MONTANA MOUNTAIN LION MONITORING & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY — DRAFT, OCT. 2018 — Cover photo: R. Wiesner 2 — DRAFT, OCT. 2018 — TABLE OF CONTENTS MOUNTAIN LION CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES ............................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 MOUNTAIN LIONS IN MONTANA ........................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 MOUNTAIN LION-HUMAN CONFLICT ...................................19 CHAPTER 3 2016 MONTANA MOUNTAIN LION .......................................26 RESOURCE SELECTION FUNCTION ..............................................................26 CHAPTER 4 MONTANA MOUNTAIN LION ECOREGIONS ........................31 CHAPTER 5 MONITORING MOUNTAIN LION ABUNDANCE ...................43 CHAPTER 6 THE MONTANA MOUNTAIN LION INTEGRATED POPULATION MODEL ............................................................ 50 CHAPTER 7 MOUNTAIN LION HARVEST REGULATION ..........................56 CHAPTER 8 ADAPTIVE HARVEST MANAGEMENT ...................................61 CHAPTER 9 REGIONAL MANAGEMENT .....................................................67 CONSIDERATIONS AND OBJECTIVES APPENDIX 1 POPULATION MONITORING, FIELD PROTOCOL ............. 94 AND DATA ANALYSIS APPENDIX 2 MOUNTAIN LION INTEGRATED POPULATION MODEL DEFINITION AND USER INPUTS .................................................... 99 APPENDIX 3 MOUNTAIN LION DEPREDATION AND CONTROL GUIDELINES ...................................................................................103 APPENDIX 4 GUIDELINES FOR RESPONDING TO WILDLIFE ATTACKS THAT RESULT IN HUMAN INJURY OR DEATH: “WHART” GUIDELINES.............................................................106 APPENDIX 5 MONTANA MOUNTAIN LION LICENSE SALES, PRICE, AND REVENUE, 1973 - 2015 ............................................................... 111 APPENDIX 6 APPLICABLE MONTANA STATUTE AND ADMINISTRATIVE RULES ................................................................................ 113 APPENDIX 7 MONTANA MOUNTAIN LION IPM MODEL CODE ..................................................................................................... 128 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................................................... 132 — DRAFT, OCT. 2018 — 3 acknowledge that Montana and other western states have risen relatively recently to the MOUNTAIN LION challenge of actively conserving mountain lions. Many Montanans can still remember the bounty CONSERVATION years when antagonistic public attitudes toward predatory wildlife were common. Since AND then, questions and concerns surrounding the management of mountain lions have increased MANAGEMENT as more people with a stake in mountain lion GUIDELINES management come to the table. One measure of Montana’s commitment to wildlife conservation is the abundance, diversity, and distribution of our large predators. Wolves With the publication of this document, Montana are now biologically and legally recovered, grizzly Fish, Wildlife & Parks (FWP) reaffirms its bear populations exceed restoration milestones, commitment, on behalf of the public, to the and the mountain lion has re-occupied its historic conservation and responsible management of statewide habitat. mountain lion populations in Montana. But with this success comes increased Many FWP wildlife biologists might find it management complexity. Local declines in elk redundant to first state that we are committed abundance and hunting opportunities, concerns to conserving mountain lions. We tend to skip about public safety, sharply responsive mountain instead to describing specific strategies for lion hunting regulations, and uncertainties about mountain lion management, while taking our management’s effects on lion populations have professional dedication to wildlife conservation sometimes strained a consensus about our values for granted. and management direction. But we’ve learned over the years that an intensely And conservation itself, we understand, is in the interested and engaged public does not always eye of the beholder. So, we strive to be clear. The accept FWP’s commitment to mountain lion following are the conservation and management conservation as a given, and may not recognize guidelines that will direct FWP’s decisions, FWP’s management strategies as being consistent and against which more specific management with conservation. Although our society has a objectives will be measured. long and evolving heritage of valuing wildlife, we 4 — DRAFT, OCT. 2018 — FWP will conserve mountain lions as a functional FWP will use an adaptive harvest management and valued part of Montana’s wildland framework to develop and evaluate most ecosystems. mountain lion management decisions. Potential management objectives will be made explicit to FWP will help manage suitable and connected all stakeholders throughout the decision-making habitat at a landscape scale for mountain lions process and the best available information will and their prey. be used to evaluate whether those objectives are being met. FWP will responsibly manage mountain lions as a public trust resource and consistent with FWP will maintain a balance between mountain state law. lion populations, their prey, and humans by directing local harvest of mountain lions, if FWP will maintain and enhance public and as needed, to manage prey survival and acceptance of mountain lions by helping reduce human-lion conflicts. FWP specifically landowners, homeowners, and the recreating recognizes that mountain lion populations are public prevent conflicts with mountain lions. most effectively conserved at the landscape FWP will respond promptly and professionally scale, rather than within smaller individual when conflicts occur. Lion Management Units where prey survival or points of conflict may be concerns worthy of FWP will enhance public appreciation for management. mountain lions by providing information and insight about the role of mountain lions in FWP will develop informed public consent the ecosystem and on practices for living and regarding the conservation status of mountain recreating in lion habitat. lions and the potential consequences of FWP management actions by instituting a credible, FWP recognizes that mountain lion hunting is science-based system for estimating and a highly valued recreational pursuit and that monitoring Montana’s lion populations. hunting plays a critical role in maintaining public advocacy and tolerance for the species. FWP will FWP will consider, monitor, and conserve therefore manage for limited and sustainable mountain lions at a landscape scale, consistent mountain lion hunter-harvest opportunity on with the species’ ecology. Specific management most lands within its jurisdiction. FWP will objectives will encourage sustainable and well- allocate hunting opportunities and experiences connected mountain lion populations within fairly among Montana resident, nonresident, and these landscapes. outfitted mountain lion hunters using simple and consistent regulations. — DRAFT, OCT. 2018 — 5 management decisions are informed by objective data instead of emotion. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Unfortunately, many past lion management decisions were controversial. Because it was impossible to precisely count lions or monitor population trends, Montanans who Despite historic persecution, mountain lions are thriving care deeply about lions and their prey often disagreed once again in Montana. Lions have reoccupied their historic about the effects of lion harvest on both. statewide range and dispersing individuals now contribute to expanding populations across the western and FWP clearly realized the need for better methods to track midwestern U. S. This recovery is a testament to Montana’s lion population changes and for a scientific framework tradition of protecting habitat, conserving native wildlife upon which to base management recommendations. Over populations, and investing in research that provides the the last 25 years FWP made significant investments in scientific basis for sound wildlife management decisions. field research that had improved our understanding of lion ecology and the way lions interact with their prey. FWP The number of lion hunters and hound handlers has also biologists and partners also developed new methods to increased during the last 40 years. These sportsmen and monitor lion populations and built innovative population women became the state’s most effective advocates for models that predict the effect of past and future harvest. lion conservation and they have consistently encouraged FWP’s efforts to improve lion management. Montanans, FWP intends to maintain sustainable lion populations hunters and non-hunters alike, now expect assurances from across all suitable habitats within its jurisdiction. An FWP that lion populations remain healthy and that lion important goal of this Strategy is to provide the public West Fork Bitterroot River FWP Mountain Lion Study Area 6 — DRAFT, OCT. 2018 — and the Department with accurate and timely information so that both populations and harvest are more stable over time. Accurate monitoring and modeling data will enable simpler harvest regulations, improve our ability to reduce conflicts, and allow FWP to better manage local lion densities while protecting regional populations. Research in Montana and other