men to march in attacked. About out the colonies as out of all of North a straight line. 900 men were a military leader. America. Dressed in red uni- killed or injured. Later in the war, forms, they were Braddock was one Washington helped easy targets for of the dead.

l GEORGE MAY HAVE r MARTHA AND been over six feet, George never three inches tall had any children – very tall for a of their own. man at that time. However, George Martha was barely adopted Jacky and five feet tall. Martha Patsy, Martha’s would tug on the children from her lapels of George’s first marriage. jacket when she wanted him to lean down and talk to her. George called Martha a “quiet wife” with a “quiet soul.”

Washington_6-7.indd 7 3/15/17 11:45 AM 8

American colonies, which stretched along America in the Atlantic coast from to Georgia. At the time, most people were Washington’s Time farmers. Few people lived in cities. In In 1732, George Washington was born in 1763, Washington was 31 years old. Great Virginia. It was then one of Britain’s 13 Britain had just fought the French to win

1732 1754 1755

d GEORGE WASHING- l BENJAMIN d BRITAIN DECLARES the signing of the r DR. RICHARD ton is born Franklin begins war on France, . Shuckburgh, in Virginia to publishing and the French Britain and Spain a British army Augustine and Poor Richard’s and Indian War gain all French surgeon, writes Mary Washington. Almanack, a col- begins. It officially lands in North the words to the lection of sound ends in 1763 with America. song “Yankee advice and sayings. Doodle.” The It becomes well song makes fun known throughout of how poorly the the colonies. American troops were dressed.

1775 1776 1781

d THE AMERICAN and l THOMAS PAINE r BRITAIN’S LORD Revolution begins. elects George writes a booklet Cornwallis surren- The Second Washington called Common ders to General Continental commander of the Sense. It urges Washington at Congress meets in . Americans to declare Yorktown, Virginia. “the free and [inde- This brings an end pendent] states of to major battles in America.”* On July the 13 colonies. 4, the Declaration However, fighting of Independence is continues until a adopted. peace treaty is *From Rights of Man, Common signed in 1783. Sense and Other Political Writings by Thomas Paine, edited by Mark Philp. Oxford University Press, 1995. 1790 1791 1793 1796

d THE FIRST U.S. d THE BILLOF r JEAN-PIERRE- r HAVING SERVED AS census is taken, Rights is added to François Blanchard vice president and 3,929,214 the Constitution. becomes the first under Washington, Americans are These 10 amend- person to success- is counted. ments guarantee fully fly a hot-air elected the second Americans such balloon in the United president of the basic rights as States. He carries a United States. The freedom of speech note from President Adams family will and religion. Washington. It become the first explains that when family to live in Blanchard lands, the White House. people should not They move there in be frightened of 1800, when the him. nation’s capital

Washington_8-9.indd 8 3/15/17 11:55 AM 9

control of North America west to the Mis- colonies and create a government. He died sissippi River. But 20 years later, the British in 1799. By that time, the United States was were defeated by their 13 colonies in the an independent nation with its own Consti- American Revolution. Washington played a tution, a framework for government that has part in both wars. Afterward, he served the lasted for more than 225 years. new nation as it began to unite the former

1755 1765 1774

l ANGRY AMERICAN l THE FIRST CON- colonists protest tinental Congress the Stamp Act. It meets in Philadelphia. says that all legal All the colonies papers and many except Georgia other items must send people to be marked with a this meeting. The stamp. The stamp l IN VIRGINIA, Congress threatens shows that a tax Patrick Henry to stop buying British – a payment to gives a fiery goods, such as tea. the British govern- speech attacking They want Britain to ment – has been the Stamp Act. The change its laws about collected. British later agree how the colonies can to end the tax. do business.

1781 1787 1789

d THE UNITED STATES d GEORGE issues its first coin. Washington is On one side are elected first 13 circles that are president of the linked together, with United States. the words “We Are One.” The other side says, “Mind Your Business.” The Constitution of the United States u THE FRENCH on a prison in Paris is drawn up in Revolution begins called the Bastille. Philadelphia. with an attack

1796 1799

moves from d WASHINGTON’S r GEORGE WASH- Philadelphia to Farewell Address ington, age 67, Washington, D.C. is published, and dies at Mount he retires to Mount Vernon on Vernon. December 14.

