Wildlife Fact Sheet

Number 1 Living With Wildlife March 2004 A Shy, Solitary Night-Stalker

from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Habitat Fisher and in parts of the northeastern, Fishers typically live in heavily northwestern and western U.S. (see map forested softwood and mixed stands Martes pennanti on next page). with lots of overhead cover. They do not like large open areas, such If you happen to see a as clear-cuts. However, they will fisher in the wild, we hope hunt for small rodents in fields and meadows if there is protective you have your camera ready forest cover nearby. because a fisher sighting is Optimal conditions for fishers a truly rare experience. are forest tracts of 100 ha or more, interconnected with other large This furry little carnivore, one areas of suitable habitat spread of the larger members of the weasel across their home range. family, is a shy, solitary night- Fishers vary their habitat use stalker. Fishers are very effective based on the season. In the winter hunters, taking many species of they are more likely to stay in an small mammals as their prey. In fact Fishers are truly beautiful animals with dark fur old coniferous forest with plenty of the fisher is the only predator that covering a slender body, short legs and a long canopy cover, which decreases the routinely hunts and kills porcupines. bushy tail. amount of snow that falls on the It is this deserved reputation as a forest. In the summer fishers use many tenacious hunter that sometimes gets By the early 1900s the removal different habitats and are commonly fishers into trouble with humans. In of forests through logging, fire found in hardwood stands. Brush piles areas where their habitat brings them and settlement had reduced fisher and other forest debris provide both close to urban populations or rural numbers over large areas of its historic hunting and hiding opportunities. range. Protective legislation, habitat residences, it has been suggested that Although they do not migrate improvements and reintroduction fishers hunt and kill domestic cats, seasonally, fishers often travel programs have restored fisher which is an understandable concern for extensively within their habitat. One populations in many areas. Today, pet owners. study has shown a fisher travelling over Ontario’s fisher population is healthy. Range 90 km in three days. Although Ontario has been involved Fishers are found only in North in fisher reintroduction programs in the America, in a broad band across the past, the growth in fisher range in the continent that includes much of Canada province in recent decades has occurred through natural dispersal. Fisher Fact Sheet Living With Wildlife

Physical Characteristics than males, it is difficult to distinguish between the sexes based on their tracks. Fishers are truly beautiful animals, with dark fur covering a slender body, short legs and a long bushy Food Sources tail. Contrary to what its name might suggest, fish do not Adult males typically weigh between 4.5 and make up a significant proportion of a fisher’s diet. The 6.5 kg. Some very large males can weigh up to 8 kg. name “fisher” may have come from early settlers who Adult females weigh 2.5 to 3.5 kg. confused the animal with the European polecat (another member of the weasel family) commonly called a fichet or fitche. The fisher is a carnivore, a nocturnal hunter, and an opportunistic feeder, with a strong preference for snowshoe hare. Some studies suggest that fishers choose to live in areas where snowshoe hare are abundant. Some long-term research has indicated a link between population density cycles in snowshoe hare and fishers. Small mammals (snowshoe hare, mice, squirrels, shrews and voles) typically make up 80 percent of a fisher’s diet. They will also feed on birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, eggs, fruits, nuts and berries. Fruit may comprise as much as 30 percent of their diet in the summer.

Daniel J. Cox © As opportunists, fishers will also feed on The fisher is a carnivore, a nocturnal hunter, and an opportunistic feeder with a carrion, including the entrails of deer left strong preference for snowshoe hare. behind by hunters. The fisher’s reputation as a tenacious Fishers are typically black on the tail, around the predator comes at least partly from the fact that it is back end and on the hind legs. Tricoloured guard hairs the only animal that regularly preys on porcupines. cover the back and head of the animal, giving it a golden brown look. Sometimes the underbelly of the fisher can have white patches of uneven size and shape. New fur growth begins in September or October and is usually complete by late November. The prime fur (new winter fur) of the fisher has stiff, shiny guard hairs, is very full, and is present any time between late November and the end of January. When the fur is past its prime stage in late January it becomes thinner, and changes to a lighter more reddish colour. During the moulting summer season fisher fur becomes much thinner and lighter in colour. Juvenile fishers are generally darker than the adults. Their fur begins to change and reach adult primeness at about four months of age. The paws of the fisher are much like a cat’s with black, leathery pads and five sharp semi-retractable Historic Range Present-Day Range claws. During the winter season the feet become Fishers are found only in North America, in a broad band heavily furred. Although females are physically smaller across the continent. Fisher Fact Sheet Living With Wildlife

