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Thermal Manikins and Modelling

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Thermal Manikins and Modelling Thermal Manikins and Modelling Edited by Jintu Fan The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SIXTH INTERNATIONAL THERMAL MANIKIN AND MODELLING MEETING (6I3M) Thermal Manikins and Modelling Edited by Jintu Fan The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong Board of Scientific Program Committee Prof. Victor Candas Prof. Daniel Wai-tin Chan Prof. Jintu Fan Dr. Rob Farrington Dr. Ralph Goldman Dr. Emiel A. Den Hartog Prof. George Havenith Prof. Ingvar Holmer Dr. Harriet Meinander Dr. Hakan O. Nilsson Dr. Mark Richards Prof. Xiao-ming Tao Prof. Weiyuan Zhang Organised by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University First Published in 2006 by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel: +852 2766 4573; Fax: +852 2365 6407 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.itc.polyu.edu.hk ISBN: 962-367-534-8 The texts of the papers in this volume were set individually by the authors or under their supervision. Only minor corrections to the text may have been carried out by the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher, the Editors and Authors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Reprographic Unit Copyright © 2006 by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Preface Thermal manikins are essential tools for the objective and accurate assessment of thermal comfort or stress. They are particularly useful for investigations under harsh conditions that simulate extreme environments such as wind blown mountaintops, scorching deserts or even hostile space, but also indispensable for the development of functional clothing (e.g. sportswear, protective clothing, army uniforms) and HVAC (i.e. heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) systems for the creation of safer and more comfortable living. Along with the development of thermal manikins, modelling of the human body, clothing and environment system is also very important as it enables us to predict human performance in different conditions. This volume contains papers presented at the sixth international thermal manikin and modelling meeting (6I3M) held in Hong Kong from 16th to 18th October 2006. These papers cover different aspects of thermal manikin and modelling including early development history, current original researches, improvements in standardization and innovative applications. This book is an essential reference for research scientists, technologists, safety engineers, product developers and health care professionals as well as students in the areas of environmental ergonomics, functional clothing, thermal engineering and occupational safety. I would like to take this opportunity to thank members of the Board of Scientific Program Committee of 6I3M for their academic leadership and invaluable advice. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Institute of Textiles and Clothing (PolyU), Hong Kong Research Institute of Textiles and Apparel, and Modern Testing Service Ltd for their generous sponsorship to the Meeting. I am also indebted to Prof. L. Hunter of CSIR, South Africa for proofreading and editing the writing of all the manuscripts. Last but not least, I would like to thank members of the organizing committee, especially Lydia Fung, Cathy Tsang and the Apparelkey team for the dedication in organizing the event. Jintu Fan Hong Kong October, 2006 Content SECTION I: KEYNOTE LECTURES Thermal Manikins, Their Origins and Role Ralph F. Goldman 3 Use of Thermal Manikins in International Standards Ingvar Holmér 19 SECTION II: THERMAL COMFORT Effect of Clothing Insulation on Attenuation of Radiative Heat Gain EA Den Hartog, P. Broede, V. Candas, G. Havenith and ThermProtect network 27 Effect of Long Wave Radiation on Heat Loss Through Protective Clothing Ensembles – Material, Manikin and Human Subject Evaluation Harriet Meinander, Peter Bröde and the THERMPROTECT network 29 Examination of the Thermal Adaptive Effect of the Adjustment of a Seated Human Body’s Orientation Relative to Spot Airflow Shengwei Zhu, Shinsuke Kato, Ling Yang 42 Transient Sweat Rate Calculation from Humidity Measurements under Clothing M. Yokota, L.G. Berglund, J.A. Gonzalez, L.A. Blanchard 50 Thermal Comfort in terms of Both Local Skin Temperatures and Local Sensible Heat Losses in Non-uniform Thermal Environments Tomonori Sakoi , Kazuyo Tsuzuki, Shinsuke Kato, Ryozo Ooka, Doosam Song, Swengwei Zhu 58 Effect of Functional Sportswear Ensembles on Physiological Responses Inhyeng Kang, Han Sup Lee 68 SECTION III: THERMAL COMFORT MODELLING A Three-dimensional