Washington_8-9.indd 9 3/15/17 11:55 AM The Edward Savage painted this portrait, titled , in 1798. It shows George and Martha, their grandchildren, and an enslaved servant, probably .

Washington_10-11.indd 10 3/15/17 11:57 AM Washington_10-11.indd 11 3/15/17 11:57 AM 12 The French and Indian War was over. The British thought the American colonies General should pay taxes to help support the British soldiers who had come to protect the colo- Washington nies. The British also expected the colonies to buy goods from Britain and to sell their crops to Britain. Many colonists hated both the taxes and Britain’s economic policies. l T HROUGHOUT

THE

WAR , W ASHINGTON

RODE

A

FAVORITE

HORSE , N , ELSON . A . FTER

THE

WAR , N , ELSON

WAS

PUT

OUT

TO

PASTURE

AT d WASHINGTON’S itary force. At first, d THE WAR LASTED of battles. “I am d IN SEPTEMBER into . M first job was not he had problems eight years and wearied almost to 1776, fires Americans began OUNT an easy one. He getting men from was difficult from death,” he wrote. destroyed one- to lose faith in their

V had to take new different colonies the start. By late “I think the game fourth of New army. ERNON recruits – young, to work together. 1776, Washington’s is pretty near up.”* York City. Patriots untested soldiers – As they learned to army had lost a dis- A loss at the Battle reportedly set

AND and turn them into respect him, they couraging number of Long Island, in these fires to

WAS a well-trained mil- began to follow August 1776, let slow down the

orders and work the British capture British troops who NEVER together. City. But were chasing the

Washington’s well- Continental Army. RIDDEN planned retreat The British drove allowed his army to the Americans out

AGAIN escape. of New York, across

. , and *From A Source of History of the United States by Howard W. Caldwell and Clark E. Persinger. Ainsworth and Company, 1909.

Washington_12-13.indd 12 3/15/17 12:00 PM 13 After all, the colonies had no represen- leaders gathered in Philadelphia to prepare tatives in the British Parliament, where for war. They chose George Washington these decisions were made. By 1775, many as commander in chief, the leader of all the colonists wanted independence from Brit- newly formed Continental military forces. ain. When British soldiers and colonists Modest as always, he warned, “I do not exchanged shots in April at the Battles of think myself equal to the command.”* Lexington and Concord, the American *From The Writings of George Washington, edited by Jared Sparks. Revolution began. In June 1775, America’s American Stationers, John B. Russell, 1837.

r AS THE WAR dragged on, Washington faced new problems. One of the worst times was the long, cold winter of 1777–1778 that Washington and his men spent in , Pennsylvania. His soldiers rarely had enough food. Their clothes regiments.” Cold lies. But others ly to Congress, were so ragged and hungry, some stayed because asking for supplies that one officer soldiers quit of their loyalty to and fresh troops. described them and went home Washington. The as the “naked to their fami- general wrote dai-

l THE CONTINENTAL and Delaware Army camped at rivers froze solid. Morristown, New “The oldest people Jersey, for the winter now living,” wrote of 1779–1780. The Washington, “do not weather was even remember so hard a worse than at Valley Winter.”* Forge. Powerful *From The Writings of George storms piled snow Washington by Jared Sparks. higher than roof- Russell, Odiorne, and Metcalf, and Hilliard Gray, and Co., tops. The Raritan 1834.

r IN 1778, FIGHTING army in trapping had shifted to the them there. This South. In 1781, painting (right), the British headed made years after u WASHINGTON BADLY They captured north into Virginia the war, shows needed a victory. more than 900 and camped at Washington with He came up with men. A few days Yorktown. French the French gen- a bold plan. On a later, another dar- troops joined eral Marquis de snowy Christmas ing move led to a Washington and his Lafayette at the night, in 1776, he victory in nearby . and his soldiers Princeton. These crossed the icy wins brought con- l BRITISHGENERAL over their muskets Delaware River fidence back to the Charles Cornwallis to the Americans. from Pennsylvania army and showed held out at During the cere- into New Jersey. Americans that the Yorktown for three mony, it is said, They made a British could be weeks. But on the British army surprise attack beaten. October 19, 1781, band played a song on British forces he surrendered to called “The World camped in Trenton. Washington. British Turned Upside soldiers turned Down.”

