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The Decapod Crustaceans of Iowa

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The Decapod Crustaceans of Iowa University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 1979 The decapod crustaceans of Iowa Gary S. Phillips University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1979 Gary S. Phillips Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Phillips, Gary S., "The decapod crustaceans of Iowa" (1979). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 1075. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/1075 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE lECAPOD CRUSTACEANS OF IOWA A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA by Gary s. Phillips May 1979 ii This Study by: Gary Steven Phillips Entitled: The Decapod Crustaceans of Iowa has been approved as meeting the thesis requirement for the Degree of fwlaster of Arts. Virgil E. Dowell Chairma,Thesis Committee Wayne I. Anderson A. C. Haman S/1l11 Date Member, Thesis Committee Nixon Wilson Upon recommendation of the Thesis Committee, accepted by H. Ray Hoops ACKNOWLEOOMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my Thesis Committee Chairman, Dr. Virgil E. Dowell, and the other members of my committee, Dr. Wayne I. Anderson, Dr. Nixon A. Wilson, and Professor Albert c. Ha:ma.m, for their guidance, encouragement, and aid with the manuscript during this survey of the decapod crustaceans of Iowa. Acknowledgment is given to Dr. John C. Downey, Dr. Robert c. Goss, and Dr. Kenneth D. Carla.nder (Iowa State University) for their helpful suggestions during the early stages of this project; to members of the Iowa Conservation Commission (especially Don Degan, Mike Klein, Bob Middendorf, Dave Moeller, and Vaughn Paragamian) who contributed their time and efforts in helping to locate specimens; and to those institutions (Coe College, Iowa State University, and Luther College) which permitted me to examine their decapod collections. Dr. Karl E. Goellner (Coe College) merits special recognition for his intense interest, encouragement, loan of a large collection, and assistance through­ out the course of this study. Credit is given to Dr. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. (Smithsonian Institution), Dr. Iawrence M. Page (Illinois Natural History Survey), and Dr. Guenter Schuster (State Biological Survey of Kansas) for verifying the identification of specimens collected during this survey and for advice and assistance concerning certain complex taxonomic problems which I encountered in this study. The Iowa Academy of Science is credited with providing a grant which assisted in defraying some of the travel expenses incurred. iii Finally, special appreciation is also due my wife, Linda, for her constant encouragement, understanding, and many hours spent at the end of a seine and at a typewriter. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TAB:LES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• viii LIST OF FIGlJRElS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ix ABSTRACT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• xi Chapter I • IN'rRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Background Information ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• l Purpose and Objectives ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 Review of the Literature•••••••••••••••••••·•·•·••••·••••••••••3 2. Ml!.""THODS AN"D ~1A.TERIAIS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Description of Survey •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Collection Methods•••·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••·•••8 Preservation Methods•••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••·•·•••••••••9 Records ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 Deposition of Specimens ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 Description of the Study Area•·•••••••••••••·•••·••••··•·•••••ll 1. Upper Iowa Area ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 2. Cedar Valley Area••••••••·••••·••·••••••••••••••••••••l4 3. la.kes Area •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 4. Big Sioux Area •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 5. Missouri River Floodplain Area •••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 6. Missouri Valley Area •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 7. Mississippi Valley Area •••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• 16 8. Mississippi Floodplain Area ••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 17 3. RE!.SUL~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 Identification of Species Collected ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 Collection lla.ta ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 V Locality Da.ta.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••21 Habitat Data.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••JO 4. DISCUSSION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 Factors Influencing Decapod Distribution in Iowa •••••••••••••••• 35 Iowa Species and Zoogeography •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••42 Systematic Account of the Iowa. Decapod Crusta.cea.ns •••••••••••••• 4J 1. Camba.rus d.iogenes diqe;enes Girard.•••••••••••••••••••••••43 2. Orconectes ifPHN§ (Hagen) • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •49 J. Orconectes iowa.ensis Fitzpa.trick ••••••••••••••••••••••••56 4. Orconeotes rusticus (Gira.rd.)••••••••••••••••••••••••••••62 Qroonectes xirilis (Ha.gen) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 6. Proca,,mnm: ac;utus 19utus (Gira.rd) •••••••••••••••••••••• 77 ?. froca,mmrw, gracilis (Bundy) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 82 8. Palj,emonetes g.diakegsis Rathbun •••••••••••••••••••••••• 86 Similarity of Eight Iowa Study Areas and of Iowa to Adjacent S-ta, tes •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89 ]hvironmental Considerations •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 93 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONs •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 100 Summry ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 100 Conclusions •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 102 LITE:EiATURE CITED •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1C>4- Appendix A. KEY TO THE D.ooAPOD CRUSTACEANS OF IOWA•••••••••••••••••••••••••llO Background Informs. tion ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 110 Glossary of Terms Used in the Study of Crayfish •••••••••••••••• 112 Key to the Decapod Crustaceans of Iowa•••••••••••••••••••••••••ll5 vi B. LOCALITY RECORDS FOR IOWA.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••121 Background Informa.tion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 121 Cail:&TW? diogenes diogenes •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 122 Qrgonectes immnnis ••••••••••••.••.•.••.•••••••••••.••••••••••• 123 Orconectes iowaensis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 127 Oroonectes rusticµs ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 128 Orconectes yirilis.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••13O Prooa.mba.rµs acutus acutya .•••.••.••••.•.••.•.•••.•••..•...•••. 142 PJ::ocambarus gracilis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 143 Palaemonetes ka.diakensis •••••.•••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• 144 C. DESCRIPTION OF VARIANTS•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l~5 Background Information •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 145 Description of Orgonectes rusticus (Iowa variant) ••••••••••••• 145 Description of O.:conectes yirilis (Southwest Iowa variant) •••• 147 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Collection Data by Species and Sex •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 2. Other Specimens of Iowa Decapod Crustaceans Examined or Noted • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 21 3. Number of Collection Sites in Various Habita.ts •••••••••••••••••• 30 4. Occurrence of Iowa Decapod Crustaceans in Various Habitats •••••• 31, 32 5. Occurrence of Iowa Decapod Crustaceans on Various Substrata. Types••••••••••.••••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••••••••• 33, 34- 6. Species of Decapods Recorded in the Eight Iowa Study Areas •••••• 91 7. Similarity Index of Decapod Species for Eight Iowa Study Area.s ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 91 8. Species of Decapods Occurring in Iowa and Adjacent States ••••••• 92 9. Similar!ty Index of Decapod Species for Iowa and Adjacent S-ta, tes •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • 93 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Specimen Collection Sites in Iowa•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7 2. Diagram of Phillips Crayfish TraP••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l0 J. Collection label for Phillips Collection of Decapods ••••••••••• 11 4. Regional Aqua.tic Environment Map for Iowa •••••••••••••••••••••• 13 5. Camba.rµs diogenes diogenes, records for Iowa. ••••••••••••••••••• 22 6. Orconectes imgmis, records for Iowa.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••23 7. Orconectes iowaensis, records for Iowa.•••••••••••••••••••••••••24 8. Orconectes rusticus, records for Iowa •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 9. Orconectes yirilis, records for Iowa ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 10. Procamba.rµs acutus acutµs. records for Iowa. •••••••••••••••••••• 27 11. Procam;uu:µs gracilis, records for Iowa ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 12. Palaemonetes kadiakensis. records for Iowa ••••••••••••••••••••• 29 13. Glacial Map of Iowa••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••J6 14. Distribution of Loess Material in Iowa ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Major Drainage Systems of Iowa.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••39 16. Distribution of Ca.mbarµs diogenes diogenes in Iowa ••••••••••••• 44 Range of Cambarµs
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