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HAWAIIAN AQUACULTURAL SYSTEM by William Kenji Kikuchi a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT of ANTHROPOLOGY

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HAWAIIAN AQUACULTURAL SYSTEM by William Kenji Kikuchi a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT of ANTHROPOLOGY Hawaiian aquacultural system Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kikuchi, William K. (William Kenji), 1935- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 08:17:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565277 HAWAIIAN AQUACULTURAL SYSTEM by William Kenji Kikuchi A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by William Kenji Kifcuchi __________________ entitled _______ Hawaiian Aquacultural System_________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy________________________ Dissertation DirecTOr Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* j y / f / 4T/,£-/*■ 3 "This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination* The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination* STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Libraryo Brief quotations from this dissertation are allow­ able without special permission? provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made? Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manu­ script in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, how­ ever, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED? ( To Dolly Whose Patience and Energy Influenced the Completion of this Work iii PREFACE A definitive study of the prehistoric Hawaiian aquacultural system based on field survey of existing fish­ ponds and fishtraps could not be undertaken because of the lack of survey funds„ Instead, a selected sample of fish­ ponds and fishtraps on the islands of Kauaei, 0*ahu, and Hawai°i were chosen for study due to their access to the author without requiring special funds or equipment. The remainder of the sources of data, primarily published materials, unpublished manuscripts, photographs, maps, oral and written communications, and tape recorded transcripts, were found in various state and private archival and library facilities. Many Hawaiian words are used in the text, but every attempt was made to define each word when it first appears. Brackets are used to enclose English definitions for Hawaiian words used in quotations. In case of confusion, the reader is referred to the Glossary, where all non- English words, as well as any abbreviations used, are listed. All Hawaiian words are spelled with glottals and macrons according to Pukui and Elbert (1957)® The tasks of searching for, collecting, tran­ scribing, collating, and indexing the data were greatly aided by numerous individuals and by various institutions iv V and their staff members0 It would be nearly impossible to acknowledge the contributions of all who assisted the author® and so only a few c^n be listed here, Mary Kawena Pukui® George Bacon® Johanna N, Wilcox® Rubelitte Kinney Johnson® Mr, and Mrs, Philip Palama® Sr,® John C, Belshe® and Ku’ulei Ihara were all aids or infor­ mants in the task of data gathering. Gratitude is also ex­ tended to Catherine Stauder® Historian of the Kaua* i Museum in Lihu'e, who was constantly on the lookout for historical references and who served as a useful informant in various areas. Much assistance was provided by the Bernice P, Bishop Museum and by many of its staff .members, The author acknowledges the aid given by: Roland T, Force® Director of the Museum; Dr, Yoshihiko H, Sinoto® present Chairman® and Dr, Kenneth P, Emory® former Chairman of the Department of Anthropology? Edwin Bryan® Jr, of the Pacific Scientific Information Center; Eleanor Williamson of the Recording Laboratory? and Catherine C , Summers and Dorothy B. Barrere, Associates in Anthropology® who kindly and unselfishly shared their data with the author, A number of facilities aided in the completion of this work by providing access to their sources of informa­ tion. The author extends his gratitude to the staffs of the library and the manuscript room of the Bishop Museum; to the Sinelair and Hamilton Libraries of the University vi of Hawai'ii and to the State of Hawai'i Archives. Dr, T, Stell Newman of the State of Hawai'i, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, and Bert Newton, Director of the State Surveyor’s Office, State Tax Map Division, also helped by opening up their facilities to the author. / The author is further indebted to the members of his dissertation committee at The. University of Arizonas Edwin N. Ferdon, Jr., Chairman, and Drs. Arthur Jelinek and Jane H, Underwood, Drs. Raymond Thompson, Chairman of the Department of ,Anthropology, and Harry Getty, Graduate Stu­ dent Advisor for the Department of Anthropology, also are acknowledged for the time and effort they spent in aiding the author. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS e©o©ooo©o©©oe©o xix LIST OF TABLES © © © © © © © © ©. © © © © © © © © © xir ABSTRACT ©©©©©o©©©©©©©©©©©©©© xv* x CHAPTER X© INTRODUCTION ©©©©. ©©©©©©©©©©o© X 2© CLASSIFICATION OF SITES * © © * * , © * © © 8 Ernie Classifications © © © o '© © © © © © 8 Main Types ©©©©©©©©©o©©© 9 Secondary Types ©©©©©©©©©0 XO Etic Classifications ©©o©©©©©©© XX Littoral Zone ©©©©©©©©©©© X^ Shore Zone ©©o©©©©©©©©© X^ Inland Zone ©©©©©©©©e©©© l^ Upland Zone ©©©©e©©©©©©© X3 3© GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION CONSIDERATIONS © © © © © 25 Geographical Parameters ©©©©©©o© 36 Reefs and Shoals ©o©©©©©©©© 3& Pleistocene Deposits © © © © © © © © 37 Recent Volcanic Coastlines © © © © © 42 Draxnages ©o©©©©©©©©©©© 42 Water ©@o©©©©©©©©©©©© 43 4© CONSTRUCTION © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 45 Construction Materials ©©©©©©©©© 45 Rock g©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 46 I Calcareous Materials © © © © © © © © 46 AllUVXUm 0O€>&eo©o&0.0G oo 47 ‘ T xmber ©©©©©©©©©©©©©o© 48 Vegetable Materials © © © © © © * © 48 Construction Techniques ©©©©©©©© 49 Features ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 5^ Walls © e © © © © © © © .6 e © 0 0.0 52 Seawalls ©©o©©©©©©©©© 5^ vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page Secondary and Tertiary Walls © © 57 Sluice Grates o « 0 0 © © © © 0 © © 59 DltcheS e e o e © © 0 0 © © © 0© © 64 Ha © o o © © © 0 © o © e © © © 64 eAuwai ©os© ©©©© '©©©© 65 •Auwai-kai © © © © o © © © 0 © © 66 Lanes ©. © © © © © 6 © © o e © © © © 66 Dams and Weirs © © 6 © © © © © © 0 © 73 Dams © © © © © 0© © © 0 © © © © 73 Weirs o© © © © © © © 0 © © 0 .0 74 Shelters and Platforms 0 0 © © © 0 © 75 Size ©oo©©©©© ©0©©©©©©© 79 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS © © o 0 © o 0 o 82 Physical Environment © © 0 0 0 O © 00 0 83 Physical Parameters © © 0 © © 0 © © 84 pH 0 0 © 0 © © 0 0 © 0 0 © e © © 84 Temperature © © © © © 0 © © © © 84 Turbidity © © © © 0 © © © © © © 86 Oxygen © © © © 0 © © O . © © © © © 87 Salinity © © © 0 0 © o © © © 0 0 87 Bottom Sediments © © © © © © © e . 0 © 88 Biological Environment o 0 0 0 0© © 0 0 89 Food Chain © © © © © 0 © e e© © © e 89 Food Resources © © Q© 00 o© © © © 92 Fish ©oo©©0©©0©©©©© 92 Crustaceans © © © © 0 © 0 © © © 93 Seaweed © © © © © © © &© 0 © © 94 Miscellaneous Resources © © © © 95 OWNERSHIP © © © © © s © © 0 © 0 O 0© © © © 97 Management © © © © © © © © © © e © © © © 100 All 1.0© © 6 © © © © 0 © © © © 0 © 100 Overseers © © © © © e e © © © © © © 101 Konohiki © © © © © e © © © © © © 101 Kia® i«=loko © © © © © 0 •© e 0 © © 104 Haku~*ohana © © 6 © © © 0 © © © 106 Proprietorship © © © © © © © 0 © .© 0 © 0 106 OPERATION ©oeeeeee ©©© © e © © © 0 113 Stocking of Fishponds © © © e © 6 113 Fertilization © © © e o e e 0 © © © 116 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS-.Continued Page Natural Fertilization 0 © 0 0 0 o O 117 Artificial Fertilization © © G 0 0 118 Maintenance o 0 o o 0 <,© o G O O 0 0 120 Harvest @ o © © © © © © © © 0 © 0 0 0 123 Sexual Division of Labor O 0 0 o 0 123 Methods © © © © © © © © o © 0- © © 6 123 Muddying © © © © © © 0 © 0 © © 123 Hand Thrusting and Gathering 0 124 Driving © © © © © 0 o © o © .o G 125 Fish Poisoning © o © 0 © 0 o 0 12? Collander © © © © 0 © © O 0 0 0 127 Netting © © © © © © 0 O <3 © © 0 127 Time for Netting Fish 6 © o O G 0 O 130 Over-Harvest © © © © G © e 0 © 0 O 131 CONSERVATION ©o©©©©©© GG .©G 00© 133 Supernatural Orientation e e 0 © o 0© 133 The Gods © © © © © © 0 o O 0 o 0G 134 Ku and Hina © © © G o O o G © © 134 Lono © © ©' © © © © o0 © © © © 134 Kane and Kanaloa © o0 © © 0 0 135 Guardian Spirits © © 0 o 0 © Q0 O 136 Shark 8 Aumakua © 0o G © © © © 137 Mof_o, © © © o © © 0 © O © G © © 138 Shrines © © © © © © © © © © © 0 0 0 141 Waihau © © © © © 0 G © 0 © * 0 0 141 8Aoa © © © © © © O © 0 G 0 0 0 141 Kd9 a .© © © © © © © 0 0 © G © 0 142 Ceremonial
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