Washington_12-13.indd 13 3/15/17 12:00 PM 14 President Washington When Washington became the nation’s first president, he had to figure out exactly what his job was. Americans had just fought a war to rid themselves of a king. They certainly didn’t want another king, but what did they want? Americans decided to have a govern- ment by the people and for the people. How- ever, no other nation at that time had such a government. Without the powers of a king, could Washington build a strong national government and unite the 13 states?

r ON APRIL 14, 1789, Secretary of the Congress Charles Thompson arrived at Mount Vernon to tell Washington that he had been elected president. Knowing it was his duty, Washington u AFTERTHE AMER- representative – to reluctantly agreed can Revolution, the Constitutional to take the job. One Washington Convention of of the first deci- expected to return 1787. He agreed to sions to be made to Mount Vernon oversee the meet- was what to call and lead a quiet ing. Washington’s the new president. life as a farmer. leadership gave the Some suggested However, just a few nation confidence “His Highness” or d WHILE WASHINGTON South, but north- Mount Vernon. At years later, he went in the Constitution “His Excellency.” was president, erners wanted it first, it was called to Philadelphia as that the delegates Lawmakers settled lawmakers chose closer to them. Federal City. Today a delegate – or produced. on “Mr. President.” a site for a perma- Finally, lawmakers we know it as nent capital city. agreed to a site on Washington, D.C. Southerners wanted the , the capital in the just 12 miles from

u WASHINGTON refused to pay a marched in protest, worked hard to government tax Washington called show the pow- on whiskey. The out 13,000 troops er of the new farmers shown and led them part government. here have tarred of the way him- In 1794, there and feathered self. This show of was a . a tax collector. strength ended the Farmers in west- When thousands . ern Pennsylvania of farmers

Washington_14-15.indd 14 3/15/17 12:02 PM 15 President Washington

DURING HIS first term, Washington chose talented people to help him lead the nation. Under the new Constitution, Congress created the departments of war, state, and trea- sury. The heads of these departments and the attorney general made up Washington’s cabinet (a group of advisers). The Constitution does not , mention a cabinet. But Washington a trusted general often called his department heads during the Revolu- together to advise him. The presidents tion, headed the who followed have done the same. Department of War.

THOMAS JEFFERSON ALEXANDER headed up the ran the Treasury was named the first Department of State. Department, attorney general of It was in charge of handling the gov- the United States. overseeing relations ernment’s finances. He was in charge between the United of giving the gov- States and other ernment advice on countries. legal matters.

d BYTHETIME criticized each Washington’s sec- other. Thomas ond term ended, Jefferson led the he was no longer a Republicans, and popular hero. The reason? Politics. In led the Federalists. the , political Because he usu- parties had just ally sided with begun to develop. the Federalists, Two parties, each Washington was led by a member the target of of Washington’s ugly attacks by u AFTERFOURYEARS ing Thomas original cabi- Republicans. u AFTEREIGHT He believed they as president, Jefferson, wanted net, constantly years as presi- would destroy the Washington want- the United States dent, Washington unity of the new ed to go home to favor France. stepped down. One nation. He also Federalists to Mount Vernon, After all, the are better than of his last acts as warned against but he agreed French had Republicans president was to getting involved in to serve another helped the ! give the nation Europe’s affairs. He four years. During Americans win No, some advice. His felt America should Washington’s independence. they’re not Farewell Address, put all its energy second term, But Washington ! published in news- into building its war broke out worked to keep the papers across the own government. between France young nation out of country, warned and England. Many the conflict. Americans to avoid Americans, includ- political parties.

Washington_14-15.indd 15 3/15/17 12:02 PM 16 it. He and Martha were glad to be back. “The General and I,” wrote Martha to a friend, “feel Mount Vernon like children just released from school.”* When George Washington stepped down Washington enjoyed farming. He worked as president, he returned to Mount Vernon. hard to get Mount Vernon running smoothly. Although the estate had been his home for By the end of his life, he had divided his 8,000 45 years, he had spent many years away from acres of land into five farms. Each farm had its