The fisher kills porcupines with repeated bites to the Females begin to seek a male partner six to eight days face, then feeds through the unprotected underbelly. after bearing their young and remain in heat for two In areas where fisher re-introduction programs have or three days. If the female does not conceive during been successful, subsequent declines in porcupine the first mating, she may engage in a second round of populations have been observed. mating about 14 days later. The fisher does not have any natural predators but bobcats, competing for hunting territory, will sometimes kill young and even adult fishers. Behaviour Fishers are solitary creatures that are most active in the late evening and very early morning. In habitat where prey are relatively abundant, fishers typically hunt an area intensively in a zigzag pattern, with frequent changes in direction. Using this method a fisher may hunt an area up to 30 km in diameter over a five to ten day period. When prey are less abundant, fishers have been observed travelling long distances in one direction, stopping occasionally to investigate potential food sites. Fishers kill most prey with a neck bite and may use their whole body to wrap around and hold the animal down. They can also swim and are very good tree climbers. In fact, fishers have the ability to rotate their hind legs and climb down a tree headfirst like a squirrel. But they appear to do most of their hunting on the ground. Scent glands are used to mark territory. Male fishers are very territorial and protective against other males. And females are very territorial and protective against other females. Female and male home ranges can overlap. Female fishers typically have a home range of about 15 km2. The male’s typical home range is significantly larger at 38 km2. The female and male home ranges Daniel J. Cox © change with the seasons, shrinking in mid-winter and The fisher has a reputation as a tenacious predator. It is the only growing in April, May and June. animal that regularly preys on porcupines. Reproduction Fishers build their dens in hollow trees, rock During the breeding period a female will travel her crevices, slash piles, rock falls, abandoned beaver home range to find a male. The female is thought to be lodges, and under snow. The choice of a den is directly the dominant individual during the breeding period. related to the type of forest. In coniferous forests, Males and females may stay together for several days fishers often build tree-nests, while in hardwood stands during the mating period. hollowed out tree cavities seem to be preferred. After mating, female fishers experience something Both male and female fishers reach sexual maturity called delayed implantation. The fertilized egg lies at 12 months of age. Most female fishers then produce dormant for nearly 11 months before it implants in the their first litter at 24 months. uterus and starts to develop. The gestation period lasts for just over a month, usually beginning near the end of The breeding season usually begins in late March. February. Fisher Fact Sheet

The young are born blind, helpless and almost completely Questions and Answers hairless, weighing about 4 grams. The males do not play a Question: role in caring for the young. Do fi shers really kill domestic Dens in cavity trees, with small entrance holes, provide cats and what can I do about it? the most effective protection for the young fi shers during the Answer: critical fi rst eight to ten weeks of life. As opportunistic feeders, 7 to 12 cm Kits open their eyes at about seven weeks and then fi shers may occasionally kill become mobile at about eight weeks, when they are typically domestic cats. As urban and moved into a larger den on or below the ground. They begin rural populations move closer to taking solid food at approximately nine weeks of age, but forested areas, the potential for continue to suckle until they are four months old. At this time interactions with fi shers and other they also begin to hunt for themselves. By fi ve months of age wild animals increases. People the kits are nearly the same length as the adults. The young who live close to forested areas stay with their mothers until late summer or early fall. should not let their pets run free. Question: Fisher Management What do I do if I see a fi sher? Like all forest-dwelling wildlife species, fi shers play Answer: an important role in Ontario’s forest ecosystems. Ensuring the health of fi sher populations contributes to our efforts Get a camera. A fi sher is a to protect and sustain the overall ecological health of our solitary animal and will usually avoid humans, making fi sher forests. sightings a rare occurrence. Fishers are also an important species for the trapping Question: and fur industry. One quarter of the fi sher harvest in North America takes place in Ontario. What do I do if I’m concerned about a fi sher visiting my property? Fashion dictates the demand for fi sher fur on the market. Answer: In 2003 fi sher fur sold for an average of $32 to $37 per pelt, but the value can vary based on the quality of the pelt and Although fi shers are not normally attracted by garbage, overall demand. During the early 1980s fi sher pelts were they will investigate anything with a scent of meat. Keep your property clean and your pets contained, and fi shers selling for up to $400. Fisher fur is used in the clothing will look elsewhere for food. industry, usually as trim on coats and other garments. Trappers harvest fi shers based on quotas set by the Acknowledgements Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Fisher harvest quotas The development and publication of this wildlife fact sheet involved a are established using the past year’s harvest, age and sex ratio partnership with the Ontario Fur Managers Federation, the Renfrew of previous harvests, and the size of the area to be harvested. County Stewardship Program, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Local trappers work closely with MNR in monitoring and Resources and Sir Sanford Fleming College. ensuring the sustainability of the population. Thanks to Dr. Jeff Bowman, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario is a world-leader in the humane trapping of for science review of this publication. Thanks also to the Renfrew Fur Council, the Renfrew County Nuisance Fur-Bearing Animal fur-bearers. All traps used in harvesting fi shers in Ontario Committee, and local trappers for advice and assistance. are subject to testing by the Fur Institute of Canada and certifi cation by the Ministry of Natural Resources. Fisher images © Daniel J. Cox/NaturalExposures.com Fisher tracks illustration by Wendy Mairs www.blueherongraphics.ca