Human Thermal Model for Non-uniform Thermal Environments Tomonori SAKOI, Kazuyo TSUZUKI, Shinsuke KATO, Ryozo OOKA, Doosam SONG, Swengwei ZHU 77 Study on Human Physiological Models for Hot Environments Yuriko Minami, Ryozo Ooka, Tomonori Sakoi, Kazuyo Tsuzuki and Shinsuke Sawasaki 89 Effect of Partly Impermeable Clothing on Thermoregulatory Responses in Hot Environment: a Computer Simulation Irena Yermakova, Ksenia Duchnovskaya, Julia Tadejeva and Victor Candas 98 Predictive Model of Human Responses to Local Cooling Yufeng Zhang, Rongyi Zhao 106 Prediction of the Thermal Comfort Range of Handwear by Thermophysiological Simulation Carsten Zimmermann, Wolfgang H. Uedelhoven, Bernhard Kurz and Karl Jochen Glitz 115 Validation and Comparison of Prediction Models for Dynamic Clothing Thermal Insulation and Moisture Vapour Resistance Xiaoming Qian & Jintu Fan 119 SECTION IV: HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSFER THROUGH CLOTHING Prediction of Textile Fabric Thermal Conductivity Jiří Militký 131 Predicting the Impact from Wind and Activity on Thermal Characteristics of Ensembles Ulf Danielsson 139 Heat and Mass Transfer from Clothing Induced by Air Ventilation Xiaoming Qian, Jintu Fan 150 Clothing Ventilation Estimates from Manikin Measurements L.G. Berglund, J.A. Gonzalez 158 Forced Ventilation of Protective Garments for Hot Industries J.A. Gonzalez, L.G. Berglund, M.A. Kolka and T.L. Endrusick 165 SECTION V: DEVELOPMENT OF MANIKINS Current Development of Thermal Sweating Manikins at Empa Mark G M Richards, Agnieszka Psikuta1, Dusan Fiala 173 How to Build and Use a Virtual Thermal Manikin Based on Real Manikin Methods Hakan O. Nilsson 180 Female Torso Mannequins with Skeleton and Soft Tissue for Clothing Pressure Evaluation Winnie Yu, Jintu Fan , Sun-pui Ng and Hong-bo Gu 194 Recent Developments and Applications of Sweating Fabric Manikin- “Walter” Jintu Fan 202 Development of Seated Sweating Thermal Manikin Yuen Shing Wu & Jintu Fan 210 Development of a Virtual Manikin Head for Designing Bicycle Helmets Guido De Bruyne, Jean-Marie Aerts, Georges Van der Perre, Jan Goffin, Ignace Verpoest & Daniel Berckmans 217 Passive and Active Water Supply to Perspiring Manikin Y. S. Chen, J. Xu, Jintu Fan 227 SECTION VI: TESTING & STANDARDIZATION Classical Approach to Heat and Vapour Resistance Calculations Cannot Explain Heat Transfer in Wet Clothing Victor CANDAS, Peter BROEDE, George HAVENITH & THERMPROTECT network 235 Establishing Fit Specifications for Thermal Manikins Kathy K. Mullet, Hsiou-Lien Chen 247 Initial, Transient and Steady State Evaporative Resistance of Impermeable Protective Clothing Chuansi Gao, Ingvar Holmér 253 The Effects of Walking on Dry Heat Exchange of a Newly Developed Fire-fighter’s Clothing Satoru Ueno, Shinichi Sawada 262 Application of Human-Clothing-Environment Simulator to Determine Comfort Properties at the Extreme and/or Transient Conditions Eunae Kim, Shinjung Yoo, Younglim Nam, Sooyoung Hwang, Hyemin Kang 268 A Comparative Investigation of Clothing Moisture Vapour Resistance Measured under Isothermal and Non-isothermal Conditions Xiaoming Qian, Jintu Fan 278 Evaluation of Tactile Properties of Wet Fabrics Jiaming Zheng, Yoshihiko Yazaki, Makiko Koga, Shigeru Inui, Yoshio Shimizu, Masayuki Takatera 285 Air Permeability Evaluation of Clothing in Extreme Windy Conditions Andrea Halasova, Zdenek Kus, Antonin Havelka, Viera Glombikova 293 SECTION VII: APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL MANIKINS Application of a Sweating Manikin Controlled by a Human Physiological Model and Lessons Learned John P.Rugh, Jason Lustbader 303 A Comparison of Apparatus Used to Measure Thermal Insulation Properties to Determine Thermal Comfort ZHANG Yun, WU Zi-ying, JI Er-li, ZHOU Xiao-hong, CHEN Jian-Yong 313 Evaluation of Heat-Resistant Fabrics Used in Firefighting with a Newly Developed Human Skin Simulation Model Zhang Weiyuan, Zhu Fanglong 322 Evaluation of Military Ballistic Helmets Using a Thermal Manikin Hsiou-Lien Chen, Kathy Mullet, and Brigitte Cluver 330 Measurement of Microclimate in Diapers during Supine Posture using a Baby Thermal Manikin Takako Fukazawa, Yutaka Tochihara, Ingvar Holmér, Kalev Kuklane 336 Improving Thermal Comfort in an Orthopaedic Aid: Better Boston Brace for Scoliosis Patients Kalev Kuklane, Sixten Heidmets and Tony Johansson 343 SECTION VIII: FUNCTIONAL CLOTHING The Physiological Properties of Smart Textiles and Moisture Transport through Clothing Fabrics Antonín Havelka, Zdenek Kůs 355 Measurement of Temperature and Humidity Gradient across Underwear for Optimal Microclimate Regulation of Multi-layered Clothing Systems Hyun-jung
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