1 GREENHOUSE 2 SLAVE QUARTERS 3 SHOEMAKER’S SHOP 4 BOTANICAL GARDEN 5 SALT HOUSE 6 SPINNING ROOM In the greenhouse, Enslaved people The shoemaker In this garden, The salt house Here, 10 or more Washington liked at Mount Vernon made boots as well Washington stored salt for pre- enslaved persons to grow and exper- slept, cooked, and as shoes. He also experimented with serving and curing sat at spinning iment with unusual ate in single-room repaired various plantings. In the fish and meat. It wheels. They plants and trees. wooden houses. To types of leather beginning, tobacco also stored large turned wool and An enslaved per- add to their food goods, such as har- was his main crop. barrels of salted flax into thread. son was in charge allowance, they nesses and saddles. But the soil proved fish. These were Then weavers of tending the planted gardens wrong for that crop, mostly shad and wove the thread fire that kept the and raised chick- and tobacco prices herring that had into cloth for cloth- greenhouse warm. ens. They also 7 fell, so he switched been caught in the ing or other goods. He lived in the fished and hunted. to growing wheat. Potomac River. stove room. 8

6 5 10 11

9 4 12 1 2

3

l THESUCCESSOF 300 people in slav- Mount Vernon ery. They worked depended on as housekeepers, the hard work of weavers, carpen- enslaved Africans. ters, brick makers, By the time he cobblers, nurses, died, Washington handymen, cooks, held more than and field hands.

Washington_16-17.indd 16 3/15/17 12:04 PM 17 own overseers (supervisors, or people in a special vault built for him under the U.S. charge), a workforce of enslaved people, Capitol in Washington, D.C. But the vault livestock, tools, and buildings. After check- remains empty to this day. The nation’s first ing on his farms one snowy December morn- president wanted to be buried at Mount Ver- ing in 1799, Washington came down with a non, and so he was. Having worked long and cold. He soon had a high fever. On Decem- faithfully for his country, George Washington ber 14, at age 67, he died. Congress had at last rested as a private citizen. *From by Anne Hollingsworth Wharton. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1897.

8 r KITCHEN Here, enslaved people prepared daily meals. Martha told them what to cook. George’s favorite break- fast was three cornmeal cakes “swimming in honey and butter.” 7 u MANSION rebuilt it into a He washed these Washington inher- 21-room man- down with three ited an eight-room sion. Martha and cups of tea without farmhouse from George welcomed cream. One of his 9 r STOREHOUSE Lawrence. He all guests. They favorite dishes was The storehouse enjoyed entertain- crabmeat soup. He held clothing for ing, whether they also loved sweet enslaved people. were having teas, potatoes with It also held tools, barbecues, clam- coconut, ham with nails, and goods bakes, or formal oyster sauce, and that Washington dinners. string beans with had purchased in mushrooms. Britain and the U.S. 10 SMOKEHOUSE The smokehouse 11 l WASHHOUSE 12 LAUNDRY YARD held hams, bacon, The enslaved This area was used and pork sides persons stationed for drying clothes as they aged. The here had a heavy and linens in the meat was salted, workload. Six sun. smoked, or dried days a week, they to preserve it. washed, dried, 13 BURIAL GROUND and ironed the Mount Vernon’s Washington fam- enslaved people 13 ily’s clothes. They were buried here in also did this for unmarked graves. guests who visited.

l WASHINGTONTOOK who had helped r AT MOUNT VERNON, to change for a young enslaved America win inde- Washington always dinner, which was man, William Lee, pendence. Unlike tried to keep to the served at 3:00 p.m. to war with him. most other south- same routine. He got Tea was served at Lee was at Valley ern planters of his up at dawn, shaved, 6:00 p.m., followed Forge and the Siege time, Washington and had his long by a light supper. of Yorktown. After grew to believe hair combed and Washington liked TELESCOPE the war was over, that slavery was tied back with a rib- to go to bed early, USED BY many enslaved peo- wrong. His will bon. After breakfast, at about 9:00 p.m, WASHINGTON AT ple found freedom called for the at 7:00 a.m., he unless visitors MOUNT VERNON under the Virginia people he held in rode off on horse- came. legislature’s law of slavery to be freed. back to inspect his 1783. It freed those farms. He returned

Washington_16-17.indd 17 3/15/17 12:05 PM 18 Activities WRITE A LETTER Imagine this: It is the winter of 1777–1778, and you are George Washington, camped with your army at Valley Forge. The winter has dragged on. With barely enough food to eat, your men are hungry and cold. Their clothes are ragged. Some have already returned home. You must do something. Write a let- ter to persuade Congress to send you supplies and additional army recruits. Using details from the magazine, describe the situation in strong terms. Do your best to help them understand how badly the supplies are needed.

DESIGN A MURAL Imagine you’re planning an exhibit about George Washington for a local history museum. Your job is to design a mural that honors George Washington. You need to decide which of his achievements to highlight and how. Using the magazine, make a list of the things you want to include in the mural. Include a description of each achievement on your list. Then cut out, draw, or paint images that correspond to the achievements. Afterward, compare your ideas with those of your classmates.

Washington_18-19.indd 18 3/15/17 12:06 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

American Revolution Benjamin Franklin “No taxation without representation!” Nicknamed the “Sage of Monticello,” What do bifocals, odometers, and That was the response of many colo- Thomas Jefferson was not only a wise lightning rods have in common? If you nists to Britain’s taxation of the colo- and successful leader, he was also a guessed Ben Franklin, you’re right! nies. From the to the man of numerous talents, a lawyer, Inventor, statesman, writer – there was , explore the events farmer, architect, inventor, musi- no hat that Ben did not wear, and wear that propelled the colonies into war cian – and most notably, writer of the better than most other people. Discover with Britain. Learn about the battles, Declaration of Independence. Uncover his many contributions to both the key figures, and outcomes that gave Jefferson’s many achievements and Declaration of Independence and the birth to America’s independence. take a look at some of the contribu- Constitution. tions he made to early America.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 5.5 Students explain the causes of the American and British leaders, and the Indian leaders’ alliances on both sides. Revolution. 5.6.2 Describe the contributions of France and other nations and of individuals to the outcome of the Revolution (e.g., Benjamin Franklin’s 5.5.1 Understand how political, religious, and economic ideas and negotiations with the French, the French navy, the Treaty of Paris, The interests brought about the Revolution (e.g., resistance to imperial Netherlands, Russia, the Marquis Marie Joseph de Lafayette, Tadeusz policy, the Stamp Act, the , taxes on tea, Coercive Košciuszko, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben). 5.6.4 Understand Acts). 5.5.2 Know the significance of the first and second Continental the personal impact and economic hardship of the war on families, Congresses and of the Committees of Correspondence. 5.5.4 problems of financing the war, wartime inflation, and laws against Describe the views, lives, and impact of key individuals during this hoarding goods and materials and profiteering. period (e.g., King George III, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams).

HSS 5.6 Students understand the course and consequences of Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: the American Revolution. Chronological and Spatial Thinking 5.6.1 Identify and map the major military battles, campaigns, and 4. Students use map and globe skills to determine the absolute loca- turning points of the Revolutionary War, the roles of the American tions of places and interpret information available through a map’s or globe’s legend, scale, and symbolic representations.

Washington_18-19.indd 19 3/15/17 12:06 PM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon PROOFREADER: Paula Glatzer ART DIRECTION: Hopkins/Baumann, FACT-CHECKER: Nayda Rondon, Amy Brobel Design McIlwaine DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Linda Scher, Camille Cauti David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan, Sheila Sarmiento PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine

GRADE 5 TITLES (Valley Forge), p.15 middle right (Edmund Randolph); Pictorial Press Ltd: p.12 bottom right ( fire, 1776); Stocktrek Images, Inc.: p.15 middle center (Alexander Hamilton); Universal Images Group North America LLC: p.6 top right (General Edward Regions of North America George Washington Braddock); Vintagerie Ephemera Collection: p.7 bottom right (Jacky and Patsy). Eastern Woodland Indians Thomas Jefferson Getty Images: Bettmann: p.6 bottom right (marriage of Washington to Martha Custis, Plains Indians Benjamin Franklin 1758); Fototeca Gilardi: p.13 top right (Washington at Valley Forge); : p.3 (portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart); GraphicaArtis: pp.10–11 (The Southwest Peoples The Constitution Washington Family by Edward Savage); GraphicaArtis : p.14 middle left (Constitutional Northwest Coast Peoples The New Nation Convention of 1787); Henry Groskinsky: p.2 bottom right (mask of George Washington); Hulton Archive: p.8 center middle (Thomas Paine); Interim Archives: p.9 center middle America 1492 Lewis and Clark (Patrick Henry). James P. Blair: p.17 middle right (storehouse at Mount Vernon); Exploring the Americas Westward Expansion Leemage: p.16 bottom left (Mount Vernon workers); MizC: p.17 top left (Mount Vernon); MPI: pp.8–9 center and p.13 bottom center (Lord Cornwallis surrenders); Early Settlements Pioneers Gado: Smith Collection: p.2 middle right (close-up of portrait); Stock Montage: p.13 13 Colonies Immigration center middle (cold winter at Valley Forge); Time Inc. Picture Collection: p.9 center middle (stamp act); Universal History Archive: p.9 bottom center (Mount Vernon, Declaration of Independence Industrial Revolution in America Virginia); VCG Wilson: Emanuel Leutze: pp.12–13 middle (Washington Crossing the American Revolution Civil Rights Delaware). Granger Collection, NYC: p.5 center middle (book of surveys), p.7 top (Fort Duquesne), p.9 middle left (coins), p.9 center middle (capture of the Bastille), p.9 Revolutionary Women middle right (inauguration of George Washington), p.12 top left (Washington’s horse ), p.14 bottom right (’s engraved map of Washington D.C.), p.16 bottom right (William Lee); Sarin Images: p.5 bottom left (fox-hunting in Virginia), p.6 center middle (Fort Necessity), p.8 middle left (commander in chief), p.9 top left ON THE COVER: Portrait of George Washington, general, statesman, and first American (“Yankee Doodle”), p.12 bottom center (Washington prays), pp.14–15 top center president, by Samuel King. Oil on canvas. Art Resource: RMN-Grand Palais. (inauguration of George Washington), p.15 bottom center (Hamilton and Jefferson). : p.4 top center (school book). Mount Vernon Ladies Association: PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: 19th era: p.8 bottom right (Blanchard hot-air balloon); Arcaid p.17 bottom right (telescope). New York Academy of Medicine: p.2 middle right Images: p.17 center middle (washhouse at Mount Vernon); ART Collection: p.5 bottom (Washington’s teeth). Shutterstock: Dibrova: p.2 top right (Washington Monument); center (Lawrence Washington); Artepics: pp.4–5 (Parson Weems’ Fable); Chronicle: Everett Historical: p.19 top right (Thomas Jefferson); Liudacorolewa: p.19 top center p.4 top left (Mary Ball Washington), p.14 bottom left (Whiskey Rebellion), p.15 middle (Benjamin Franklin); Nimon: p.2 center middle (one-dollar bill); Rvector: p.18 top (paper left (war at sea); David Stuckel: p.17 top right (kitchen); Everett Collection Historical: scroll and feather pen); Teguh Mujiono: p.18 bottom (painting on an easel). p.15 middle right (Washington’s Farewell Address), p.5 top right (George Washington expedition); GL Archive: p.15 middle left (Thomas Jefferson); Glasshouse Images: p.6 top ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: right (mission to Ohio), p.9 bottom left (John Adams); Ivy Close Images: p.8 top center Acme Design: Rules of Civility, p.4; First Cabinet Box Treatment, p.15. (French and Indian War); Niday Picture Library: p.9 bottom right (George Washington’s death), p.15 top right (Henry Knox), p.19 top left (Washington Crossing the Delaware); Michael Kline Illustration: Cartoons, p.2, p.8, p.12; teapot, p.9; banner pp.8–9. North Wind Picture Archives: p.4 bottom right (George Washington as a surveyor), p.7 middle left (soldiers marching), p.8 top left (Poor Richard’s Almanack), p.13 bottom right Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Karen Barnes: Mount Vernon, pp.16–17.

Copyright © by Kids Discover, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be submitted through our Permissions website at https://customercare.hmhco.com/ contactus/Permissions.html or mailed to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Attn: Intellectual Property Licensing, 9400 Southpark Center Loop, Orlando, Florida 32819-8647.

Printed in the U.S.A.

ISBN 978-1-328-80074-9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXXX 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

4500000000 A B C D E F G

If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company retains title to the materials and they may not Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited. publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format. 5 1686964

Washington_BC.indd 2 3/15/17 11:26 AM